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SNL-EFDC를 이용한 군산항 유사퇴적고 계산의 비교 연구
이동주 ( Dong-joo Lee ),송상현 ( Sang-hyun Song ) 한국환경기술학회 2015 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.16 No.4
본 논문은 Ziegler, Lick, and Jones에 의해 개발된 SEDZLJ라 부르는 유사역학 알고리즘이 계산되는 SNL-EFDC 모델을 이용하여 군산항의 퇴적고 계산에 관하여 연구하였다. SEDZLJ모듈은 SEDflume 이나 Annular flumes로부터 얻은 현장 침식률 및 침식 한계전단응력 자료를 직접 결합할 필요가 있다. 군산항에서는 SEDflume 자료를 구할 수 없기 때문에 Ryu와 Yim에 의한 Annular flumes 실험으로부터 얻은 현장 침식률 및 침식 한계전단응력 자료를 이용하였다. SNL-EFDC 모델이 군산항의 유사퇴적고를 계산하기 위해 적용되었고 관측된 부유사 농도와 퇴적고를 사용하여 검증되었다. 유사 퇴적고 계산에 대한 모델의 적용성은 NSEC가 0.72로 침식과 퇴적의 물리적 변화가 적절하게 재현됨이 입증되었다. 부가적으로 검증된 모델은 저면 활성층두께에 대한 매개변수 α값의 영향을 조사하기 위해 사용되었고, Lee와 Park에 의해 수행된 SEDTM을 이용한 유사이동 계산의 결과와 비교하기 위해 사용되었다. 그 결과, 매개변수 α값의 변화는 유사퇴적고 계산에 미미한 영향이 미치는 것으로 나타났다. SEDZLJ에 의한 결과를 SEDTM의 것과 비교할 때 SEDZLJ모듈이 군산항에서 SEDTM 보다 NSEC가 0.03향상 되어 토사이송 과정을 재현함이 확인되었다. This paper was studied on the sediment deposition height computation at Gunsan port using recently advanced SNL-EFDC model which the sediment dynamics algorithm was called as SEDZLJ developed by Ziegler, Lick and Jones. SEDZLJ module needs to directly incorporate site-specific erosion rate and critical shear stress data from SEDflume or Annularflumes. Here this model attempted to use site-specific erosion rate and critical shear stress data from Annular flumes experiment by Ryu and Yim instead of unavailable SEDflume data at Gunsan port. SNL-EFDC was applicated to calculate deposition height at Gunsan port and verified using observed values for suspended sediment concentration and sediment deposition height. The model applicability for sediment deposition height computation was evaluated as NSEC 0.72 and verified that it reproduced the physical variations of erosion and deposition. In addition, the verified model was used to investigate the effect of parameter “α” on the active bed layer thickness and used to compare with the result of sediment transport computation using SEDTM done by Lee and Park. As a result, it was found that the change of parameter “α” value has a negligible effect on sediment deposition height computation. As results of SEDZLJ are compared with those of SEDTM, it was identified that SEDZLJ module reproduces the sediment transport process more appropriately than SEDTM at Gunsan port with advanced NSEC 0.03.
Hellman 치령(齒齡) IVA 정상인(正常人)에 관(關)한 두부방사선학적(頭部放射線學的) 연구(硏究)
이동주,Lee, Dong Joo 대한치과교정학회 1979 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.9 No.1
This study was undertaken to establish the cephalometric standard of Hellman dental age IVA group of Korean. The subjects consisted of 40 males and 44 females with normal occlusion and aceptable profile. The results were obtained. 1) The tables of standard deviation from the measurements were made. 2) All linear measurement was greater in male than in female. 3) Female had more convex profile than male, 4) Facial convexity, upper and lower lip of esthetic line were gradually decreased with. age. 5) Upper incisor was gradually labioversioned with age.
