근대 이후 일본의 배외주의와 재일조선인

이승희 동국대학교 일본학연구소 2016 일본학 Vol.43 No.-

The purpose of this article is to analyze the flow of the chauvinism occurring in Japan after the modern times to contemplate the continuity and discontinuity before and after the war. In general, the academic circle of Japan has the well established assertion that “Japan has the right wing but it does not have the extreme right wing”, and there is wide spread perception that the social movement in chauvinism as the leading front has emerged in the recent days. In December 2006, Zaitokukai (在特會: meeting of citizens who do not recognize special privileges to Koreans in Japan) was organized to undertake the chauvinism movement to stir the social scandal with aggressive hatred against Korea, demonstration of denouncement of those Koreans in Japan as well as assembly for such causes. Obviously, when considering in history, the right wings and chauvinism of Japan do not necessarily exist in consistency but certain part of overlapping areas in their assertions, characters and theoretical basis that the relativity cannot be completely denied. In addition, the exclusive policies of Japanese government and the hatred and discrimination recognition of private society against Koreans in Japan have been steadily existed from the time of Japanese colonial ruling period that calls for attention. Under this article, the focus is on Koreans in Japan as the target of the chauvinism in Japan in particular that the contemplation on the influence on the discrimination against Koreans in Japan during the colonial period with the view of despise of Japanese against Koreans during the modern period, and therefore, such traditional view of despise against Koreans has been handed down to the recently emerged chauvinism. 본고의 목적은 근대시기 일본인들이 갖고 있던 재일조선인 멸시관과 적대감이어떻게 전후시기로 계승되어 최근 대두한 배외주의로까지 연결되었는지 그 연속성에 대해 검토하는 것이다. 근대 이전 일본인의 조선 및 조선인에 대한 인식을 형성시킨 것은 ‘진구황후의삼한정벌’ 전설과 도요토미 히데요시의 조선침략이었다. 근세에 이루어진 조선침략의 경험은 기존의 ‘삼한 정벌’ 전설을 보완하며 그 ‘복속’의 대상이었던 조선및 조선인에 대한 멸시관과 일본인의 우월감을 형성하였다. 근대 이후 일본인과조선인이 본격적으로 접촉하기 시작한 때에도 기존의 조선인멸시관은 계승되었고, 문명과 야만의 틀에 의해 더욱 강화되었다. 일본인의 조선 및 조선인에 대한 멸시관은 한국병합 직후부터 본격적으로 일본으로 건너가기 시작한 재일조선인들에 대한 차별인식으로 자연스럽게 연결되었다. 재일조선인의 수가 지속적으로 증가하면서 본국의 일본인들이 각지에서 재일조선인을 직접 접할 기회가 많아졌지만 여전히 기존의 멸시관에 더해 3.1운동 이후‘위험’하다는 적대적 인식도 갖게 되었다. 특히 노동현장 등에서 감시와 단속을통해 재일조선인과 자주 접하던 경찰 및 사법 관계자들은 더욱 부정적인 인식을갖고 재일조선인을 경계하고 차별하였으며, 가급적 일본으로의 유입을 막고 치안유지에 ‘위험’한 재일조선인들을 조선으로 돌려보내고 싶어 했다. 제국주의 일본이 패전하고 민주주의 국가로 전환된 후에도 재일조선인에 대한인식은 크게 달라지지 않았다. 침략과 식민지배의 역사에 대한 일본사회의 반성이이루어지지 않았기 때문이었다. 재일조선인에 대한 멸시관은 여전히 존재하였고, 패전 직후의 혼란기를 이용하여 암시장을 비롯한 부정한 수단으로 일본의 부를갈취하고 생활보호를 수급하는 부담스러운 존재로까지 인식하기 시작했다. 또한1940년대 말 냉전의 진행으로 인해 특히 좌파 계열의 재일조선인을 위험시・적시하고 일본 내에서 배제하기를 원하는 배외주의 의식이 등장하게 되었다. 이러한움직임은 일본정부로 하여금 재일조선인의 권리를 제한하는 각종 제도적 차별 실시와 일본 국내에서 좌파 계열의 재일조선인을 사실상 추방하는 재일조선인 북송근대 이후 일본의 배외주의와 재일조선인∙이승희 93 사업으로 연결되었다. 민간사회에서도 재일조선인은 신체적인 폭력을 행사 당했으며, 일상적으로 취업, 진학, 결혼, 주거 상의 차별을 받으며 정신적인 고통을 강요받아야만 했다. 1970년대에 이르러도 일본인들은 여전히 기존의 멸시관과 적대감에 근거하여 재일조선인을 바라보고 차별을 가하고 있었으며, 결국 재일조선인들은 출신을 숨기기 위해 일본식 통명을 사용해야만 했다. 일본 정부와 민간사회는 재일조선인에게차별이 싫으면 귀화를 하라는 입장을 취하며 전전 시기와 다름없는 동화 압력을가해왔다. 멸시관과 적대감에서 벗어나지 못한 채 타자의 존재를 인정하지 못하고배격하려고 하는 일본사회의 배타적인 자세는 재특회와 같이 재일조선인을 타깃으로 한 극단적인 배외주의를 대두시키는 토양이 되었다. 인터넷상의 익명게시판 공간 등은 그동안 일본인들이 면면히 갖고 있었던 재일조선인에 대한 멸시관과 적대감을 배외주의로서 밖으로 토해내고 증폭시킬 수 있는 계기를 마련해 주었고, 재특회는 이를 기반으로 등장하게 되었다. 재특회는 재일조선인은 나태, 불결, 교활, 위험하다는 등의 전전 시기의 재일조선인 멸시관과적대감, 그리고 패전 직후부터 형성된 재일조선인에 대한 피해망상을 이어 받아이를 현재도 공공연하게 확대・재생산하고 있는 중이다.

