RCP 8.5 기후변화 시나리오에 따른 소나무림과 굴참나무림의 산림 탄소 동태 변화 추정 연구

이종열 ( Jong Yeol Lee ),한승현 ( Seung Hyun Han ),김성준 ( Seong Jun Kim ),장한나 ( Han Na Chang ),이명종 ( Myong Jong Yi ),박관수 ( Gwan Soo Park ),김춘식 ( Choon Sig Kim ),손영모 ( Yeong Mo Son ),김래현 ( Rae Hyun Kim ),손요환 한국농림기상학회 2015 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.17 No.1

산림은 많은 양의 탄소를 저장하고 있으며, 산림 탄소 동태는 기후변화에 따라 변화할 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구는 우리나라 산림에서 가장 우점하는 침엽수종과 활엽수종인 소나무림과 참나무림을 대상으로 최근 개발 및 개선된 한국형산림토양탄소모델(Korean ForestSoil Carbon model; KFSC model)을 이용하여 두 가지 기후변화 시나리오(2012년 기온이 2100년까지 유지되는 시나리오(CT), Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP) 8.5 시나리오) 하에서의 산림 탄소 동태를 예측하였다. 5차 국가산림자원조사 자료로부터 소나무림과 굴참나무림 조사구들을 추출한 뒤, 이를 행정구역(9개 도, 7개 특별·광역시) 및 영급(1-5영급, 6영급이상)별로 분류하여 탄소 동태 모의 단위를 설정하였다. 탄소 저장고는 2012년을 기준으로 초기화하였으며, 모의 기간인 2012년부터 2100년까지 모든 교란은 고려하지 않았다. 모의 결과 산림 탄소 저장량은 시간이 경과함에 따라 전반적으로 증가하지만, CT 시나리오에 비하여 RCP 8.5 시나리오 하에서 산림 탄소 저장량이 낮게 나타났다. 소나무림의 탄소 저장량(Tg C)은 2012년에 260.4에서 2100년에는 각각 395.3(CT 시나리오) 및 384.1(RCP 8.5 시나리오)로 증가하였다. 굴 참나무림의 탄소 저장량(Tg C)은 2012년에 124.4에서 2100년에는 219.5(CT 시나리오) 및 204.7(RCP 8.5 시나리오)로 각각 증가하였다. 5차 국가산림자원조사 자료와 비교한 결과, 고사유기물 탄소 저장량의 초기값은 타당한 것으로 나타났다. 모의 기간 동안 소나무림과 굴참나무림의 연간 탄소 흡수율(g C m-2 yr-1)은 CT 시나리오 하에서 각각 71.1과 193.5, RCP8.5 시나리오 하에서 각각 65.8과 164.2로 추정된다. 따라서 우리나라 소나무림과 굴참나무림의 탄소 흡수잠재력은 지구 온난화에 의하여 감소할 것으로 예상된다. 비록 모델의 구조와 파라미터로부터 불확실성이 존재하지만 본 연구는 미래 산림 탄소 동태 파악에 기여할 것으로 기대된다. Forests contain a huge amount of carbon (C) and climate change could affect forest C dynamics. This study was conducted to predict the C dynamics of Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis forests, which are the most dominant needleleaf and broadleaf forests in Korea, using the Korean Forest Soil Carbon (KFSC) model under the two climate change scenarios (2012-2100; Constant Temperature (CT) scenario and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario). To construct simulation unit, the forest land areas for those two species in the 5th National Forest Inventory (NFI) data were sorted by administrative district and stand age class. The C pools were initialized at 2012, and any disturbance was not considered during the simulation period. Although the forest C stocks of two species generally increased over time, the forest C stocks under the RCP 8.5 scenario were less than those stocks under the CT scenario. The C stocks of P. densiflora forests increased from 260.4 Tg C in 2012 to 395.3 (CT scenario) or 384.1 Tg C (RCP 8.5 scenario) in 2100. For Q. variabilis forests, the C stocks increased from 124.4 Tg C in 2012 to 219.5 (CT scenario) or 204.7 (RCP 8.5 scenario) Tg C in 2100. Compared to 5th NFI data, the initial value of C stocks in dead organic matter C pools seemed valid. Accordingly, the annual C sequestration rates of the two species over the simulation period under the RCP 8.5 scenario (65.8 and 164.2 g C m-2 yr-1 for P. densiflora and Q. variabilis) were lower than those values under the CT scenario (71.1 and 193.5 g C m-2 yr-1 for P. densiflora and Q. variabilis). We concluded that the C sequestration potential of P. densiflora and Q. variabilis forests could be decreased by climate change. Although there were uncertainties from parameters and model structure, this study could contribute to elucidating the C dynamics of South Korean forests in future.