백금 도금된 탄소반죽 전극을 이용한 일회용 글루코오스 센서
이동주,유재현,최강,최문희,김문환,류준오,한상현,차근식,남학현,Lee Dong Joo,Yoo Jae Hyun,Cui Gang,Choi Moon Hee,Kim Moon Hwan,Ryu Joon Oh,Han Sang-Hyun,Cha Geun Sig,Nam Hakhyun 한국전기화학회 1999 한국전기화학회지 Vol.2 No.4
Carbon paste전극을 백금도금 한 후 이 전극을 사용한 일회용 전류법 glucose센서를 제작하였다. 전극에 시료용액을 가한 후, voltammetry을 이용하여 본 센서의 감응성을 연구하였다. screen printing된 carbon paste전극 표면 위에 전기도금 방법으로 도입된 백금은 센서의 분석성능과 mediator의 전기 화학적 가역성을 크게 향상시켜 준다. 제작된 센서가 $[Fe(CN)_6]^{4-/3-}$에 대한 heterogeneous rate constant는 $1.45\times10^{-2}cm{\cdot}s^{-1}$이며, 이 센서는 적용전위 0.3V vs. Ag/AgCl에서 glucose에 대한 좋은 감응성을 보여주었다. 이 때 glucose에 대한 Michaelis-Menten상수는 24.5mM이다. 일회용 glucose 스트립 센서의 분석성능을 평가하기 위하여 NOVA S.P. Ultra M analyzer와 비교실험을 수행하였다. 이 때 시료용액으로서 $80\~297 mg/dL$ 범위의 glucose를 함유하고 있는 30여 종류의 혈청을 사용하였고, 상관계수는 0.983으로서 정밀도와 정확도가 비교적 우수함을 보여주었다. Disposable, amperometric glucose sensor was constructed using platinised carbon paste electrode. The sensor response was studied by amperometry and cyclic voltammetry applying sample solutions on the strip-type electrode. Platinization of screen-printed carbon paste electrode effectively improved the electrochemical reversibility of a mediator and the analytical characteristics of the sensor. The heterogeneous rate constant for $[Fe(CN)_6]^{4-/3-}$ was $1.45\times10^{-2}cm{\cdot}s^{-1}$. An applied potential of 0.3V vs. Ag/AgCl resulted in the best selectivity for glucose. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant for glucose on the strip sensor, $K_m^{app}$, was 24.5 mM. To evaluate the analytical performance of the glucose sensor strip, a correlation study was performed with the NOVA S.P, Ultra M analyzer for 30 serum samples containing $80\~297mg/dL$ of glucose: the correlation coefficient value was 0.983. It can be seen that the strip sensor has satisfactory precision and accuracy.
장경호 ( Koung-ho Jang ),박영기 ( Young-ki Park ),이동주 ( Dong-joo Lee ) 한국환경기술학회 2015 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.16 No.2
본 연구의 목적은 PCA를 사용하여 전주천의 주 수질 오염원을 평가하는데 있다. 자료는 전라북도 보건환경연구원의 1984년 ~ 1990년 동안의 총 8개 수질데이터가 이용되었다. PCA를 사용하여 3개 주성분(Highly factor, Medium factor, Less factor)을 평가하였으며, 수질항목에 대하여 HF(T-N) 50.3%, MF(SS) 17.7%, LF(COD) 13.3%로 나타났다. 수질 관측지점에 대해서는 HF(이성보) 84.3%, MF(전주천 6) 8.73%, LF(전주천 5) 4.55% 등으로 평가되었다. 수질항목, 관측지점 주성분을 직각회전기법(Varimax rotation)에 적용한 결과, 주성분의 모양이 요인축에 따라 그룹화 모양을 나타냈다. 이 모양에 의하면 주성분이 PCA에 의하여 평가되었다고 볼 수 있으며, PCA는 수질평가에 효과적인 기법이라 생각된다. The purpose of this study was to estimate the principal water quality pollution sources at the Jeon-Ju stream using PCA(Principal Component Analysis). All together, eight water quality factors (temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, SS, T-N, and T-P) 1984 ~ 1990 of Jeollabukdo Institude of Health & Environment Research were used by PCA and varimax factor rotation tool. The PCA assess three principal factors; relatively highly factor(HF), medium factor (MF), and less factor(LF). The result of application for water quality factors as follows. The HF(T-N) was 50.3%, MF(SS) was 17.7%, and LF(COD) was 13.3%. For water quality stations, the HF(Lee-sung bo), MF(Jeon-Ju stream 6) and LF(Jeon-Ju stream 5) were estimated to be 84.38%, 8.73% and 4.55%, respectively. The result of application for water quality factors and observing stations, the form of the principal factors shows grouping according to factors axis. According to this phenomenon, It was considered that principal component was response to results by PCA. The result of this study is demonstrated that PCA is very effective tool of analysis and interpreation for multi-water quality parameter and multi-station data sets.
