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Aspergillus niger 에 있어서 섬유질 분해효소계의 동질효소 양상에 미치는 기질의 영향
정재훈,이영하,노재랑 한국균학회 1990 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.18 No.4
The influence of cellulosic and hemicellulosic substrates on the production of cellulase and xylanase complexes in Aspergillus niger was investigated. The culture conditions with different substrates exhibited profound effects on the level of endoglucanase (CMCase), β-glucosidase, endoxylanase and β-xylosidase, and on their isozyme patterns. However, intracellular and extracellular isozyme patterns of cellulase and xylanase complexes were qualitatively identical and appeared to be simultaneous in the early growth phase. Prolonged incubation led to the increase in the concentrations of isozymes with a little changes in the relative proportions of those isozymes. These results suggest that the biosynthesis of cellulase and xylanase complexes in A. niger is coordinately regulated at the level of induction. Moreover, multiple forms of extracellular cellulase and xylanase complexes seem to be the outcome of specific gene expression and should not be considered solely as the consequence of post-secretional modification of synthesized enzymes.
정재훈 대한내분비학회 2020 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.35 No.1
In 2017, the first Korean nationwide data on serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, serum free thyroxine (fT4) levels, andurinary iodine concentration (UIC) were published based on a population of 7,061 Koreans who participated in the Korea NationalHealth and Nutrition Examination Survey VI. The mean TSH level was 2.16 mIU/L, with a reference interval of 0.59 to 7.03 mIU/L(men 2.09 mIU/L, women 2.24 mIU/L, P<0.001). A U-shaped association was found between serum TSH levels and age. The meanfT4 level was 1.25 ng/dL, and its reference interval was 0.92 to 1.60 ng/dL (men 1.29 ng/dL, women 1.20 ng/dL, P<0.0001). SerumfT4 levels decreased with age (P for trend <0.0001). Serum thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) was detected in 7.30% of participants (men 4.33%, women 10.62%). TPOAb titers tended to increase with age, and were higher in women than in men. The medianUIC was 294 μg/L, and UIC showed a U-shaped relationship with age. According to the World Health Organization recommendations, only 23% of participants were in the adequate range of iodine intake, while 65% were in the above requirements or excessive,and 12% in insufficient. The prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in Koreans was 0.34% to 0.54% and 0.73% to1.43%, respectively.
Biological Activity of Flavor Components Extracted from Elsholtzia ciliata and Elsholtzia splendens
정재훈,손현옥,신한재,현학철,이동욱,임흥빈,Jeong Jae-Hoon,Sohn Hyung-Ok,Shin Han-Jae,Hyun Hak-Chul,Lee Dong-Wook,Lim Heung-Bin The Korean Society of Tobacco Science 2005 한국연초학회지 Vol.27 No.1
This study was to evaluate the biological activity of flavor components extracted from E. ciliata and E. splendens in order to survey the possibility applicable to tobacco and food industry. Flavor components were extracted with dividing into three parts; essential oil, absolute, oleoresin. In the nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation system, the inhibition rate($\%$) of essential oil were $67.3\;\pm\;20.7\%,\;58.1\;\pm\;19.3\%$ at the concentration of 50 ${\mu}g/mL$ of E. ciliata and E. splendens, respectively. The inhibition rate($\%$) of the oleoresin in E. ciliata was higher than one in E. splendens. In the enzymatic lipid peroxidation system, the inhibition rate($\%$) of essential oil and oleoresin was$14.28\;\pm\;2.38\%,\;and\;65.93\;\pm\;0.01\%,\;and\;was\;22.58\;\pm\;2.84\%\;and\;40.73\;pm\;6.04\%$. The oleoresin of two species were showed above $90\%$ of the inhibition rate($90\%$) against autooxidative lipid peroxidation system. $EC_{50}$ values in neutral red uptake assays 24 h of exposure times were $23.3\;{\mu}g/mL,\;341.0\;{\mu}g/mL\;and\;17.2\;{\mu}g/mL$ in essential oil, absolute and oleoresin from E. ciliata respectively, and were $46.4\;{\mu}g/mL,\;681.7\;{\mu}g/mL\;17.6\;{\mu}g/mL$ in three extractions of E. splendens. Oleoresin of two species showed high rate in the cytotoxic effect by neutral red uptake assay. Absolute and oleoresin did not show antibiotic and mutagenic activity. On the contrary, essential oil with over 500 ug/plate showed antibiotic and mutagenic activity in Ames test. Essential oil and oleoresin have a prolongating effect the ciliostasis of rat trachea. This results indicate that flavor components extracted from E. ciliata and E. splendens can be considered to be toxicological safe and to be the possibility applicable the cigarette, food and drug industry as a flavor for expectoration.