1분과 : 토양 코어 및 미니라이조트론을 이용한 소나무 임분의 세근 바이오매스 연구

한승현 ( Seung Hyun Han ),윤태경 ( Tae Kyung Yoon ),한새롬 ( Sae Rom Han ),윤순진 ( Soon Jin Yun ),이선정 ( Sun Jeoung Lee ),김성준 ( Seoung Jun Kim ),장한나 ( Han Na Chang ),손요환 ( Yo Whan Son ) 한국임학회 2014 한국산림과학회지 Vol.103 No.1

본 연구는 소나무 임분을 대상으로 토양 코어 샘플링과 미니라이조트론 방법을 이용하여 세근의 분포를 파악하고, 미니라이조트론 자료를 세근 바이오매스로 환산할 수 있는 변환계수와 회귀식을 개발하는 목적으로 수행되었다. 토양 코어 샘플링은 2012년 10월부터 2013년 9월까지 겨울을 제외하고 매월 1회씩 총 9회 실시하여 세근 바이오매스를 측정하였고, 미니라이조트론을 이용하여 2013년 5월부터 8월까지 매월 1회씩 총 4회 세근 표면적을 측정하였다. 0-30 cm 토양 깊이에서 세근 바이오매스와 표면적은 지표에 가까울수록 유의하게 높았으며, 계절별 바이오매스(kg ha-1)는 여름(3,762.4)과 봄(3,398.0)에 가을(2,551.6)보다 유의하게 높은 값을 보였다. 이와 같은 토양 깊이별 분포는 토양의 양분, 용적밀도 그리고 온도 등의 차이 때문으로 사료되며, 계절적 경향은 대기 온도 및 토양 온도 변화에 의해 나타나는 것으로 보인다. 또한 토양 깊이별 세근 표면적과 바이오매스 사이의 변환계수를 구하고, 이를 통하여 미니라이조트론 자료를 환산한 세근 바이오매스와 토양 코어 샘플링 자료인 실측값 사이의 선형회귀식(y = 79.7 + 0.93x, R2= 0.81)을 개발하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 변환계수 및 회귀식은 추후 국내 소나무림의 장기적인세근 동태를 추정하는데 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. Fine root distribution was investigated in Pinus densiflora stands using soil core sampling andminirhizotrons, and conversion factors and regression equations were developed for converting minirhizotrondata into fine root biomass. Fine root biomass was measured by soil core sampling from October, 2012 to September, 2013 once a month except for the winter, and surface area of fine roots was estimated byminirhizotrons from May to August, 2013 once a month. Fine root biomass and surface area were significantly higher in the upper soil layers than in the lower soil layers. Fine root biomass showed seasonal patterns; the mean fine root biomass (kg ha-1) in summer (3,762.4) and spring (3,398.0) was significantly higher than that in autumn (2,551.6). Vertical and seasonal patterns of fine root biomass might be related to the soil bulk density, nutrient content and temperature with soil depth, and seasonal changes of soil and air temperature. Conversion factors (CF) between fine root surface area from minirhizotron data and fine root biomass from soil core sampling were developed for the three soil depths. Then a linear regression equation was developed between the predicted fine root biomass using CF and the measured fine root biomass (y = 79.7 + 0.93x, R2= 0.81). We expect to estimate the long-term dynamics of fine roots using CF and regression equation for P. densifloraforests in Korea.

위도와 고도에 따른 낙엽낙지 유입량 및 낙엽 분해율의 변화 연구

이종열 ( Jong Yeol Lee ),윤태경 ( Tae Kyung Yoon ),한새롬 ( Sae Rom Han ),한승현 ( Seung Hyun Han ),장한나 ( Han Na Chang ),이명종 ( Myong Jong Yi ),박관수 ( Gwan Soo Park ),김춘식 ( Choon Sig Kim ),김래현 ( Rae Hyun Kim ),손영모 한국임학회 2014 산림과학 공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.-

