개방형 스크류 압축기

이학수,Lee, Hak-Su 한국설비기술협회 1994 설비 : 공조ㆍ냉동ㆍ위생 Vol.11 No.7

포츠머스회담(1905)이 동북아해양질서에 미친 영향

이학수(Lee, Hak-Su) 동북아시아문화학회 2018 동북아시아문화학회 국제학술대회 발표자료집 Vol.2018 No.10

The East Asian maritime order currently dominated by the US is seriously challenged by China in the South China Sea. Since when and how has the US ruled the Northeast Asian maritime order? This study is based on the assumption that the US-led Northeast Asian maritime order was established at the Portsmouth talks (1905). As is often argued, the US-sponsored Portsmouth Peace Treaty is a document that formalized Japan’s victory in the Russo-Japanese War. It is accepted as a fact that Japan allowed the US to colonize the Philippines and the US allowed Japan to dominate Korea in return. However, many researchers have overlooked the fact that the US had a big plan for the Northeast Asian maritime order behind the Portsmouth Talks. After the Opium War, the US Navy warships were free to navigate the inland of China and the Northeast Asian waters without any sanctions. The US won the Spanish-American war and occupied the Philippines (1898). Whenever the US Navy White Fleet sailed and showed off its naval forces around the world, it visited Yokohama Port in Japan (1907-1909). Then, it is right to understand the Portsmouth Talks in a series of historical facts in relation to the above fact. Nonetheless, experts on East Asia have ignored such aspect. President Theodore Roosevelt received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for arranging and mediating the Portsmouth Peace Talks. The Americans have considered him as the first great politician in the 20th century. This proves that he was involved in the fact that the US took control of the Northeast Asian maritime order. Therefore, this study understands that the US’ having properly taken root in the Northeast Asian maritime order is closely related to the conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty between Japan and Russia after the Russo-Japanese War. The above analysis is intended to date back to the time before the Northeast Asian maritime order was dominated by a particular country, and to examine how the present US-led Northeast Asian maritime order has been formed. Through this, it is expected to provide a basis for resolving maritime conflicts occurring in the seas of East Asia including the present South China Sea.

논문(論文) : 17-19세기 프랑스-서아프리카간의 해상 교통

이학수 ( Hak Su Lee ) 대구사학회 2011 대구사학 Vol.102 No.-

France adopted a continental approach in the course of the colonization of West Africa. In other words, it viewed West Africa not as its counterpart of sea trade but as a subject of an expansion of its territory or mainland administration. The French colonization of West Africa was therefore aimed at strengthening its dwindling influence in Europe thus building up national pride, rather than producing profit through trade. With a view to redeeming itself after the French Revolution, Chute of the NapoleonⅠ, and the defeat in France-Prussian War, in addition to competing against Britain and Germany in colonial expansion, France expanded its colonial domination in West Africa to the detriment of fiscal deficits. It was the Navy that first opened the sea routes linking mainland France and West African colonies, which were travelled by Ferries (Paquebot) and merchant ships since then. The establishment of ports and sea lanes were initiated and planned by the French Ministries of the Colonies and Marine not by the private sector. Starting with the launch of Caribbean routes during the rule of the NapoleonⅠ, once France founded a colony the Navy was dispatched to construct naval bases and ports. Third, from an economic perspective, the French colonial rule of the African interior was found to be a loss. In order to make an ostentatious display of its power, France installed Comptoirs colonials on the coast of West Africa, and it sent administrators and set up plantations while advancing inland along rivers, which cost the French government a massive budget. Profits from the colonial domination, however, failed to reach the level enough to recoup investment. Once the need to scramble with Britain and Germany for colonial possessions disappeared, France ceased the exploration of African interior and focused on maritime trade on the coast of West Africa. Lastly, the sea routes between mainland France and West African colonies were operated by merchant ship companies headquartered in Marseille, Bordeaux, and Le Havre. The companies, which were subsidized by the government, imported vegetable oil food and exported French-made industrial products-alcohol, cigarette, weaponry, gunpowder, and metal products - from and to the colonies. They not merely competed fiercely with one another at home but also faced British and German competitors abroad for traffic rights. However, what should not go unnoticed in evaluating the age of colonialism is that it may not be the right way to focus only on political and economic issues or to reflect only on short-term outcomes of colonial trade. Notwithstanding the fact that West Africans suffered for a certain period of time from French exploitation and unequal trade with France, it is not true that France consistently enjoyed a dominant position in the relations with its colonial possessions. West Africans, making their entry through the port of Dakar to Marseille, Bordeaux, and Le Havre, scattered across the whole country. The immigrants also implanted in the French society their own culture, food, and Islamic religion that they brought from their mother land.