의료서비스의 결합판매와 경쟁제한성의 판단-Cascade Health 사건을 중심으로-
정재훈 대한의료법학회 2019 의료법학 Vol.20 No.3
The bundled discounting which the dominant undertakings engage in is problematic in terms of competition restraint. Bundled discounts generally benefit not only buyers but also sellers. Specifically, bundled discounts usually costs a firm less to sell multiple products. In addition, Bundled discounts always provide some immediate consumer benefit in the form of lower prices. Therefore, competition authorities and courts should not be too quick to condemn bundled discounts and apply the neutral and objective standard in bundled discounting cases. Cascade Health v. Peacehealth decision starts ruling from this prerequisite. This decision pointed out that the dominant undertaking can exclude rivals through bundled discounting without pricing its products below its cost when rivals do not sell as great a number of product lines. So bundled discounting may have the anticompetitive impact by excluding less diversified but more efficient producers. This decision did not adopt Lepage case’s standard which does not require the court to consider whether the competitor was at least as efficient of a producer as the bundled discounter. Instead of that, based on cost based approach, this decision said that the exclusionary element can not be satisfied unless the discounts result in prices that are below an appropriate measures of the defendant’s costs. By adopting a discount attribution standard, this decision said that the full amount of the discounts should be allocated to the competitive products. As the seller can easily ascertain its own prices and costs of production and calculate whether its discounting practices exclude competitors, not the competitor’s costs but the dominant undertaking’s costs should be considered in applying discount attribution standard. This case deals with bundled discounting practice of multiple healthcare services by the dominant undertaking in healthcare market. Under the Korean healthcare system and public health insurance system, the price competition primarily exists in non-medical care benefits because public healthcare insurance in Korea is in combination with the compulsory medical care institution system. The cases that Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Law deals with, such as cartel and the abuse of monopoly power, also mainly exist in non-medical care benefits. The dominant undertaking’s exclusionary bundled discounting in Korean healthcare markets may be practiced in the contracts between the dominant undertaking and private insurance companies with regards to non-medical care benefits. 시장지배적 사업자의 결합판매는 경쟁법 적용에 있어 어려운 문제 중 하나이다. 결합판매는 통상 할인을 수반하는데, 소비자 입장에서는 더 낮은 가격에 더 많은 상품을 구매할 수 있는 혜택을 보게 된다. 