남아 출생률 자료에 대한 이질성 분석

임화경,송석헌,송주원,Lim, Hwa-Kyung,Song, Seuck-Heun,Song, Ju-Won 한국통계학회 2009 응용통계연구 Vol.22 No.2

1990년대에 접어들면서 우리나라는 남아선호사상, 사회경제적 발전, 인구정책 등으로 인해 태아 성감별이나 불법 낙태가 사회적으로 확산되어 출생 성비의 불균형 현상이 초래되었다. 이러한 출생 성비의 불균형 현상을 모니터링 하기 위해서 시계열 분석 또는 지역 차이 분석 등의 많은 연구들이 있었지만 시간과 공판을 동시에 분석에 포함시키지 못했다는 단점이 있다. 본 연구는 시간과 지역성을 동시에 고려하여 출생 성비의 불균형 현상을 분석하였다. 행정구역상으로 구분된 234개의 구, 시, 군 지역에 대하여 2000년과 2001년도의 각 지역별 셋째 자녀 이상의 남녀 출생아 수 자료를 이질적 모집단을 가정하여 이항분포의 혼합모형에 적용시키는 방법을 제안한다. 혼합모형의 위치모수와 가중치, 상관계수 추정은 EM 알고리즘을 통해 수행되었고, ArcView GIS를 이용하여 지역의 이질성을 그림을 통해 표현하였다. Since 1990, identifying the sex of fetus and illegal abortion has brought the sex ratio imbalance at birth in Korea due to a notion of preferring a son to a daughter, socio-economic development, population policy, and so forth. Although there have been many researches such as time series analysis and region difference analysis to monitor this sex ratio imbalance, they have a defect that time and space could not be included in the analysis simultaneously. This study analyzes the sex ratio imbalance at birth, taking into account time and region at the same time. The analysis considered the numbers of male and female babies, who were born as the third or latter in their families, in 2000 and 2001 at 234 Gu / Si / Goon administrative districts. Here, we suggest a mixture model of binomial distributions, assuming heterogeneous populations. The estimation of the location parameters, weights and correlation coefficient of the mixture model is conducted by the EM algorithm, and the heterogeneity of the regions is expressed as a picture using ArcView GIS.

Bergenin 및 Acetylbergenin의 Galactosamine 유발 간독성에 대한 치료효과

임화경,최종원,김학성,Lim, Hwa-Kyung,Choi, Jong-Won,Kim, Hack-Seang 한국생약학회 2000 생약학회지 Vol.31 No.3

The hepatoprotective effects of bergenin and its derivative, acetylbergenin, were evaluated against D-galactosamine-induced liver damage in rats. Bergenin is a C-glucoside of 4-O-methyl gallic acid that has been isolated from the cortex of Mallotus japonicus (Euphorbiaceae). Acetylbergenin was synthesized from acetylation of bergenin to increase lipophilic and physiological activities. Bergenin (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and acetylbergenin (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) were administered orally once daily for successive 5 days after the injection of galactosamine (400 mg/kg, i.p.), respectively. The substantially elevated serum enzyme activities of alanine/aspartate aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and ${\gamma}-glutamyltransferase$ due to galactosamine treatment were dose-dependently restored towards normalization by post-treatment with bergenin and acetylbergenin. Bergenin and acetylbergenin also significantly prevented the elevation of hepatic malondialdehyde formation and depletion of reduced glutathione content induced by galactosamine in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the decreased activities of glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase were restored towards normalization. These results suggest that effects of bergenin and acetylbergenin may be related to complex mechanisms that involve prevention of lipid peroxidation and preservation of hepatic glutathione. The results of this study clearly indicate that bergenin and acetylbergenin have potent hepatotherapeutic action against galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats, and lipophilic acetylbergenin is more active in the antihepatotoxic effects against galactosamine than much less lipophilic bergenin.