파리 톨레랑스

이학수(Lee Hak-Su) 부산경남사학회 2008 역사와 경계 Vol.68 No.-

Anumber of scholars believe that the Reformation of French right-wing party (Reformation), which underwent from 1995 to 2007, and the Counter-Manifestation of the Reformation mirror Revolution of May 1968. However, more appropriate point of view would be to say the Reformation claimed a separation from Social Party government and accomplished its own arguments and plans. This claim tried not only to destroy the values and logics of Social Party, but also to amend the value of Tolerance which left wing parties tried to preserve. In order to show that their reform policy cannot coexist with citizen government self-governing or socialist ideology, the right-wing government seem to have tried to handle Tolerance. Although the right-wing government has not touched on sensitive religion issue of Islam yet, it is obvious that they were going to put a restriction on illegal immigrant issue, social right, and social providence. Like this, the anti-Tolerance policy of the right-wing government faced severe resistance, but the right-wing government still won the election, and a survey of public opinion did not seem too bad. Therefore, we know the fact that Parisians tried to preserve the value of Tolerance did not cause them to doubt about the governing power of the right-wing government. Taking the current (2007-2008) political circumstances into consideration, Paris has low possibility of recovering the past status of Tolerance. This is due to the late 20th century's structural contradiction, which occurred globally. Even though the phenomenon of international migration of workers, failure of socialism, and rise of neo-democracy arose, there was no clear resistance or measure to these phenomenon. Therefore, it is too early for one to decide that Parisians will continue to maintain the value of Tolerance along with the immigrant problems and multi-cultural characteristics. The reason why the Parisians showed confused attitude towards Tolerance was because of the rebirth of nationalism, egocentrism, racialism and others that once thought to be expelled from the French. This phenomenon occurred all over Europe with a peculiar combination of conservatism and neo-liberalism after the real socialism collapsed. However, Paris will not give up Tolerance easily. Because, Paris has succeeded its fame and vitality as an international city through maintaining generosity and open-mindedness. Also because, Parisians already understand that the moment they give up Tolerance, Paris would lose vitality and creativity that Paris has always possessed. We can find the possibility of Tolerance when the Parisians elected a social party mayor in 2001 and 2008 municipal elections, even though they elected the right-wing government and president. The reason why the rich Paris elected a social party mayor is because they believed that he, as the head of a municipal organization, could preserve the value of the Tolerance by maintaining environmental and residential policies, which are two new visions of international city. Besides, if the mayor was a sexual minority (he is homosexual), haven't Parisians given him the biggest Tolerance, and asked for the same from him?

[서평] 이세희,『프랑스혁명사 연구』(부산: 부산대학교출판부, 2004), ⅷ + 331pp.

이학수(Lee Hak-Su) 부산경남사학회 2004 역사와 경계 Vol.51 No.-

흰민들레 발효추출물의 남성 갱년기 개선에 대한 효과

이학수(Hak Su Lee),백연수(Yeon Su Baek),김예슬(Ye Seul Kim),김현표(Hyun Pyo Kim) 한국생명과학회 2016 생명과학회지 Vol.26 No.9

