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Jitter Analysis for Communication Systems Employing Pointer Scheme
장훈,이병기,Chang, Hoon,Lee, Byeong-Gi The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 1990 전자공학회논문지 Vol.27 No.1
This paper investigates the significance and the implication of the pointer scheme, which was recently adapted by CCITT as a standard synchronization method in the broadband network-node interface environment, and discusses the merits of the pointer scheme in comparison with the conventional positive justification method. It also analyzes the jitter performance of the communication system employing the pointer scheme based on the fact that the pointer scheme corresponds to a multiple-bit positive/zero/negative justification.
Bonding efficacy of cured or uncured dentin adhesives in indirect resin
장지현,이빈나,장훈상,황윤찬,오원만,황인남,Jang, Ji-Hyun,Lee, Bin-Na,Chang, Hoon-Sang,Hwang, Yun-Chan,Oh, Won-Mann,Hwang, In-Nam The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry 2011 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.36 No.6
연구목적: 본 연구는 간접 레진수복시 상아질 접착제의 중합 여부가 레진인레이와 상아질간의 미세인장결합강도와 결합계면의 형태에 미치는 영향을 공초점 현미경 관찰을 통하여 평가하고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 24개의 발거된 대구치를 절단하여 교합면 상아질을 노출시켰다. 수복 방법에 따라 크게 간접 레진수복과 직접 레진수복의 두 군으로 나누었다. 간접 레진수복군은 임시 수복하여 1주일 후, 상아질 접착 과정에 따라 4군(OB-C와 OB-NC군, OS-C와 OS-NC군)으로 나누었다. 간접 레진수복군은 산부식 처리된 상아질면에 OptiBond FL (Kerr) 또는 One-Step (Bisco) 상아질 접착제를 중합 여부에 따라 나누어 적용하였다. 처리된 상아질면에 제작된 3 mm 높이의 레진 인레이(Tescera, Bisco)를 Variolink II (Ivoclar Vivadent)를 사용하여 제조사의 지시에 따라 합착하였다. 직접 레진수복군은 산부식 처리된 상아질면에 상아질 접착 후, 복합레진 (Estelite${\Sigma}$, Tokuyama)으로 즉시 수복하였다(OB-D군, OS-D군). 수복을 마친 모든 치아는 24시간 후, 미세인장 결합 강도 평가와 공초점 레이저 주사 현미경 관찰(CLSM)을 시행하였다. 결과: 간접 레진수복군은 직접 레진수복군에 비하여 낮은 미세인장결합강도를 나타내었으며, 상아질 접착제를 광중합한 군(OB-C군, OS-C군)이 광중합을 시행하지 않은 군(OB-NC군, OS-NC군)에 비하여 높은 미세인장결합강도를 나타내었다. 접착 계면에 대한 CLSM 관찰에서 상아질 접착제를 광중합한 군에서 더 분명하고 균일한 혼성층이 관찰되었다. 상아질 접착제를 광중합하지 않은 군에서는 혼성층이 불분명하거나 거의 관찰되지 않았다. 결론: 간접 레진수복물의 합착시 레진시멘트의 적용 전에 상아질 접착제의 광중합은 분명하고 균일한 혼성층의 형성하며, 이는 결합강도의 향상에 기여한다. Objectives: This study examined the effect of the uncured dentin adhesives on the bond interface between the resin inlay and dentin. Materials and Methods: Dentin surface was exposed in 24 extracted human molars and the teeth were assigned to indirect and direct resin restoration group. For indirect resin groups, exposed dentin surfaces were temporized with provisional resin. The provisional restoration was removed after 1 wk and the teeth were divided further into 4 groups which used dentin adhesives (OptiBond FL, Kerr; One-Step, Bisco) with or without light-curing, respectively (Group OB-C, OB-NC, OS-C and OS-NC). Pre-fabricated resin blocks were cemented on the entire surfaces with resin cement. For the direct resin restoration groups, the dentin surfaces were treated with dentin adhesives (Group OB-D and OS-D), followed by restoring composite resin. After 24 hr, the teeth were assigned to microtensile bond strength (${\mu}TBS$) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), respectively. Results: The indirect resin restoration groups showed a lower ${\mu}TBS$ than the direct resin restoration groups. The ${\mu}TBS$ values of the light cured dentin adhesive groups were higher than those of the uncured dentin adhesive groups (p < 0.05). CLSM analysis of the light cured dentin adhesive groups revealed definite and homogenous hybrid layers. However, the uncured dentin adhesive groups showed uncertain or even no hybrid layer. Conclusions: Light-curing of the dentin adhesive prior to the application of the cementing material in luting a resin inlay to dentin resulted in definite, homogenous hybrid layer formation, which may improve the bond strength.