일반 논문 : 창업이 고용변화에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구
이동주 ( Dong Joo Lee ),이윤보 ( Yoon Bo Lee ),김종운 ( Jong Woon Kim ) 한국중소기업학회 2011 中小企業硏究 Vol.33 No.2
본 연구는 창업이 고용에 단기, 중기, 장기에 걸쳐 미치는 영향력과 업종 및 기술수준에 따른 영향력 차이를 실증하였다. 사업체기초통계자료를 통해 시군구별 창업률을 파악하고 2년 간 고용변화율간의 관계를 Almon 다항시차방법을 통해 추정하였다. 분석결과 창업은 10년에 걸쳐 고용변화에 정(+)의 영향을 미치며, 구미의 선행연구결과와 같이 직접효과-대체효과-유인효과의 3단계를 거치는 것으로 나타났다. 업종별 분석에서는 제조업보다 지식 서비스업 창업의 고용창출력이 높았다. 지식서비스업 창업은 직접고용효과가 큰 반면 제조업 창업은 장기 유인효과가 크게 나타나 양 업종의 균형성장이 바람직하다고 볼 수 있다. 기술수준별 영향력을 비교해 보면, 고기술 제조업 창업의 경우 예상과는 달리 고용감소에 기여하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 유발효과가 장기적으로 나타나 분석기간이 충분하지 못한데 기인한다. 중기술 제조업 창업은 고용증가에 기여하고 있으나 저기술 제조업 창업은 그렇지 못하였다. 전반적으로 일자리 창출을 위한 정부의 노력에도 불구하고 창업을 통한 고용창출의 활력이 선진국에 비해 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 창업을 통한 일자리 창출은 창업기업의 수적 증가로 이루어지지 않는다. 창업의 질과 혁신성, 시장경쟁과 시장선택의 효율성이 더 큰 역할을 담당한다. 창업을 통해 신규 일자리가 창출되고 산업의 구조가 고도화되며, 경제가 성장하기 위해서는 경제전반의 체질전환이 필요하다. 본 연구는 창업을 통한 경제활력 회복은 창업활성화 정책만으로 달성하기 어렵다는 점을 시사해주고 있다. Many policy makers as well as scholars believe that stimulating new firm formation is a promising way to achieve economic growth since existing firms are not creating a lot of jobs. So, developing countries, including South Korea, tend to implement government policies to boost new start-ups through industrial policy programs such as tax exemptions, employment subsidies, and streamlining start-up procedures. However, the empirical evidence concerning the effects of new firm formation on economic development is far from being entirely clear. We still do not have sufficient proof or knowledge about the ways in which new firm formation shapes employment changes and what time period it takes until the effects become visible in empirical data. This paper analyzes the short-term, medium-term and long-term effects of business start-ups on employment, and compares the degrees of the effects depending on the startup businesses` types of industries and levels of technologies. We calculate startup rates using the data from the Report on the Census on Basic Characteristics of Korean Enterprises by the Korean government (Korean Statistical Office), and estimate the relationship between the "start-up rates" and the rates of employment changes, using Almon polynomial lag procedure, which may reduce the multicollinearity problem using a lag distributed model. To decide the adequate length of lags, we use not only the Residual Mean Square, F-values, adjusted R2, and the Akaike Information Criterion(AIC) but also likelihood ratio tests. We do the homoskedasticity test and find that the data have heteroskedasticity. So, we use Huber-White Robust regression, which is known to correct the heteroskedasticity problem. Scholars usually use the "start-up rates" meaning one of the two approaches: the ecological approach (business stock approach) and the labor market approach. We use the latter approach which defines the start-up rate as the number of workers divided by the number of start-up businesses, as Garofoli (1994) suggests, from 1995 to 2006. In the process of analysis, we control for the population density of 2006, lagged dependent variable, and spatial autocorrelation. The population density of regions may have a high correlation with various characteristics of the regions including their development levels, labor quantities, and wage levels. The lagged independent variable is included because of the possible reversed causality that a high employment rate may cause a high start-up rate. The spatial autocorrelation variable is included because a change in the start-up rate of a region may interact with that of adjacent regions. We have observed that there are positive effects of business start-ups on employments for 1 to 10 years, which have three steps of the "direct effect," the "replacement effect," and the "inducement effect" like previous analyses such as Fritsch and Muller (2004). The effects of new business formation on employment changes over time in Korea show a wave ("S") pattern, which is similar to the analysis on Germany (Fritsch and Muller, 2004), the