응용행동분석에서의 유지와 일반화의 관계 모델

이승희 한국정서행동장애학회 2022 정서ㆍ행동장애연구 Vol.38 No.2

In the first issue of Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Baer, Wolf, and Risley (1968) presented generality as one of the 7 dimensions of applied behavior analysis. According to them, a behavior change may be said to have generality if it proves durable over time (that is, maintenance), if it appears in a wide variety of possible environments (that is, stimulus generalization), or if it spreads to a wide variety of related behaviors (that is, response generalization). Since then, maintenance and generalization has been a main concern in the field of applied behavior analysis. This study aimed to propose a model for the relationship between maintenance and generalization in applied behavior analysis. To do this, first, generalization was classified into two types (stimulus generalization and response generalization), which were used interchangeably with ‘stimulus generalization of an acquired behavior’ and ‘response generalization of an acquired behavior’, respectively in this study. Next, maintenance was classified into three kinds (‘maintenance of an acquired behavior’, ‘maintenance of stimulus-generalized behaviors’, ‘maintenance of response-generalized behaviors’) based on the review performed in this study. Lastly, the two types of generalization and the three kinds of maintenance were set up as five aspects of generality (‘stimulus generalization of an acquired behavior’, ‘response generalization of an acquired behavior’, ‘maintenance of an acquired behavior’, ‘maintenance of stimulus-generalized behaviors’, ‘maintenance of response-generalized behaviors’) and a model of the relationship between maintenance and generalization was proposed as a conclusion of this study. ‘Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis’의 창간호에서 Baer, Wolf와 Risley(1968)는 응용행동분석의 7개 차원 중 하나로 일반성(generality)을 제시하면서 행동변화가 시간이 지나도 지속되거나(즉, 유지), 다양한 환경에서 나타나거나(즉, 자극일반화), 또는 다양한 관련행동으로 확산된다면(즉, 반응일반화) 그 행동변화는 일반성을 가지는 것으로 볼 수 있다고 하였다. 이후 유지와 일반화는 응용행동분석 분야에서 주요 관심사가 되어 왔다. 본 연구는 응용행동분석에서의 유지와 일반화의 관계에 대한 모델을 제안하는 데 그 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 먼저, 이승희(2021)의 연구를 근거로 일반화를 자극일반화와 반응일반화라는 두 가지 유형으로 분류하였는데 본 연구에서는 자극일반화와 ‘습득된 행동의 자극일반화’를 그리고 반응일반화와 ‘습득된 행동의 반응일반화’를 각각 상호교환적으로 사용하였다. 다음으로, 본 연구에서의 고찰을 근거로 유지를 ‘습득된 행동의 유지’, ‘자극일반화된 행동의 유지’, ‘반응일반화된 행동의 유지’라는 세 가지 종류로 분류하였다. 마지막으로, 이러한 일반화의 두 가지 유형과 유지의 세 가지 종류를 일반성의 5개 측면(습득된 행동의 자극일반화, 습득된 행동의 반응일반화, 습득된 행동의 유지, 자극일반화된 행동의 유지, 반응일반화된 행동의 유지)으로 설정하고 유지와 일반화의 관계 모델을 본 연구의 결론으로 제안하였다.