본 연구는 위도와 고도에 따른 소나무림과 참나무림의 연간 낙엽낙지 유입량과 낙엽 분해율의 변화를 파악하기 위하여 수행되었다. 이를 위하여 우리나라 전 지역에 20 m × 20 m 크기의 54개 조사구를 설치하고 낙엽틀과 낙엽봉지을 이용하여 2011년 5월부터 2012년 4월까지 낙엽낙지 유입량과 낙엽 분해율을 추정하였다. 그리고 위도와 고도에 따른 낙엽낙지 유입량과 낙엽 분해율의 변화는 ANCOVA로 검정하였다. 소나무림과 참나무림의 평균 낙엽낙지 유입량은 각각 5.52±2.16, 5.68±1.83Mg ha-1 yr-1이었으며, 평균 낙엽 분해상수(k)는 각각 0.39±0.12, 0.44±0.17로 나타났다. 낙엽 분해율은 소나무림보다 참나무림에서 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다. 한편 낙엽낙지 유입량은 위도에 따라 감소하고, 낙엽 분해율은 위도와 고도에 따라 감소하는 것으로 나타났다(P<0.01). 본 연구에서 나타난 위도와 고도에 따른 낙엽낙지 유입량과 낙엽 분해율 감소 경향은 기존의 연구 결과들과 일치한다. 이 자료는 국가 단위의 산림 내 물질순환을 추정하는데 적용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. This study was designed to elucidate the variation of annual litter production and decay rate of leaf litter with latitude and altitude in pine and oak forests. We established 54 plots (20 m × 20 m) over Korea and estimated the annual litter production and decay rate of leaf litter using littertraps and litterbags from May 2011 to April 2012. The changes of annual litter production and decay rate of leaf litter with latitude and altitude were analyzed using ANCOVA analysis. The mean annual litter production was 5.52±2.16 and 5.68±1.83 Mg ha-1 yr-1 and the mean decay rate of leaf litter (k) was 0.39±0.12 and 0.44±0.17 for the pine and oak forests, respectively. The decay rate of leaf litter was higher in the oak forests than in the pine forests ( P<0.05). The annual litter production decreased with latitude and the decay rate of leaf litter decreased with latitude and altitude ( P<0.01). The decreasing trends in annual litter production and decay rate of leaf litter with latitude and altitude agreed with previous studies. This result could be used in estimating the nutrient cycle of forest ecosystem in national scale.

총설 : 흰개미가 생태계 탄소 순환에 미치는 영향: 고사목 분해를 중심으로

김성준 ( Seong Jun Kim ),이종열 ( Jong Yeol Lee ),한승현 ( Seung Hyun Han ),장한나 ( Han Na Chang ),이소혜 ( So Hye Lee ),윤현민 ( Hyeon Min Yun ),손요환 ( Yo Whan Son ) 한국임학회 2016 한국산림과학회지 Vol.105 No.1

흰개미는 전세계적으로 2600여종 이상이 보고되었으며, 집을 형성하고 군체를 이루는 등 각종 생존 전략을 바탕으로 다양한 생태계에서 살아가고 있다. 그런데 근래 흰개미 활동이 육상 생태계의 탄소 순환에 중요한 역할을하는 것으로 알려지면서 이에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 관련 연구 결과를 분석한 결과, 흰개미의 활동은 토양 유기탄소 농도 변화, 메탄 발생 및 유기물 분해 등을 조절하여 탄소 순환에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 흰개미집은 흰개미 생물량이 집중된 지점으로 일반 토양에 비하여 평균 1.8배 많은 유기탄소를 함유하며, 열대 산림 및 사바나 지역에서 연간 0.0-6.0 kg ha.1의 메탄을 방출하는 메탄의 점 발생원이었다. 또한 흰개미의 섭식 활동은 고사목의 부피 대비 표면적의 비율을 증가시켜 고사목 분해를 가속화하였다. 이 중에서도 Rhinotermitidae과 흰개미에 의한 고사목 분해는 온대 산림의 탄소 순환에서 중요한 것으로 보고되고 있다. 그러나 이에 대한 연구는 극히 부족한 실정이므로 온대 산림에서의 흰개미에 의한 고사목 분해 연구가 필요하다. 흰개미에 의한 고사목 분해는 고사목을 결의 수직 방향으로 잘라 만든 단판 시료에 흰개미의 접근을 차단한 후 분해되도록 하고, 처리하지 않은 시료의 분해율과 비교함으로써 연구할 수 있다. 흰개미에 의한 고사목 분해 연구를 통하여 육상 생태계 중 특히 온대 산림에서의 탄소 순환을 보다 명확히 이해할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. Globally, there are more than 2600 species of termites which adapted plenty of terrestrial ecosystems by various strategies such as making termite nest and society. Various studies were recently carried out on termites because they play significant roles in the context of carbon (C) cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. According to the results of previous studies, termite activities influenced the amount of soil organic C, methane emission, and organic matter decomposition. Termite nests, where termite biomass was concentrated, exhibited 1.8 times higher soil organic C concentration than reference soils, and emitted 0.0-6.0 kg ha.1 year.1 of methane in tropical forests and savannas. Feeding activity of termites, in addition, accelerated coarse woody debris (CWD) decomposition by increasing the surface area to volume ratio of CWD. Especially, CWD decomposition induced by the Rhinotermitidae family appeared to be significant for the C cycle in temperate forests. However, more studies should be conducted on termite-induced CWD decomposition in temperate forests because few studies have dealt with it. The termite-induced CWD decomposition could be measured by preparing disc-shaped CWD samples, excluding access of termites to the CWD samples, and comparing the decomposition rate of the CWD samples with and without the termite exclusion treatment. Studies on the termite-induced CWD decomposition would contribute to further elucidation of the C cycle in temperate forests.