공급자도 별개로 판매할 경우에 소요되는 판매비용보다 더 낮은 비용으로 판매할 수 있게 된다. 이와 같이 소비자 입장에서는 가격인하의 혜택을, 공급자 입장에서는 판매비용 인하의 혜택을 보는 효율적인 측면이 있다. 대상판결은 결합판매 자체는 경쟁촉진적일 수도 있고, 경쟁제한적일 수도 있으며, 시장지배적 사업자가 아니더라도 거래관행상 광범위하게 이루어지고 있으므로 중립적이고 객관적으로 경쟁제한성 평가를 할 필요가 있음을 전제로 하고 있다. 대상판결은 동등효율 경쟁자를 배제할 위험이 있는지를 심사해야 한다는 입장을 취함으로써 제1심이 선례로 고려한 LePage 판결을 따르지 않고 비용 기반 분석(cost based approach)이 필요하다고 봄으로써, 결합판매에서 비용기반 분석의 대표적인 판결로 평가받고 있다. 이 판결의 가장 돋보이는 점은 결합판매에서 경쟁제한성 평가의 방법론에 있어, 할인귀속 기준을 채택하여 결합판매에 따른 할인분을 전체 상품이 아니라 경합하는 상품에 적용한 후, 비용보다 가격이 낮은지를 심리해야 한다는 점을 지적한 점이다. 동등효율 경쟁자의 배제 문제는 결국 행위자 자신이 스스로 위반여부를 판단할 수 있어야 하므로, 이때 문제되는 비용은 경쟁자의 비용이 아니라 행위자의 비용임을 명시하였다. 결합판매를 통한 할인은 소비자가 별개로 구입할 수 있는 선택권을 침해받지 않으면서도 저가에 상품을 구입할 수 있는 긍정적인 효과가 있다. 따라서 결합판매를 경쟁법 차원에서 규제할 수 있는 근거로는, 가격할인에도 불구하고 동등효율 경쟁자를 배제한다는 점이 합리적인 사유가 될 것이다. 그 점에서 대상판결이 제시한 동등효율 경쟁자의 배제 위험 문제를 가격비용 테스트와 할인귀속기준을 통하여 적용한 점은 설득력이 있다. 반면, 결합판매의 기본적인 구조는 끼워팔기의 강제성 요건과 유사한 측면이 있다는 지적도 경청할 필요가 있다. 한국은 공적 건강보험 체계가 당연지정 요양기관 제도와 결합하면서 의료서비스에 대한 가격 경쟁은 요양급여에서는 불허되며 비급여 부분을 중심으로 존재한다. 이러한 비급여 부분을 중심으로 의료가 발달한 분야에서도 가격에 관한 의료공급자들의 시장지배적 지위의 남용이 가능하다. 진료비에 대한 가격결정과 공적 건강보험 제도와 민간의료보험의 관계를 검토해보면, 의료공급자 중 시장지배적 사업자의 결합판매를 통한 경쟁사업자의 배제는 비급여 부분에 대하여 국민건강보험공단이 아닌 민간보험회사와 관계에서 결합판매를 통한 할인계약을 통하여 가능할 것이다.
선조 초반의 정국과 학문적 대응 - 이황과 기대승을 중심으로 -
정재훈 한국사상문화학회 2015 韓國思想과 文化 Vol.80 No.-
The Joseon society witnessed a major shift in social order during the time which began with king Myeongjong’s reign and continued throughout the reign of king Seonjo. At the time, the most pressing issue was how to resolve the old order of the Joseon period’s first half, and create a new order that would serve the next generation. The political faction represented by the Sarim figures seem to have believed that their goal would only be possible by purging the government of previous power holders and members of the royal family’s in-law figures, and that a completely new political structure was required in order to do just that. This new political structure would invite the king to be on the Sarim figures’ side, so that the vassals could be able to mold the king into an ideal leader of noble governing. Attended at the first Gyeong’yeon (Royal Study) session that was held after Seonjo was enthroned was Gi Dae-seung, who was well aware of such obligation shared by all Sarim figures. But it was not a task that he could take on all on his own, so he sought for the assistance of Yi Hwang, his master and leading Confucian scholar of the Joseon dynasty. He implored that Yi Hwang return to the government and guide king Seonjo, and Yi Hwang agreed to come back to Joseon central politics. Yi Hwang wanted to educate king Seonjo and guide him to the world of noble teachings and governing with the renowned ‘Appeal’ entitled “Six Recommendations made [to the king] in the Mujin year,” as well as Seong’hak