13~14세기 高麗 官人層의 元都宿衛와 그 전개 양상

임형수(Lim, Hyung-soo) 호서사학회 2018 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.86

1231년에 對蒙抗爭이 개시된 이래 몽골은 고려에 대해 복속의 증표로 여러 가지 의무 조항과 함께 토르각(turγaγ, 禿魯花)이라고 하는 質子를 줄곧 강요하였다. 그로 인해 고려는 강화협상을 벌이는 과정에서 부득이하게 왕족과 관인의 子弟를 선발하여 몽골에 볼모로 보냈으며, 전쟁이 끝나고 元의 정치적 간섭을 받는 시기에도 수십 년간 그들의 요구에 따라 부정기적인 인질 파송을 지속적으로 치러야만 했다. 고려의 토르각은 고위관료의 자제들로서 혹자는 대물림하여 충원되기도 하였는데, 원 황제의 친위조직인 케식(kešig, 怯薛)에 소속되어 宮廷에서 宿衛를 담당하다가 일정 기간이 지나면 귀국하였다. 이러한 방식을 통해서 원은 고려 관인층에 대해 구속 수단을 확보하고 親元 성향을 가진 인물을 육성하는 효과를 기대할 수 있었다. 14세기 초반부터는 麗元關係가 심화되면서 고려 관인층 가운데 토르각을 거치지 않고 개별적인 사유로 인하여 원의 숙위에 참여하는 사람들이 증가하기 시작하였다. 이들은 先代가 원에 정착하여 출세한 것이 배경으로 작용하거나 고려 국왕과 원 관료의 추천 및 원 황실의 직접 발탁 등을 통해서 숙위에 들어갔으며, 후일 원 조정에 출사하여 대략 5~7품 범위의 중앙관직을 初任職으로 받았고 3~4품까지 승진하는 등 중급관료로서 활동한 양상이 확인된다. 13세기부터 14세기까지 고려 관인층의 원도숙위는 당시 고려와 원의 긴밀한 관계를 보여줄 뿐 아니라 역대 중국 왕조와의 관계에서 찾아볼 수 없는 독특한 인적 교류의 一樣相이었다. Since the anti-Mongol struggle began in 1231, Mongolia continuously imposed a hostage, called Turγaγ (禿魯花) as a pledge of subjection in addition to various obligations on Goryeo. Accordingly, Goryeo inevitably selected and sent the children of the royal family and bureaucrats to Mongolia as hostages in the process of signing a peace treaty and had to dispatch them consistently as irregular hostages, according to Mongolia’s demands for decades, even under the political interference of Yuan Dynasty after the war. Turγaγ of Goryeo consisted of the children of high-ranking bureaucrats, and some of them were recruited by inheritance. They served as imperial guards in the court, belonging to Kešig (怯薛), the guard system of the Emperor of Yuan and returned after a certain period. In this way, Yuan Dynasty could secure a means to fetter Goryeo bureaucrats’ families and could expect that it would be able to foster pro-Yuan persons as a result. Since the beginning of the 14<SUP>th</SUP> century, as the relationship between Goryeo and Yuan was developed, the number of Goryeo bureaucrats’ families who participated in serving as the imperial guards for the Yuan Dynasty began to increase for individual reasons without serving as Turγaγ. They came to serve as imperial guards, thanks to their ancestors who had been settled in Yuan and rose in the world during Yuan Dynasty or the recommendation of the King of Goryeo and the bureaucrats of the Yuan Dynasty and the direct selection of the imperial families of the Yuan Dynasty. Later, they Yuan Dynasty entered the court and got the position of the central official on Grade (品) 5 through as their first appointment and got promoted up to Grade 3 through 4. It is noted that they were active as middle-level bureaucrats. Like this, Goryeo bureaucrats’ families who served as imperial guards in the Capital of Yuan Dynasty in the 13<SUP>th</SUP> century and the 14<SUP>th</SUP> century showed the close relationship between Goryeo and Yuan Dynasty at the time, and it was an aspect of unique personal exchange that could not be found in the relationship with the previous dynasties in China.