Evaluation of the radiopacity and cytotoxicity of resinous root canal sealers
김창규,류현욱,장훈상,이병도,민경산,홍찬의,Kim, Chang-Kyu,Ryu, Hyun-Wook,Chang, Hoon-Sang,Lee, Byung-Do,Min, Kyung-San,Hong, Chan-Ui The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry 2007 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.32 No.5
본 연구의 목적은 세 가지 레진계 근관충전실러 (AH 26, EZ fill, AD Seal), 산화아연 유지놀계 근관충전실러(ZOB Seal) 그리고 수산화칼슘계 근관충전실러 (Sealapex)의 방사선 불투과성 및 세포독성을 평가한 것이다. 각 실러를 제조회사의 지시대로 혼합하여 직경 10 mm, 두께 1 mm로 시편을 제작한 후 ISO 6876/2001의 규격에 따라 교합필름을 이용하여 알루미늄 스텝웨지와 함께 방사선 촬영을 시행하였다. 방사선 사진을 디지털화하여 컴퓨터에 저장한 후 Scion image 프로그램을 이용하여 각 단계의 알루미늄 스텝웨지의 두께와 비교하였다. 각 재료의 세포 독성은 불멸화된 인간 치주인대세포 (immortalized human periodontal ligament cell, IPDL)에서 MTT 분석법을 이용하여 시행하였다. EZ fill이 가장 높은 방사선 불투과성을 나타내었고 Sealapex가 가장 낮은 방사선 불투과성을 나타내었다 (p < 0.05). AH 26, AD Seal, ZOB Seal은 중등도의 방사선 불투과성을 나타내었다. Sealapex를 제외한 모든 평가된 재료는 ISO 규격에 부합하는 방사선 불투과성을 보였다. 레진계 실러의 세포독성은 모든 실험 시간대에 걸쳐 다른 계통의 실러에 비해 낮게 나타났다 (p < 0.05) 아울러, EZ fill은 24및 48시간대에서는 AD Seal에 비해, 72 시간대에서는 다른 두 레진계 실러에 비해 높은 세포독성을 보였다. 그러나 레진계 실러에서 방사선 불투과성의 정도와 세포독성과의 관련성은 없었다 (p > 0.05). 이 실험 결과로 볼 때 레진계 실러는 다른 계통의 실러에 비해 방사선 불투과성 면에서 장점을 가지며 생체적합성면에서 우수하다고 사료된다. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity and cytotoxicity of three resin-based (AH 26, EZ fill and AD Seal), a zinc oxide-eugenol-based (ZOB Seal), and a calcium hydroxide-based (Sealapex) root canal sealers. Specimens, 10 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness, were radiographed simultaneously with an aluminum step wedge using occlusal films, according to ISO 6876/2001 standards. Radiographs were digitized, and the radiopacity of sealers was compared to the different thicknesses of the aluminum step wedge, using the Scion image software. Using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the cytotoxicity of each material was determined in immortalized human periodontal ligament (IPDL) cells. The results demonstrated that EZ fill was the most radiopaque sealer, while Sealapex was the least radiopaque (p < 0.05). AH 26, AD Seal and ZOB Seal presented intermediate radiopacity values. All the materials evaluated, except for Sealapex, presented the minimum radiopacity required by ISO standards. The cell viabilities of resin-based root canal sealers were statistically higher than that of other type of root canal sealers through the all experimental time. Further, EZ fill showed statistically lower cell viability in 24 and 48 hours compared to AD Seal and in 72 hours compared to all other resin-based root canal sealers. However, there was no correlation between the radiopacity and cytotoxicity of three resin-based root canals sealers (p > 0.05). These results indicate that resin-based root canal sealer is more biocompatible and has advantage in terms of radiopacity.
두경부 악성종양에서 경부임파절전이에 대한 CT Scan의 진단적 의의
이원상(Won Sang Lee),김광문(Kwang Moon Kim),정광현(Kwang Hyun Chung),장훈상(Hoon Sang Chang),김지우(Jee Woo Kim),김동익(Dong Ik Kim) 대한두경부종양학회 1988 대한두경부 종양학회지 Vol.4 No.1
CT examination has been used in the preoperative examination of patients with head and neck cancer. The accuracy of CT in detecting nodal metastases has not been well established. We studied 35 patients (41 neck specimens) with head and neck cancer who underwent neck dissection. Surgical pathologic findings were compared with preoperative CT scan to establish the diagnostic accuracy for cervical lymph node metastases. The results of physical examination, CT scans of neck and histologic examinations were compared each other. The overall diagnostic accuracy of CT was 83.3%. Comparison with clinical accuracy shows the CT scan to be superior to the clinical examination in spite of careful physical examination, particularly in detecting occult metastases.