在日朝鮮人社會에 대한 日帝의 監視體制-憲兵隊의 役割과 그 限界를 中心으로-

이승희 한일민족문제학회 2011 한일민족문제연구 Vol.21 No.-

The objective of this research is to review the roles of military police in Imperial Japan’s system of monitoring the Society of Koreans in Japan, and to find the facts. During the period before World War II, Japan was defined as a ‘society with dual police system’ with a police force called Special Higher Police directed by the Home Ministry, and with military police directed by Japanese Army. It reflects that military police had such an important role as that of Special Higher Police as a police force of Japan. Koreans in Japan also similarly recognized the impact of military police as they were living abhorred by strict monitoring and cracking down of Special Higher Police and military police after moving from Chosun to Japan. But as we compare actual activities of Special Higher Police with those of military police, it makes us hesitate to conclude that they carried out similar roles. Police Bureau of the Home Ministry thoroughly made legal device to monitor Koreans in Japan by establishing and revising rules and regulations around the time of Annexation of Korea. And also Political Bureau set aside enough budget and workforce to Special Higher Police to collect information so that it could use the information in monitoring and cracking down on Koreans in Japan. Unlike this, even though they had a broad police right applicable to civilians, not normal to a military agency, military police had shortage of workforce, budget, information, and authority in monitoring and cracking down on Koreans in Japan. In the mainland Japan, military police monitored Koreans based on isolated and diverged responses because they could not establish a systematic monitoring system like Special Higher Police in the Home Ministry. And military police had little influence on Koreans in Japan in a civilian society not directly related to military. As a result, the gap between military police’s role in occupied countries, where they mainly led tasks of keeping public order, and in the mainland Japan, where their activities were largely limited, raises the need to have a broad understanding to review military police’s roles in the system of maintaining public order in overall Imperial Japan. 本論文の目的は、在日朝鮮人社会に対する日本の監視体制のなか、憲兵隊が担っていた役割を検討し、その実態を明らかにすることである。戦前期における日本は、特高で象徴される内務省警察と陸軍の憲兵という「二重警察社会」であると規定されてきた。それは日本の社会において警察機構としての憲兵が担っていた役割が特高に劣らないほど大きかったという認識を反映している。朝鮮から日本へ渡って日本官憲の厳しい監視下におかれていた在日朝鮮人の認識もそれと似たようなものであったと言える。しかし、内務省特高と憲兵が実行していた「治安維持」活動を実際に比較してみると、この両者を同じ基準で評価することの問題性が浮彫りになる。内務省警保局は、韓国併合を前後した時期から在日朝鮮人を監視·取締を行える各種の例規を制定、または改正しながら法的措置を整備してきた。また特高には充分な予算と人員を投じて在日朝鮮人に関する情報を蒐集し、それに基づいて監視と取締を行った。一方、憲兵は軍の警察機関でありながら民間にまで行使できる幅広い警察権を保持していたが、人員·予算·情報·職権の限界により在日朝鮮人に対しては限定的な監視·取締活動を行わざるを得なかった。その結果、単発的、枝葉末節的な対応が主になったのである。特に憲兵は、軍と直接的な関連がない一般社会の中の在日朝鮮人に対しては殆んど影響力を行使することができなかった。憲兵が主導的に治安維持を担った植民地と憲兵の制限的な活動のみ許された本国の状況の違いから、帝国日本全体における治安維持体系上、憲兵が占める役割に対し、マクロな視点から接近する必要性を提起してくれると言えよう。

건강가정지원센터 직원 교육 요구 및 현황 분석을 통한 발전방향 모색

이승희,김은지 한국가족자원경영학회 2013 한국가족자원경영학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.10

[지역축제 : 경기도 광주시] 흙, 불, 혼 그리고 아름다움의 결정체 도자의 세상, ‘광주왕실도자기’ 축제가 열린다!