다변량 다수준 이항자료에 대한 일반화선형혼합모형

임화경,송석헌,송주원,전수영,Lim, Hwa-Kyung,Song, Seuck-Heun,Song, Ju-Won,Cheon, Soo-Young 한국통계학회 2008 응용통계연구 Vol.21 No.6

We are likely to face complex multivariate data which can be characterized by having a non-trivial correlation structure. For instance, omitted covariates may simultaneously affect more than one count in clustered data; hence, the modeling of the correlation structure is important for the efficiency of the estimator and the computation of correct standard errors, i.e., valid inference. A standard way to insert dependence among counts is to assume that they share some common unobservable variables. For this assumption, we fitted correlated random effect models considering multilevel model. Estimation was carried out by adopting the semiparametric approach through a finite mixture EM algorithm without parametric assumptions upon the random coefficients distribution. 우리는 자명하지 않은 상관 구조를 갖는 복잡한 다변량 자료에 직면하는 경우가 있다. 예를 들어 군집 구조 자료의 경우 생략된 변수들이 한 개 이상의 관측값에 동시적으로 영향을 줄 수 있기 때문에 결과들 간에 상관 구조를 모형화하는 것은 추정량의 효율성과 정확한 표준오차의 계산 등의 타당한 추론을 위해서 중요하다 관측값들 간에 종속성을 두는 표준 방법으로는 관측 값들이 관찰되지 않은 어떤 변수를 공유한다고 가정하는 것인데, 이러한 가정에 대해 본 연구에서는 다수준 모형을 고려한 상관된 임의효과 모형을 적합시켰다. 추정은 준모수적 접근방법으로 임의계수 분포에 대한 모수적 가정 없이 유한혼합 EM-알고리즘을 통하여 수행되었다.

Bergenin 및 Acetylbergenin 의 사염화탄소 유발 간독성에 대한 치료효과 I

임화경(Hwa Kyung Lim),김학성(Hack Seang Kim),최종원(Jong Won Choi) 한국응용약물학회 2000 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.8 No.4

Bergenin is a C-glucoside of 4-O-methyl gallic acid that has been isolated from the cortex of Mallotus japonicus (Euphorbiaceae). Acetylbergenin was synthesized by acetylation from bergenin to increase lipophilic and physiological activities. The therapeutic effects of bergenin and acetylbergenin were evaluated against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Bergenin and acetylbergenin were administered orally once daily for successive 5 days, after the intraperitoneal injection of a mixture 0.5 ml/kg of CCl₄ in olive oil (1 : 1). The substantially elevated serum enzymatic activities of alanine/aspartate aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and y-glutamyltransferase induced by CCl₄ were restored towards normalization by posttreatment with bergenin and acetylbergenin. Bergenin and acetylbergenin also significantly prevented the elevation of hepatic malondialdehyde formation and depletion of glutathione content induced by CCl₄ in a dose dependent fashion. In addition, the decreased activities of glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase were restored towards normalization. These results suggest that therapeutic effects of bergenin and acetylbergenin may be related complex mechanisms that involve prevention of lipid peroxidation and preservation of hepatic GSH. The results of this study clearly indicate that bergenin and acetylbergenin have potent hepatotherapeutic action against CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. In addition, acetylbergenin 50 mg/kg showed almost the same levels of hepatoprotective activity as those of bergenin 100 mg/kg, indicating the fact that lipophilic acetylbergenin is more effective in the hepatoprotective action against CCl₄ than bergenin.

예덕나무피엑스의 사염화탄소 및 갈락토사민 유발 간독성에 대한 보호 및 치료효과

임화경(Hwa Kyung Lim),김학성(Hack Seang Kim),최홍석(Hong Serck Choi),최종원(Jong Won Choi) 한국응용약물학회 1999 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.7 No.1

Hepatoprotective effects of Malloti cortex extract (MCE) from Mallotus japonicus against the carbon tetrachloride (CCL₄) and galactosamine (GalN) were investigated. Whereas serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were markedly elevated after CCl₄ and GalN administration, pretreatment and posttreatment with MCE before and after the injection of CCl₄, and GalN resulted in decreases in elevated serum aminotransferase activities. Whereas CCl₄ and GalN treatment caused 3∼7 fold increases in sorbitol dehydrogenase and γ- glutamyltransferase activities, pretreatment and posttreatment with MCE resulted in the blocking of CCl₄ and GalN-induced liver toxicity. The hepatoprotective effect of MCE was in part due to MCE-induced elevation of hepatic glutathione levels. Pretreatment and posttreatment with MCE also reduced increased lipid peroxidation induced by CCl₄ and GalN. These results suggest that MCE may be useful for the prevention and therapy of hepatotoxic pathogenesis. It is presumed that protective and therapeutic effects of MCE due to be inducible glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities, involving in glutathione-medicated detoxication and maintainment of glutathione content, respectively.