Shibdo, which contained 10 principles that would lead one to the ancient master’s lessons. It was yet another attempt on Yi Hwang’s part to rectify the problems in Joseon monarchy by having the king become accustomed to noble governing, in which the king should recognize his own vassals as ‘partners’ in country ruling. Yi Hwang was aided by Gi Dae-seung in every step on the road: creating Seong’hak Shibdo, completing it, delivering it to Seonjo and creating blocks to print them. Seong’hak Shibdo was his own writing, but came to light with Gi Dae-seung’s devoted assistance, and was also based upon a perspective that was shared by all Sarim figures. Because Gi Dae-seung and Yi Hwang were able to join forces and present the king and the world with a new type of kingship and reform ideas, the Joseon society was able to evade a catastrophic recess and begin a new era of peace and prosperity that would last for the next two centuries. 명종 후반에서 시작되어 선조 초년까지 이어진 이러한 균열과 변화는 이후 조선사회의 크나큰 변동을 예고하는 것이었다. 당시의 시대적 과제는 어떻게 조선전기적인 질서를 청산하고 새로운 질서를 만들 것인가의 문제였다. 사림으로 대표되는 정치세력들은 권신 혹은 척신 등 구세력의 청산이 결국 새로운 정치구조를 만들어야 가능한 것으로 인식하였던 것으로 보인다. 그래서 이러한 새로운 정치구조는 종래와는 달리 국왕을 적극적으로 사림의 편으로 끌어들여, 그야말로 주자학에서 지향하는 왕도정치를 구현해야만 가능한 것으로 보았다. 선조가 즉위한 뒤에 가장 먼저 시행된 경연에서 활약하였던 기대승은 이러한 시대적 과제를 몸으로 체감하였다. 그러나 자신의 힘만으로는 역부족임을 느끼고, 당대 최고의 명유였던 이황에게 도움을 손길을 내밀었다. 자신의 스승이기도 한 이황에게 선조의 보도(輔導)를 부탁하였던 기대승의 강력한 권고에 따라 이황은 다시 중앙 정계에 등장하였다. 이황은 6가지 항목의 상소인 <무진육조소>와 『성학십도』를 올려서 선조를 성학의 세계로 이끌려고 하였다. 이러한 성학은 곧 조선에서 군주제의 문제점을 인식하고 국왕을 성학, 곧 성리학의 세계로 적극적으로 이끌어서 애초에 문제가 발생할 조건을 최소화하려고 시도한 것이었다. 나아가 군신공치의 발판을 마련하는 것이기도 하였다. 성학과 관련된 최초의 체계적인 저술인『성학십도』의 작성과 완성과정, 그리고 선조에게 올리고, 이를 판각하는 모든 과정에 이황은 기대승의 힘을 빌었다『성학십도』는 이황의 저술이기는 하였지만 이는 기대승의 절대적인 도움과 나아가 당시 사림들의 공통의 인식을 기반으로 이를 반영한 것이기도 하였다. 기대승이 이황을 만나서 새로운 군주론과 개혁론을 제시하고 이를 실천하여 전개한 것은, 결국 조선이 중기에 쇠망에 이르지 않고 새롭게 갱신하여 이후 이삼백년을 지탱할 수 있는 밑받침이 될 수 있었던 계기였던 것이다.
정재훈,Chung, Jae-Hoon 한국정신신체의학회 2006 정신신체의학 Vol.14 No.2
갑상선질환은 비교적 흔한 질환으로 임상의사들이 쉽게 접할 수 있다. 그러나 갑상선질환 환자들은 전형적인 증상을 호소하는 경우부터 흔치 않는 임상상으로 병원을 찾는 경우까지 매우 다양하다. 간혹 정신과의사들이 심한 갑상선기능항진증을 조증 또는 가벼운 정신분열증으로 또는 심한 갑상선기능저하증을 우울증으로 자칫 오진하기 쉽다. 또한 갑상선 종양은 촉지되지 않는 경우까지 포함하여 전인구의 30% 이상에서 발견되고, 이중 최소 5% 이상은 악성종양이므로 갑상선 종양 환자의 접근 및 치료에 대해서도 개괄적인 이해가 필요하다. Thyroid disease is highly Prevalent, and many Physicians encounter the Patients with thyroid disease on many occasions. However, many doctors may make an erroneous diagnosis because of its variable clinical manifestation. Thyroid tumor is the most common disease which is detected in more than 30% of general population. Recently, the incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing to be a leading position in female cancer. Therefore, clinical physicians should be familiar with thyroid disease due to its high prevalence and heterogeneous clinical features.