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「창원군내(昌原郡內) 성지조사(城址調査) 보고(報告)」
정중환 ( Jung Hwan Cheong ),조계찬 ( Ge Chan Cho ),심봉근 ( Bong Gun Sim ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 1977 石堂論叢 Vol.1 No.-
This is the report about the castles in Chang won Region Kyoungnam povince. These castles are divided in flat. flat-mountain, mountain and Japanese styles, and were built during from the Three Kingdom Period to Yi dynasty. The characterlistics are as follows; 1) Flat and flat-mountain styles: The fort like Zamasan castle built during the Three Kingdom Period doesn`t have particular characteristics in structure. It is just a small-scale castle built with either stones or soils according to its circumstances, on the steeped spot of a mountain. About old Chinhae Castle, Chang won Castle, and Yeuchang Castle, built between Unified Silla dynasty and Korea dynasty, it is to make a fort with stones or soils to the foot of the mountain or hill along the mountain line. In case of stone-built ones, there are oval trenches on the twice-folded foundation around the four corners with the curved fort on the top and at the angled parts, and fields for agriculture inside the castle. The castle over all looked like an oval style with wooden fences, if it is especially an earthen one. Square stone-castle in the flat area like those of Ungchun, Jindong, Kaduck-jin, Chunsung and oval-stone castle on the slope in the hill like those of Angoljin, Jemulpo are the styles made in from late Korea to Yi dynasty. There didn`t appear much difference in structure and building-method. But the earthen castles decrease in number while curved castles increase, and the center of the castle was removed from hill to flat-area. The scale of it became larger and the transition from oval to square ones is the chief characteristics of Yi dynasty. 2) Japanese-style Castles: Japanese-style castles built during Hideyoshi-invasion war (1592-1599) by Japanese for their long-time stationing were built on their own method. They first made HONMARU with irregular square stones on the made-flat area in the top of the mountain facing the coast-line, and arranged NINOMARU and SANNOMARU with stones or earthen materials for protecting it from outside attack and dug underground tunnel from HOMMARU to the beach. 3) Mountain Castles: Mountain Castles without any particular characteristics in structure had been built and rebuilt from the Three Kingdom Period to Yi dynasty. It was built with stones and soils in length with a pleateau in the centre. Even if there are some defects in structure only for the temporary use during war time, the scale is large enongh for the accomcdation of a large crowd.
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趙啓纘 東亞大學校 大學院 1984 大學院論文集 Vol.8 No.1
Since the establishment of Koryo's toadyism in its relation with Kum Dynasty, the ruling power was shifted to the military in Koryo Dynasty. The subsequent relations between the two nations can be summarized as follows. First, in Koryo Dynasty kings Yejong, Myungjong, and Heejong were deposed but Kum Dynasty, instead of pressing hard the former for the political change, accepted the former's account of the dethronement. This means that as far as Koryo maintained subservient policy toward Kum, the former was tree from the latter's interferce of its internal affairs. Second, in exchange of delegations Kum's delegations usually consisted of fourth-rank government officials while Koryo's counterparts were generally fifth-rank military officials since the military seize the power in contrast to civilian officials of the same rank when the civilian were in power. It follows that Koryo was apparently subservient to Kum but in actuality the former despised the latter as barbariams. Third, some scholars insist that Haengsunsa refered to Kum's special envoy dispatched to Korea; the present writer, however, regard him as an envoy on good-will mission, for he was generally sent to Koryo in June which was Kum's national festival month.
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趙啓纘 東亞大學校 1964 東亞論叢 Vol.2 No.1
It was a historical fact through our past history that whenever an unified Empire was built on the Chinese Continent, its troops invaded our country. Especially, Mongolian invasion of Koryo dynasty was the severest one through our whole history. Considering the matter from the standpoint of a member of a nation, Our people were put under the double domination of Koryo dynasty and Mongols. In this treatise I discussed a part of that political phenomena according to Tun Tien which was established by Mongolian army. It is generally admitted that the purpose of Koryo Tun Tien established by Mongolian army was to invade Japan. I did not think so. I thought that the purpose of Tun Tien lies in Making Koryo dynasty impossible to rise again. Furthermore, When the revolt of Sam Byol Chol which was the last anti-mongols movement rose, Mongols established Tun Tien. And then, After the allied-forces of Mongols and Koryo subdued the rebellion, Mongols settled Boomas relation-which means matrimonial relation between the princess of Mongols and the prince of Koryo-with Koryo dynasty. After all, Mongols intended to see no sources of evils since then. From my view point, the main target of Tun Tien was not in invading Japan, but in plundering the Koryo, labor power and products by cutting Koryo governments cooperation for the Sam Byol Cho. For that purpose, Mongols imposed a heavy charge on Koryo government. For example, Mongols burdend Koryo three thousand heads of cattle and transportation of foods. Knowing that they can not accomplish their heavy responsibility, Koryo dynasty dispatched an evoy at last, and made petition for the reduction of their heavy burden. But Mongols thrown out Koryo's petition firmly. In short, The purpose of Tun Tien was in making Koryo impossible to resist Mongols and in plundering the labor power and products of Koryo.
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