초임계 유기랭킨사이클(ORC)을 이용한 발전시스템 연구 소개

임형수(Hyung-Soo Lim),최범석(Bum-Seog Choi),박무룡(Moo-Ryong Park),황순찬(Soon-Chan Hwang),박준영(Jun-Young Park),서정민(Jeongmin Seo),방제성(Je-Seong Bang),강도원(Do-Won Kang),손정락(Jeong Lak Sohn),김병옥(Byung Ok Kim),이동현(Dong- 한국유체기계학회 2018 유체기계 연구개발 발표회 논문집 Vol.2018 No.11

초임계 유기랭킨사이클(ORC)을 이용한 발전시스템 핵심 기술 개발

임형수(Hyung-Soo Lim),최범석(Bum-Seog Choi),박무룡(Moo-Ryong Park),황순찬(Soon-Chan Hwang),박준영(Jun-Young Park),서정민(Jeongmin Seo),방제성(Je-Seong Bang),강도원(Do-Won Kang),손정락(Jeong Lak Sohn),김병옥(Byung Ok Kim),이동현(Dong- 한국유체기계학회 2018 유체기계 연구개발 발표회 논문집 Vol.2018 No.7

축류압축기 팁 인젝션시 스톨 특성에 대한 연구

임형수(Hyung Soo Lim),임영천(Young Cheon Lim),송성진(Seung Jin Song),강신형(Shin Hyoung Kang),양수석(Soo Seok Yang) 한국유체기계학회 2009 유체기계 연구개발 발표회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.-

In this research, experimental investigation has been observed to enhance 4 stage axial compressor stability by steady air injection. By injecting air in front of 1st stage rotor tip, compressor operation range was extended about 4% based on no injection condition. The stall onset stage, signal frequency and stall cell feature were analyzed and these characters were compared with no injection condition's. Even though, no significant different was detected in steady air injection, except stall onset performance point, this results can be used as a reference for selecting injection stages in multistage compressor.

Empirical Analysis for Laptop Choice under Lexicographic Preferences

Hyung Soo Lim(임형수),Duk Bin Jun(전덕빈) 한국경영과학회 2016 한국경영과학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.10

20kW급 해양온도차 발전용 터빈 개발

임형수(Hyung-Soo Lim),최범석(Bum-Seog Choi),박무룡(Moo-Ryong Park),박준영(Jun-Young Park),유일수(Il-Su Yoo),서정민(Jeong-Min Seo),황순찬(Soon-Chan Hwang),윤의수(Eui-Soo Yoon) 한국유체기계학회 2013 유체기계 연구개발 발표회 논문집 Vol.2013 No.11

초임계 CO₂ 발전용 구동 터빈 설계

임형수(Hyung-Soo Lim),최범석(Bum-Seog Choi),박무룡(Moo-Ryong Park),황순찬(Soon-Chan Hwang),박준영(Jun-Young Park),서정민(Jeongmin Seo),방제성(Je-Seung Bang),강도원(Do-Won Kang),윤의수(Eui-Soo Yoon) 한국유체기계학회 2016 유체기계 연구개발 발표회 논문집 Vol.2016 No.11

고려 충렬왕대 鷹坊의 구조와 기능에 대한 재검토

임형수(Lim, Hyung-soo) 호서사학회 2020 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.93

동북아시아에서 매사냥은 오래전부터 지배층의 유희로 각광을 받았고 상황에 따라 국가적 행사로 거행되거나 일부분 군사 훈련의 목적을 가지기도 하였다. 특히 매사냥이 한창 성행하던 시기에는 鷹坊이란 기구를 설치하여 매를 전문적으로 사육하게 하였는데, 한국의 경우 元의 간섭을 본격적으로 받기 시작하는 高麗 忠烈王代(1274~1308)에 처음 등장하였다. 지금까지의 연구에 의하면 고려 응방은 원으로부터 매의 징구를 대비하였으며 충렬왕의 매사냥을 수행하면서 그로 인해 얻은 총애를 믿고 각종 폐단을 자행한 것으로 설명되었다. 근래에는 주로 충렬왕의 왕권 강화와 맞물려 측근양성, 시위부대, 재화수집 등 다양한 기능을 수행하였음이 강조되었다. 주지하듯이 고려 응방은 대원관계 속에서 원의 영향을 받아 파생되었으므로 그들의 제도와 일정한 관련성을 갖고 있으리라 추정된다. 여기에 착안하여 본고는 고려 응방이 원의 숙위기구인 怯薛에서 유래하였다고 파악하였으며, 구조나 기능면에 유사한 점이 있는지를 비교 검토하면서 실체를 규명하고자 하였다. 고려 응방은 충렬왕이 원 공주와의 혼인을 통해 駙馬의 지위를 얻으면서 설치될 수 있었는데 중앙은 관직자로 구성된 鷹坊官, 지방은 유민과 군현민 등으로 편성된 鷹坊戶의 상하 이중 구조로 운영되었다. 또한 매의 포획과 조련은 물론이고 원으로의 진헌 등 매와 관계된 기능을 주로 수행하면서 동시에 국왕의 숙위를 담당하기도 하였다. In Northeast Asia, falconry has been long highlighted as a game for ruling circles and was sometimes performed as a national event or conducted partly for military training. In particular, Falconry Office, an agency was established to professionally raise falcons, when falconry was actively boomed. In Korea, it first appeared during the reign of King Chungryeol of Goryeo Dynasty(1274-1308), when Yuan Dynasty began to earnestly intervene in the domestic affairs of it. Previous studies explained that Goryeo"s Falconry Office prepared for falcons to be collected by Yuan Dynasty and committed a variety of vices because it performed falconry King Chungryeol, so it was favored by him. Recently, it was emphasized that Falconry Office performed various functions related with King Chungryeol"s strengthening of royal authority, such as cultivation of close aides, royal guard, collection of property, etc. As noted above, Goryeo"s Falconry Office was derived from effects of Yuan Dynasty in the relationship with it, so it might have a relation with Yuan"s institutions. In this regard, this paper understood that Goryeo"s Falconry Office was originated from Kešig, an Yuan"s Imperial Guard, and attempted to examine its identity, by comparatively analyzing similarities in structures and functions between them. Goryeo"s Falconry Office could be established as King Chungryeol acquired the status of a son-in-law of the king through the marriage with a princess of Yuan Dynasty. It was operated with the upper-lower dual structure: the central Falconer Officer consisting of managers and the local Falconer Household of wandering people and inhabitants in counties and provinces. In addition, it primarily performed functions regarding falcons, such as the captivity and training of them as well as bringing falcons to Yuan Dynasty, while serving as palace guard of King Chungryeol.

