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A Simple and Fast Pitch Search Algorithm Using a Modified Skipping Technique in CELP Vocoder
이주헌,배명진,권춘우,Lee, Joo-Hun,Bae, Myung-Jin,Kwon, Choon-Woo The Acoustical Society of Korea 1995 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.14 No.e2
CELP 보코더에서의 피치검색에 있어서, 음성신호의 상관함수의 몇가지 특성을 이용한 스킵기법은 음질의 저하를 거의 일으키지 않으면서 피치검색에 필요한 계산량을 줄여준다. 하지만, 때때로 양의 상관값을 갖는 검색대상피치들이 검색에서 제외되어 음질이 저하되는 것을 완전히 막을 수는 없다. 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위해서 약식의 상관함수식을 이용한 개선된 스킵기법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법을 기존의 전체검색방법보다 계산량을 35% 이상 줄이면서도 음절이 저하는 일어나지 않는다. Based on the Characteristics of the correlation function of speech signal, the skipping technique can reduced the computation time considerably with a little degradation of speech quality. To improve the speech quality of the skipping technique, we use the reduced form of the correlation function to check the sign of the correlation value before the match score is calculated. The experimental results show that this modified skipping technique can reduce the computation time in pitch search over 35% compared with the traditional full search method without quality degradation.
상관관계 특성을 용한 CELP 보코더의 고속 피치검색 알고리듬
이주헌,배명진,안수길,Lee, Joo-Hun,Bae, Myung-Jin,Ann, Sou-Guil 한국음향학회 1994 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.13 No.e2
CELP 타입의 보코더에서 가장 큰 단점은 계산량이 상당히 커서 실시간 구현에 어려움이 많다는데 있다. 이러한 계산량의 부담을 줄이기 위해서 본 논문에서는 음질의 저하없이 피치검색시간을 단축하는 간단한 방법을 제안한다. 음성신호의 상관함수에서 발견되는 몇 가지의 특성으로부터 피치검색은 상관함수의 양의 구간만으로 한정될 수 있다. 이러한 피치검색구간의 한정은 상관함수에서 음의 진폭구간을 앞선 양의 진폭 구간의 폭만큼으로 추정하여 건너뜀으로서 구현할 수 있다. 또한 검색되는 피치래그의 개수를 일정한 수로 제한할 수도 있는데 실험적으로 약 58로 제한된다. 따라서 제안된 수의 피치래그에서만 피치검색이 수행된다. 제안된 방법으로 피치검색을 수행한 결과 기존의 방법에 비하여 음질의 저하없이 약 51%의 시간단축이 되었다. The major drawback to the Code Excited Linear Prediction(CELP) type vocoders is their large computational requirements. In this paper, a simple method is proposed to reduce the pitch searching time in the pitch filter almost without degradation of quality. Bease upon the observational regularity of the correlation function of speech, the searching range can be restricted to the positive side in pitch search. This is done by skipping the negative side with the width which is estimated from the previous positive envelope. In addition to that, the maximum number of available lags can be limited by the threshold, $L_T$, which is set on 58 empirically. So, only the limited numbers of lags are considered in pitch search, which is less than a half of that of the full search method. By using the proposed method in pitch search, its required computations are greatly reduced. Experimental result shows 51% time reduction almost without lowering the speech quality in segmental SNR measure.