United Kingdom (van Stel and Storey, 2004), Spain (Arauzo-Carod, Liviano-Solis and Marin-Bofarull, 2008), Portugal (Baptisa, Escaria, and Madrugo, 2008), South Korea`s 7 major cities (Lee, 2009), and 21 OECD countries (Carree and Thurik, 2008). The direct effect from t to t-1 time periods increases the employment rate by 0.320%p, the replacement effect from t-2 to t-6 years decreases the employment rate by 0.396%p, and the inducement effect from t-7 to t-10 years increases the employment rate by 0.139%p. The direct effect is larger than the inducement effect in Korea, and the indirect effect period is longer than that of the previously studied countries. Taking the 3 effects altogether, start-ups increases the employment rate by 0.062%p, which means one unit of new start-up out of 1,000 employees increases the employment rate by 0.062%p for 10 years. The regression results have the adjusted R2 of 0.179. We have also shown that there are differences in the effects and the effecting periods among industries. Hospitality industries have a direct effect of 0.307%p, an indirect effect of -0.501%p, and an inducement effect of 0.224%p, and the overall effect is 0.029, which is the smallest in all industries due to the frequent entries and exits. Manufacturing industries show a direct effect of 1.276%p, an indirect effect of -2.677%p, and an inducement effect of 1.450%p, and the overall effect is 0.048%p, while the knowledge-based service industries have a direct effect of 3.170%p, an indirect effect of -3.229%p, and an inducement effect of 1.081%p, and its overall effect is 1.022%p, where there are the most pronounced ups and downs among the 3 categories. The analysis shows that the effect of start-ups on the employment rate is larger in the knowledge-based service sectors than in manufacturing ones, where the former has a stronger direct effect, while the latter has a stronger inducement effect. In addition, service sectors, such as hospitality industries, show a strong short-term job creation effect, meaning that start-ups in knowledge-based industries have the largest effect on the employment rate at least for 10 years, while start-ups in manufacturing industries may have a larger effect for longer than a 10 year period because of the lingering technology spillover effects. Therefore, we believe that balanced startup promotion strategies between types of industries are desirable for continuous job creation and economic growth. In addition, the paper analyzes that the effects of startups on the employment rate according to the level of technologies. The overall effects of start-ups of the high-, medium-, and low-technology sectors on the employment rate are -0.351%p, 0.982%p, and -0.208%p, respectively. The high technology manufacturing sectors have negative effects on the employment rate, which is contrary to our expectation, and which is probably because the time-horizon for the analysis is only 10 years and not long enough to catch the entire effect. Medium technology manufacturing start-ups, however, contribute a net increase of job creation due possibly to the shorter period of waiting time for mass production, while low technology start-ups do not. The analysis shows that not the number of startups but the quality of start-ups matters, meaning that high and innovative technology startups have an important effect on the market efficiency and overall job creation. The results also suggest that building the infrastructure for risk-taking for innovative start-ups can contribute economic growth through economic restructuring and hence the enhanced competitiveness. The paper analyzes the effect of start-ups for only 10 years, so a more general conclusion can be drawn for a longer time effect. In addition, we have not controlled for possible regional characteristics, which may have significant effects on the employment rate. Scholars could make a significant contribution to start-ups` job creation effects for further studies by considering demographic, industrial, environmental differences into analysis, using fixed effect or random effect models.