미술치료학 전공 석사과정생의 교과목 수퍼비전 체험연구

장한나, 장연집 서울여자대학교 여성연구소 2017 여성연구논총 Vol.32 No.-

Supervision, as an important factor to improve the quality of art therapists, is regarded as a contribution to expand the quality of art therapy and a field to give attention to(Kim, 2013; choi, 2007; Malchiodi & Riley, 1996; Moon, 2002). Despite this necessity, there are only a few graduate schools in Korea which open "Art Therapy Supervision" course for more than 3 semesters. This shows that Supervision courses for Master of Art Therapy is not systematic and standardized enough considering the significance of supervision(Im, 2013). As expertise education for counselors are usually done formally during the Master's course(choi, 2013; Skovholt, Ronnestad, 1992), examining the current graduate education system and organizing it systematically could be an important task for constructing firmly an environment of art therapy in the future. The purpose of this research was to understand the fundamental significance for Art Therapy master's degree students to experience Supervision course. This serves to provide understanding of supervisees who take the Supervision course to the supervisors so as to provide basic data to establish a systematic and detailed Supervision course. The research question was 'what is the significance and essence of what Art Therapy master's degree students experience in the Supervision course?' This research used phenomenological hermeneutic approach of Max van Manen. Phenomenological research aims at describing the experience of different individuals regarding one concept or phenomenon. It is a study of the essence or key meaning of general experience, a process to bring to light and describe systematically the internal structure of meanings. In other words, it means to reduce individual experiences of phenomena into a description of a universal nature(Max van Manen, 1990). This research proceeded in-depth interview from July to November of 2015, to 17 Art Therapy master's degree students who have taken Supervision course for more than one semester until the first and second data are saturated, and data are collected until saturation. The collected data are analyzed through phenomenological hermeneutic research method, and 11 essential themes and 36 sub-themes are drawn. The essential themes of Art Therapy master's degree students regarding Supervision course experience are as follows. <it feels like I get to know more and more about supervision as I take the Supervision course>,<it is hard to proceed supervision in a class format>,<feel various feelings towards supervisors>,<feel uncomfortable to show myself in front of classmates>, <give a lot to think through the feedbacks which got during the class>,<Sharing together during the class helping me to sympathy and support>,<Expend my experience through stating super-vision by experiencing diverse section>,<prepare to be an art therapist in the future while preparing for the supervision presentation>,<it is much easier for supervision to be accompanied with drawings than with words only>,<model the role of Art Therapist after supervisors>, <Learning that It is important to take care of personal life to function well as an art therapist> Conclusions from the themes drawn are as follows. First, the research participants did not know the concept of the supervision. However, by experiencing super-vision participants felt uncomfortable the class type. Second, the research participants reviewed themselves as a therapist by feed back and questions from the class and received help for uncomfortable part by reviewing their case. The research participants build the relationship between the students by sympathize with pain of others. However, sometimes people turn out to be disingenous to other because it was uncomfortable to share their personal stories. Third, the research participants felt diverse emotions from the supervision class supervisor. research participants felt either confusion from double role of professor and supervisor or felt warm by their supports and understands. Also, participants modeling themselves from the case study as a supervisors role as art therapist. In order to function well as a therapist, participants set up the definition of art therapist by reviewing personal life. Fourth, students felt much easier proceeding supervision through drawings. When one sees the drawings with supervisors and classmates, one sees parts that are not seen during supervision. They experienced that they could express more clearly what they want to say when they did the case presentations with drawings than when they delivered through words only. Fifth, the research participants expend their experiences by reviewing and experienced other's case study and different sections. They tried to adopt different case of scenario by listening to people's presentation and from the section. At first it was hard to decided what to focus when preparing the presentation, however, after several case presentation researcher figured it out how to find the answer and felt growth through the progress of the section. This research captured the significance of master's degree students with various undergraduate backgrounds to experience Supervision course. This could be served as a basic data for establishing a systematic Supervision course. Also it provides data with meanings of ambivalence students feel toward each other, thereby providing understanding of supervisees to supervisors, and will help build a supportive and safe environment for Supervision course. Finally, by conveying the advantage and uniqueness of supervision model in art therapy, it will help build an art therapy supervision model.