이승희 한국자치학회 2012 월간 공공정책 Vol.79 No.-

후각과 미각 마케팅

이승희 한국융합경영학회 2020 융합경영리뷰 Vol.10 No.-

가족 여가문화 프로그램의 현황과 발전 방향

이승희,윤소영 한국웰니스학회 2009 한국웰니스학회지 Vol.4 No.2

The purpose of this research was to analyze if the family culture program of the Healthy Family Support Center has been implemented in an orderly fashion to be congruent with the intent of the law and the concept of family leisure. At the present time, the Healthy Family Support Center of each region has taken roles in the field of family education, family consulting, cultural business and information service, and network building. And other than these roles, the center has carried out the child care services and specialized business, etc. Among them, ‘family culture’ business that invites continuous family activities and participation therein has greater importance along withthe consciousness of the health family. To make the cultural program of the Healthy Family Support Center settle down in a more developed form, it is required to grasp the current situation of the center according to the business, and to evaluate it, and to discover problems thereof, and it shall be also required to conduct research on the specific directions so as to have it developed in the more advanced form. In line of this, the researcher analyzed the family leisure culture program and investigated its development directions with a focus on Seocho-gu Healthy Family Support Center, which was established in the early 2005 pursuant to Healthy Family. The resultstherefrom are as follows: Seocho-gu Healthy Family Support Center in general has implemented family unit programs, and mainly the center has proceeded educational experience-oriented activities and hobby-oriented activities. Also, the results from investigation and analysis revealed that the program was composed of centering on policy issues in relation to new family relationship and culture establishment.

MRI와 PET 융합

이승희 한국융합경영학회 2021 융합경영리뷰 Vol.26 No.-

국내 및 해외브랜드 여성 의류제품에 대한 소비자 반응 연구

이승희,임숙자 한국의류학회 1998 한국의류학회지 Vol.22 No.4

The purpose of this study was to compare consumers' evaluation, evaluation criteria and preference factors, complaint factors on domestic brand apparel with consumers' responses on foreign brand apparel. 498 subjects were gathered through convenience sampling method and, for data analysis, mean, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test, Factor Analysis were conducted. The results are as follows; l . Among the purchasing groups of domestic/foreign brand apparel, there were significant differences in apparel evaluation according to fabric, style, sewing, versatility, match, washability and color. 2. Among the purchasing groups of domestic/foreign brand apparel, there were significant differences in apparel evaluation criteria according to price, match, brand name, washability. 3. Purchasers of domestic brand apparel preferred soft and light fabric, fabric of good tactility, simple and sophisticated style whereas purchasers of foreign brand apparel preferred soft and light fabric, fabric of high quality, elegant and sophisticated style. On apparel color preference, there were significant differences among the purchasing groups of domestic/foreign brand apparel. 4. The differences in complaint factors of apparel among the purchasing groups of domestic/foreign brand apparel were due to factors such as high quality and variety of fabrics, colors, items, styles.

Proletarian-Amateur Theater: Political Performativity and its Memory

이승희 성균관대학교 동아시아학술원 2009 Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.9 No.1

This study focuses on the proletarian-amateur theater of Korea during the Japanese colonial period as a popular mechanism through which to promote socialism as a cultural experience, while simultaneously employing it as a form of art partaking in the formation of socialist culture. Proletarianamateur theater that could communicate with the masses was in large part the result of the successful socialist appropriation of the people's taste for sinp'a[new wave drama]. To this end, proletarianamateur theater also exhibited similar characteristics when it came to the performance methods employed. Proletarian-amateur theater was generally staged in combination With other types of cultural forms, and this hybrid Construction is characterised as "subversive bundle sale". However, the tightening of performance regulations from the late 1920s onwards caused proletarian-amateur theater to exist solely within the "subversive" invisible sphere, termed here as the absent presence. While the emergence of proletarian-amateur theater was indigenous in nature, its collapse was occasioned by the coercive exercise of colonial power. This result came as part of the successful application of the politics of space to proletarian theater, a move dividing the center from the periphery, controlling performances through the deliberate separation of political and artistic practices. The experience of proletarian-amateur theater was stored as inactive energy in individuals' biological memories. Over time, this became a cultural memory which could be activated at any moment once circumstances became conducive to such an emergence. The passionate reactions exhibited after the liberation of the nation in 1945 stand as a salient example of this reality.