본 연구에서는 민들레 추출물(DE) 및 민들레 발효추출물(FDE)이 남성갱년기 증상의 개선에 영향을 미치는 지를 알아보기 위해 22주령된 고령 흰쥐에 추출물을 4주간 투여한 후, testosterone, SHBG, PSA, 체지방, 혈중지방, 근육량, 운동수행능력, 정자 수 및 정자 활동성 등에 미치는 영향을 조사하였고 세포 실험을 통해 그 기작을 알아보았다. DE 및 FDE 투여 후 남성갱년기의 지표로 사용되는 남성호르몬인 testosterone의 혈중 농도가 증가하였고, testosterone 과 결합하여 생체 내 활성을 저하시키는 SHBG의 농도는 감소하였다. 또한 남성호르몬 보충요법에서 문제가 될 수 있는 전립선에 대한 부작용을 알아보기 위해 전립선특이항원(PSA)을 측정하였으나, 대조군과 별다른 차이를 나타내지는 않았다. 지방조직과 근육에 대한 영향을 측정한 결과, 지방조직량은 줄이고 근육량은 늘리는 것으로 나타나 남성갱년기에서 흔히 나타나는 근육량 감소 및 체지방 증가에 긍정적인 효과를 갖는 것으로 생각된다. 또한 testosterone의 감소에 흔히 동반되는 혈중지질대사 이상에 있어서도 민들레 추출물 및 민들레 발효추출물 투여군이 총 콜레스테롤과 중성지방은 감소시킨 것에 반해 고밀도 콜레스테롤은 증가시켰음을 관찰하였다. 강제수영을 통한 운동수행능력 측정 결과에서는 민들레 추출물 및 민들레 발효추출물 투여군이 대조군에 비하여 수영시간이 증가하였고, 이는 민들레 추출물 및 민들레 발효추출물의 투여가 운동수행능력 향상에 기여한것으로 사료된다. 총 정자 수와 활동성 정자 수를 측정한 결과에서도 민들레 추출물 및 민들레 발효추출물 투여군에서 증가한 것으로 나타났고, 이는 정자 형성과 활동성에 영향을 주는 testosterone 농도의 증가와 관련이 있는 것으로 여겨진다. 마지막으로 이러한 동물실험 결과의 기작을 알아보기 위해 세포실험을 통해 testosterone 생합성 과정에 관여하는 유전자의 변화를 측정한 결과 투여군에서 모두 증가함을 나타냄으로써, 추출물이 testosterone 합성을 직접적으로 촉진 시킬 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 전반적인 결과로 민들레 추출물 보다는 발효추출물이 더 좋은 효과를 나타내었고, 이는 발효 과정을 통해 민들레 유효 성분의 생체 이용률이 증가한 것으로 사료된다. 따라서, 추후 연구에서 발효에 의해서 증가하는 활성 성분에 대한 분석이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서는 민들레 추출물 및 발효추출물이 남성갱년기에 긍정적인 개선 효과를 나타냄을 보였고, 이를 활용하여 남성갱년기 개선에 도움 줄 수 있는 소재로 개발 할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다. Male climacteric syndrome, andropause, or testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) is one of the new health issues in elderly men. It is a natural phenomenon that happens with age in men, which is clinically characterized by a decline in levels of serum testosterone resulting in a significantly decreasing of physical and mental activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the putative alleviative effects of dandelion extract on the symptoms of TDS by increasing serum testosterone levels and compare the efficacy between dandelion extract (DE) and fermented dandelion extract (FDE). After daily intake of DE and FDE for 4 weeks, serum testosterone levels, muscles of vastus lateralis, forced swimming time, total sperm counts, and motile sperm counts were significantly increased in older rats (22 weeks). Additionally, SHBG, epididymal fat pad, total serum cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly decreased in DE and FDE fed groups. However, PSA levels were not different among all groups. Furthermore, DE and FDE enhanced the expression of genes related to testosterone biosynthesis in TM3 Leydig cells. Overall, these positive effects on andropause were greater in FDE compared to DE. These results suggest the potential of FDE as a safe and efficacious natural material for recovering testosterone levels and reducing andropause symptoms.

비시정권의 여성동원

이학수 ( Hak Su Lee ) 대구사학회 2008 대구사학 Vol.93 No.-

프르동과 노동조합 - 2월혁명을 중심으로 -

이학수(Hak Su Lee) 한국서양사연구회 1985 서양사연구 Vol.7 No.-

N/A

【서평】나치시대의 구원투수 데틀레프 포이케르트, 김학이 옮김, 『나치시대의 일상사. 순응, 저항, 인종주의』(서울 : 개마고원, 2003), 440pp.

이학수(Lee Hak-Su) 부산경남사학회 2005 역사와 경계 Vol.55 No.-

프랑스 공산당과 레지스탕스 1939-1944

이학수(Lee Hak-Su) 부산경남사학회 2005 역사와 경계 Vol.57 No.-

The Nazi-Soviet Pact brought a crisis to the French Communist Party. After the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Nazis, however, the Party began the Resistance Movement.<br/> Although the members of the Communist Party suffered heavy casualties in the course of the Resistance Movement, they led the movement in the most valiant and organized way. The number of the Communist members in the Resistance Movement was about 20 thousand in 1943, which increased to 40 thousand by early 1944 and to 120 thousand by the late summer of that year. How did the Communist Resistance movement succeed? First, the Communists had long had experience of underground activities even before they became involved with the Resistance Movement. Second, they were actively supported by the Soviet Union. They were provided various pieces of information, combat guides, as well as weapons, which were of huge assistance. Last, they were assisted by the Militant Communists who obeyed the guidance from the Party leadership, which was well established by this period.<br/> The Communist Resistance Movement gave hope to the French under the rule of the Vichy regime, making them believe that France would certainly be liberated from the Nazi occupation. In addition, both the Allies and the German troops were well aware of the persistent existence of the Resistance Movement, which would influence the result of the war. In terms of military tactics, the Resistance Movement proved that fighting in a conventional way could still be effective in the age of mechanized war. The most important effect of the movement, however, was produced in the political sphere: thanks to the struggle and sacrifice by the Resistance Movement, the Communist Party was able to revive itself as a mass political party after the liberation, constantly supported by the French people.