웹을 활용한 수업에서 강의평가 문항 분석

박찬정(Chan-Jung Park),임화경(Hwa-Kyung Rim),지은림(Eun-Lim Chi) 한국정보과학회 2001 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.28 No.1B

인터넷 기술의 급속한 발전으로 교육분야에서도 많은 변화를 가져오고 있고 특히, 웹을 활용하는 수업들이 증가하고 있다. 특히, 여러 가상대학에서 홈페이지를 통해 교수자들이 교과학습과 관련 있는 웹 문서들을 제공함으로써 강의가 진행되고 있으나, 웹의 속성과 자원을 효과적으로 이용하여 유 의미한 학습 환경을 제공하고있는가를 고려해 볼 때, 웹 문서들의 질적인 차이가 많을 것으로 예상된다. 따라서, 교육용 웹 문서들을 평가하여 등급을 매기고 이를 다시 문서에 반영함으로써 보다 양질의 교육이 될 수 있도록 하는 것은 중요한 일이다. 본 논문에서는 최근 웹을 활용할 수업에 대해 평가할 수 있는 평가 항목을 제시하고, 이들을 실제로 한 가상대학에서 이루어지는 강의에 대해 적용시켜 평가한다. 이를 통해 점차 확산되어가고 있는 가상대학의 양질의 강의를 위한 평가의 기초 자료로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

Nalbuphie의 병용투여에 의한 morphine의 내성 및 의존성 헝성 저하효과

정면우(Myeon Won Chung),임화경(Hwa Kyung Lim),전용준(Yong Joon Jeon),김혜정(Hye Jung Kim),박인숙(In Sook Park),오우용(Woo Yong Oh),왕소영(So Young Wang),박윤주(Yoonju Park),강주희(Ju Hee Kang),김동섭(Dong Sup Kim),김주일(Joo Il Kim) 대한약학회 2002 약학회지 Vol.46 No.4

Morphine has been used widely on the treatment of many types of chronic pain. However the development of tolerance to morphine by repeat application is a major problem in pain therapy: The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether combined administration of nalbuphine with morphine affects the development of tolerance to and dependence on morphine. We hypothesize that the use of nalbuphine, k-agonist may prove to be useful adjunct therapy to prevent morphine-induced undesirable effects in the management of some forms of chronic pain. Morphine (10 mg/kg) was injected to rats intraperitoneally for 5 days. The variable dose of nalbuphine (0.1,1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg) was administered (I.p.) in combination with morphine injection. The development of tolerance to morphine was assessed by measuring the antinociceptive effect with the Randall-Selitto apparatus. The development of dependence on morphine was determined by the scoring the precipitated withdrawal signs for 20 min after injection of naloxone (10 mg/kg,I.p.). Nalbuphine did not attenuate antinociceptive effect of mofhine in rats. Interesting1y; combined administration of morphine with nalbuphine (100:1) sign- nifcantly attenuated the development of morphine tolerance and dependence. These results suggest that the co-admin-istration of nalbuphine with morphine in chronic morphine treatment can be one of therapies to reduce the development of dependence on morphine.

국내 항암제의 임상현황 및 항암제 임상시험 가이드라인

박인숙,김동섭,최기환,왕소영,임화경,오우용,김소희,강주희,방영주,김주일,Park, In-Sook,Kim, Dong-Seop,Choi, Ki-Hwan,Wang, So-Young,Lim, Hwa-Kyung,Oh, Woo-Young,Kim, So-Hee,Kang, Ju-Hee,Bang, Yung-Jue,Kim, Joo-Il 대한임상약리학회 2002 臨床藥理學會誌 Vol.10 No.2

The enormous cost, intensive time, and constant efforts are required the drug discovery and development of bringing new drug products to the marketplace. The past several years, KFDA approved new drugs developed by local pharmaceutical industries; that is Sunppla, Factive etc. In addition to, investigational new drug application (IND) was established to accelerate new drug development and harmonize with international standards in 2002. At this point of time it is urgent problem to develop ability of reviewing new drug applications (NDAs) scientifically and appropriately to ensure that new drugs are safe and effective. There are many scientific issues embedded in new drug approval process from non-clinical studies to phase 3 clinical trials; 1) sample size, 2) application of end point, 3) statistical method, and etc. However the overall relation between protocols/reports of clinical trials and the characteristics of domestic medical system has fully not been studied. There is also, no references or data for the point to be considered in drug approval process. On this background, the objectives of this study are introduction of guidelines for the requirement for approval or evaluation of safety/efficacy in other countries and presentation how to practice clinical trial for new oncologic products in the present situation of clinical trial. We hope that the guidelines contribute to providing methods of clinical trials and procedures, and evaluating method to develop chemotherapeutic agents.

