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李海雨(Lee Hae-woo) 중국어문학연구회 2009 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.59
This study focuses on the chronological strata and regional property of Min dialect by analyzing the Literary and Colloquial Readings in Geng(梗) Group. To gain a detailed research, lots of materials such as ancient rhyming books of Min dialect, Sino-Korean, Sino-Japanese and Sino-Vietnamese are investigated. Generally Speaking, the vowels of Geng(梗) Group have become high in the literary readings of Chinese dialects, but not in colloquial readings of Min(?), Kejia(客家) and Gan (?) dialects which have preserved a low vowel [a]. Therefore, we can reconstruct *[-aŋ/-ak] as the finals of colloquial readings in proto-southern dialects. The colloquial reading [-ia?] in Min dialect shares the similarity with [-iak] in Kejia(客家) and Gan(?) dialects. This means that some pronunciations of Min dialects are originated from the western areas of central districts as Kejia(客家) and Gan(?) dialects are. On the other hand, the colloquial reading [ -io?] in Min dialect has been introduced from Shandong (山?) area in Xijin(西晋) period because Zhuo(?) rhyming group and Xi(?) rhyming group in Old Chinese were separated in the area. Nasal vowels that usually appear in colloquial readings of southern Min dialects also can be found『Huiyinmiaowu(?音妙悟)』, which represents the 18th century's phonology in Quanzhou(泉州). The 'ViC' syllable structure does not exist in『Qilinbayin(戚林八音)』, which reflects Fuzhou(福州) dialect in the 16th century. Only [-aiŋ] is recorded in 『Alphabetic Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect』(1870), so it can be said that 'main vowel+i+ŋ' structure was formed about a few centuries ago. It is well known that Go-on(?音) reflects the Wu(?) language in Nan(南) dynasty, which was the predecessor of the present Min colloquial readings. Go-on(吳音) has kept the affinity with the Min colloquial readings as they have preserved the low vowel [a] in Geng group.
李海雨(Lee, Hae-woo) 중국어문학연구회 2013 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.80
『An Alphabetic Dictionary of the Chinese Language in the Foochow Dialect』, which reflects the phonological system of the Fuzhou(福州) dialect at the late 19th century, was compiled by C. C. Baldwin and R. S. Stewart. The Dictionary, the first one deviated from the traditional fanqie(反切) system, adopted the system of orthography known as the system of William Jones. There were 15 initials such as [?, ?h, x, k, kh, l, m, n, ŋ, p, ph, s, t, th] including the zero initial [ø] at the late 19th century, however, [n-] and [l-] are not distinguished in the contemporary Fuzhou(福州) dialect. Even though 12 vowels were used to Romanize the dialect, it was proved that the seven phonemes /a, e, o, ø, i, u, y/ were identified. We can find that the finals were changed according to the difference of the tone in『An Alphabetic Dictionary of the Chinese Language in the Foochow Dialect』. The tonal values can not be reconstructed on the basis of the traditional rhyme books and the Qilibayin(戚林八音), which was the oldest rhyme book representing the 17th phonological system of the Fuzhou(福州) dialect. But the compilers of the Dictionary represented the diagrams of the Fuzhou(福州) dialect tones, which provide us to identify the tonal values of the Fuzhou(福州) dialect at the late 19th century; the first tone [44], the second tone [33], the third tone [13], the fourth tone [13], the fifth tone [53], the sixth tone [33](same as the second tone), the seventh tone [341], the eighth tone [4].
이해우(Hae Woo Lee),김종일(Jeng Il Kim),반종석(Jon 대한통증학회 1994 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.7 No.2
Causaliga is a syndrome of sustained burning pain, allodynia and hyperpathia after a trau- matic nerve lesion, often combined with vasomotor and sudomotor dysfunction and later trophic changes. Various treatments of causalgia contain sympathetic blockade, sympathectomy, transcuta- neous electrical nerve stimulation, physical therapy, cryotherapy and psychotherapy. Repeated stellate ganglion blocks with 6ml of 0.25 bupivacaine provided good results for 2 patients. We recommand sympathetic blocks for treatment of causalgia.
이창근 ( Chang Geun Lee ),김동규 ( Dong Gyu Kim ),이상화 ( Sang Hwa Lee ),이해우 ( Hae Woo Lee ),이효종 ( Hyo Jong Lee ),김인수 ( In Soo Kim ) 대한금속재료학회(구 대한금속학회) 2011 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.49 No.11
This study was performed to investigate the effects of the driving force for reduction and the surfactant (polyacrylic acid) on the size of Ag particles. As the driving force for reduction increases, the size of particles decreases due to a decrease of initial nuclei-size. Also, an increase of pH increases the amount of ionized surfactant, which leads to a decrease of particle size due to the prevention of particle growth. Both the driving force and the surfactant may affect the particle size, but the surfactant appeared to be a more dominant factor than reduction potential in terms of controlling the particle size. An increase of surfactant in the range of pH=3-4 decreases the size of Ag particles, although the reduction potential also decreases.