대안적 에너지 정책에 대한 탐색: 서울시 원전하나 줄이기 정책과 거버넌스의 역할
이주헌 ( Lee Joo Hun ) 한국의회발전연구회 2017 의정연구 Vol.23 No.1
서울의 `원전하나 줄이기(2012)` 정책은 성공적인 도시 에너지 정책이자, 에너지 전환(energy transition)의 성공사례로 소개되고 있다. 하지만, 본 정책의 이른바 `목표달성`이 어떻게 가능했는지에 대해서는 구체적으로 설명된 바가 없다. 본 연구는 원전하나 줄이기 정책의 높은 수준의 성과가 가능한 이유로, 정책인식, 정책목표, 정책수단 및 정책평가 등의 체계 구성요인 간의 조화를 유지할 수 있었던 서울시의 거버넌스 역량을 핵심 요인으로 제시하였다. 이러한 거버넌스 관점의 설명은 정책의 장(policy arena)으로서의 도시의 중요성을 부각시키고, 도시정부의 역량에 따라 체계의 전반적인 전환 과정에서 내적 일관성을 유지하며 정책체계로서의 항상성과 지속성을 유지할 수 있음을 보여준다. 경성에너지체계로 정의되는 합리성-효율성-중앙집권적 에너지체계는 원전하나 줄이기 정책의 시행과 더불어 연성에너지체계로 이행되기 시작하였다. 에너지체계 운영의 주체로서, 체계전환을 관리하는 서울시의 역량은 따라서 가장 중요한 설명변수가 된다. Seoul`s One Less Nuclear Power Plant is the major urban energy policy launched in April 2012. Its effort to respond to climate change and energy crisis in the aftermath of the Fukushima nuclear accident turned out very successful, considering huge decrease of energy consumption. However, the question of how the cut of energy consumption was possible remains unanswered. This paper introduces the concept of urban governance capacity as the cause of the success. It is the managing and governing capability to maintain the logical consistency policy system, comprising of policy perception, goals, policy tools and evaluation. Without this logical correspondence between the policy factors, any system including energy regime easily falls apart during the systemic transitional period. Governance capacity provides the integrating framework, so that the system as a whole maintains the internal homeostasis.
서울시 복지서비스전달기관 간 협력적 네트워크 구축방안 연구
이주헌 ( Joo Hun Lee ),김선자 ( Sun Ja Kim ),조권중 ( Kwon Joong Choh ),박성문 ( Seong Moon Park ) 서울시정개발연구원 2009 연구보고서 Vol.2009 No.16
The recent financial crisis creates increasing welfare demands. However, resources for public use such as tax revenues has been shrinking at the same time, This welfare-paradox requires a fundamental reform of the welfare system as a whole, The new welfare system is expected to be more cost-efficient and long-term sustainable. At the heart of the welfare reform lies a welfare delivery system, More efficiency can be found in realignment of service delivery relations and redundancy minimization inherent in welfare programs, Unlike the traditional welfare delivery system, in the new system some authorities and autonomy are given to non-governmental welfare organizations, and their active involvements in welfare delivery are always welcome. ``Community Welfare Organizations`` are the key institutions that would reflect the concept of participatory governance since 2005. However, neither systemic evaluation of their effectiveness nor attempt to correct operational defections has been made since. In addition, although the success of new welfare delivery system depends largely on the voluntary participation and active collaboration among welfare organizations outside governmental sector, no comprehensive study on inter-organizational collaboration has been conducted as well. In this context, the purpose of this study is threefold. First, it delves into the dynamics of welfare delivery system in local governments within Seoul metropolitan government. Operating managers of non-profit social service organizations were asked to evaluate the effectiveness of current system and degree of collaboration, and to identify the major partners in welfare program implementation. Second, based on the data gathered, this study describes the diversity and dynamics of social service delivery networks. This study found out that despite the same institutional background, social service delivery systems in two local governments (Songpa-Gu and Nowon-Gu) show a considerable level of diversity. Twelve different network maps were drawn in accordance with the relationships between organizations and service programs. Third, the factors promoting collaboration were determined, A series of regression analyses were conducted, and the results show that the degree of integration with public agencies, the participation in the existing social welfare networks, and the managerial professionalism of managers are significant factors that influence on the level of collaboration of social service delivery organizations. In addition, organizations in Songpa-Gu are generally more collaborative than the organizations in Nowon-Gu. An interesting finding is that the membership of ``Community Welfare Organization`` is not related to the level of collaboration of organizations. It could mean that the major goal of recent social service delivery reform has not been accomplished, and it is necessary to develop different strategies to promote participatory and collaborative culture in social service delivery system, Based on the findings, this study suggests that, first, the Community Welfare Organizations should be rearranged in a direction that guarantees more autonomy and public assistance. Second, public intervention in service delivery should be smart. For example, by transferring information sharing and management functions to community welfare center, public agencies can avoid heavy overload and thus concentrate on the more significant functions such as monitoring, auditing and evaluation. Finally, the identified structural holes in two local governments should be carefully managed, these holes (organizations) are the key resources by which we can minimize the managerial cost and effectively run the social service delivery networks.