견관절 불안정성 환자를 대상으로 한 부하 방사선 사진의 임상적 유용성에 대한 평가

박진영(Jin-Young Park),김영복(Youngbok Kim),임화경(Hwa-Kyung Lim),문상원(Sang Won Moon),방진영(Jin-Young Bang),장효석(Hyo-Seok Jang) 대한정형외과학회 2016 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.51 No.4

목적: 견관절 불안정성 환자에서 부하 방사선 사진의 임상적 유용성을 평가하였다. 대상 및 방법: 56명 환자와 20명 정상인에서 90도 외전과 0도 외회전에서 전후방으로(AER0/PER0), 외회전만 60도로 하여 전후방으로(AER60/PER60) 15 daN의 힘을 가하여 전위를 분석하고 신체검사법과 비교하였다. 결과: 환자군의 환측에서 모든 사진이 유의한 큰 전위를 보였고(p<0.05) AER60이 유의한 최소 전위를 보였으나(p<0.05) 건측에서는 특이 전위는 없었다(p=0.27). 정상인과의 비교에서 환측 PER0, PER60만 유의한 큰 전위를 보였다(p<0.05). 신체검사법은 16명의 전방 탈구 환자에서 마취하 anterior drawer test와 AER0가 양의 상관관계를 보였고(Spearman rho=0.56, p<0.024), 환자를 3 mm 전위를 기준으로 재구분하였을 때 load and shift test의 등급이 사진상의 전방 전위와(p=0.028), Kim’s test 양성 빈도가 후방전위와 상관성을 보였다(p=0.005). 결론: Telos GA-IIE 견관절 부하 방사선 사진은 건측과 환측을 구분할 수 있고 신체 검사법과 일부 상관성을 보였다. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the clinical applicability of stress radiography in patients presenting with shoulder instability. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six patients diagnosed with shoulder instability and 20 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Degree of displacement of the humeral head as measured on stress radiography using a Telos GA-IIE device was compared with the results of the physical examinations. Four types of stress radiography were captured while applying 15 daN of force anteriorly (AER0 and AER60) and posteriorly (PER0 and PER60) at two different positions: (1) 90° of abduction combined with 0° of external rotation, and (2) 90° of abduction combined with 60° of external rotation. Results: The degree of displacement of affected shoulders of 44 patients showed significantly larger displacement than normal shoulders (p<0.05), and the comparison between 56 affected shoulders of the patients and 40 normal shoulders of the volunteers showed significantly larger displacement only in PER0 and PER60 of the patients (p<0.05). Among the four radiographs of affected shoulders, AER60 showed significantly less displacement (p=0.046). The anterior drawer test under anesthesia of 16 patients who underwent surgery for anterior instability showed positive correlation with AER0 (Spearman’s rho=0.56, p<0.024). Significantly larger anterior displacement of the load and shift test was observed in the subgroup with anterior displacement more than 3 mm (p=0.028), and higher positive frequency of the Kim’s test was observed in the subgroup with posterior displacement more than 3 mm (p=0.005). Conclusion: Stress radiography using a Telos GA-IIE device could discriminate the affected shoulder. Although it could not replace individual physical examinations, the degree of displacement correlates with some physical examinations for shoulder instability.

오수유가 선천성고혈압흰쥐의 혈압에 미치는 영향

정수연(Soo Youn Chung),박윤주(Youn Joo Park),정면우(Myeon Woo Chung),임화경(Hwa Kyung Lim),강주희(Ju Hee Kang),최기환(Ki Hwan Choi),김주일(Joo Il Kim) 한국응용약물학회 2000 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.8 No.4

The present study examined the effect of a methanol extract of Evodiae Fructus on the blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The systolic blood pressure was measured after rats were pretreated with phentolamine, propranolol, or N_ω-nitro-_L-arginine methyl ester(NAME) and subsequently received methanol extract of Evodiae Fructus. In SHR, intraperitoneal administration of methanol extract of Evodiae Fructus (0.5 mg/kg) produced antihypertensive effect that lasted for at least 4 hours. Antihypertensive effect of Evodiae Fructus was more stronger than that with α-adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine and was not affected by β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol. The antihypertensive effect of Evodiae Fructus was abolished by pretreatment of NAME. Our findings suggest Evodiae Fructus has an hypertensive effect, which may be mediated through nitric oxide synthesis.