축류압축기 비정상 인젝션시 성능 특성에 대한 연구

임형수(Hyung-Soo Lim),배효조(Hyo-Jo Bae),송성진(SEung-Jin Song),강신형(Shin-Hyoung Kang),양수석(Soo-Seok Yang) 한국유체기계학회 2010 유체기계 연구개발 발표회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.12

This study presents the stability enhancement of a 4-stage low speed axial compressor by pulsating injection. The compressor performance characteristics have been analyzed in pulsating condition, First, the compressor operation range has been compared with no injection condition. Under the pulsation condition, the compressor operation range was extended to 4.9 ~ 6 % than that of no injection condition. Second, the effect of pulsation amplitude on operation range extension was analyzed. The amplitude of pulsation was divided to 4 steps with the same nozzle flow rate, and the compressor operation range was analyzed. Third, the additional compressor pressure rise was analyzed in pulsating condition, and it was compared with that of steady injection condition.

1376년 鴻山 전투의 意義와 戰場에 대한 재고찰

임형수(Lim, Hyung-soo) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2016 군사 Vol.- No.98

Hongsan (鴻山) battle was a combat which General Choi Young (崔瑩) defeated Japanese pirates (倭寇) who invaded Geum River (錦江) basin at the Hongsan region in July 1376 (2nd year of King Woo, 禑王), which is considered as one of great military victories over the course of 40-year fight against Japanese Pirates. The battle is worthy of special mention and is also assessed as a ‘Sweeping Victory (大捷).’This study briefly summarizes the background and process of development happened in Hongsan Battle and reviewes wether the battle could be really assessed as a ‘Sweeping Victory’ or not and wether the Taebong Mountain Fortress (胎峰山城) could be considered as valid battlefield. This study pointed out that Hongsan Battle somewhat falls short of being assessed as a Sweeping Victory (大捷) in that not only the scale of military force mobilized and military accomplishments gained during the battle are unclear but also the battle did not have any significant effects on the features of the war even after the battle. And yet, the study evaluated that Hongsan Battle still holds significant historical meaning of its own in that it lived up to desperate requirements of the time to a certain degree even though it did not make accomplishments enough to satisfy expectations. The study then examined if the recognition that the battlefield of Hongsan was Taebong Mountain Fortress is correct. This recognition was the result of establishment of Hongsan Memorial Stone (鴻山大捷碑) in the process of designating Taebong Mountain Fortress as one of the remains of historical national protection in the late 1970s, which was a hasty outcome without the support of documentary records or excavation survey. Thus, careful comparison of geographical conditions with historical records of Hongsan Battle reveals considerable discrepancies. Although it is very difficult to assert any specific region as the battlefield of Hongsan Battle given the lack of related data available, as the result of assumption based on geographical characteristics which appeared in the historical data, there is high possibility that the battlefield was actually valleys around Bihong Mountain(飛鴻山).