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李道學(LEE Do-hack),梁起錫(토론자) 고구려발해학회 2004 고구려발해연구 Vol.18 No.-
The names of the three States (like Koguryo) had two or three syllables. It also turned out that the royal family names of the three kingdoms were either from the names of the States or from the first syllable of those names. The dynasties of China (as well as the Gin(金) and the Ging(淸) established by the Nuzhen), however, used a name that had only one syllable. The foundation legends of Buyeo were linked with Koguryo and Paekche, and the traditions in the power that established Silla related to Gojoseon, Koguryo, and Paekche. It is at least true that there was some sort of common ground among those nations, though the truth has not been found yet. These theories have come from the traditions of the three States and the cultural similarities shown by them. In the cases of official rituals related to the nation's identity, it is shown that the ritual for the first king of Koguryo was introduced to Koguryo, which basically used the same name for the country. The festival called Dongmaenje in Koguryo was linked to Palgwanje in Korea(高麗), and many other customs (including wedding ceremony) and political systems showed some similarities. It is meaningful that the traditions influenced even the late period of Joseon. All the cultural items like language, characters, attire, hats, and armor were traced back to Buyeo They were also a product of cultural homogeneity that was formed around Koguryo. Buyeo and Koguryo also had an impact on Paekche, Silla, and Gaya in terms of political system and institution. As Tang gaozong(唐高宗) called them Haedong-Three Kingdoms(海東三國), the three kingdoms (Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla) were considered as another world that contained its original cultural heritage. A plenty of cultural heritage that originated from Buyeo and was later linked to the three States has been succeeded generation to generation. The identity of Korean culture is traced back to Buyeo and Koguryo.
李道學(LEE Do-hack),琴京淑(토론자) 고구려발해학회 2005 고구려발해연구 Vol.21 No.-
The confrontationbetween Koguryo and Paekche the two nations originated from Buyoe, was motivated by the growing power of Paekche aligned with Japan in southern pan of Korean Pennisula in the late 4<SUP>th</SUP>century. The war between two nations started from the attack by Koguryo on the year 369. As the war moved towards the phase of Koguryo from Paekche dominance, it became the hegemonic power. Later Koguryo incorporated Shilla to confront Paekche. On the year 400, Koguryo dispatched 50,000 soldiers to Nak-dong River, which turned out to be the biggest warfare between Koguryo, Shilla verses Paekche. Japan, and Huyeon(後燕) taken place in Gaya region of Northeast Asia. Japan aligned with Paekche actually succeeded in threatening Koguryo which aimed to extend its power to Shilla and Gaya. As the troops of Koguryo were sent to the warfare, Huyeon attacked from behind. This caused Koguryo to retrieve from Nak-dong area. The fact that the culture of Sun-bi(鮮卑) appears not only in Paekche but also in DaeGaya could be attributed to Paekche's effort to negotiate with Huyeon also related with beleaguering Koguryo. As Koguryo transferred its capital to Pyungyang, the military threat towards Paekche was even strengthened in order to secure its royal capital. On the year 475, Koguryoe took the Paekche's royal capital Hansung and killed king Gem of Paekche. Meanwhile Paekche and Japan applied a new diplomatic strategy to isolate Koguryo from China, which was not effective after all. Japan was shocked by Koguryo's subjugation of Paekche, and its feeling of hostility and insecurity against Koguryo was amplified. After the year 430, Paekche supported Shilla's breakaway from Kogutyo and established an alignment. Koguryo and Paekche transmittedadvanced culture including Buddhism. This was part of the effort to assimilate Japan to each of their sides. This reached climax in the 6<SUP>th</SUP> century in Paekche and in the 7<SUP>th</SUP>century in Koguryo. After mid 6thcentury, Paekche and shilla became rivals. Koguryo was confronting both Paekche and 5hilla and maintained dominance throughout Manchuria and Korean Peninsula. Since the mid 7<SUP>th</SUP>century the two nations cooperated as Tang intervened in Koguryo and Paekche issues. However the two nations were each defeated by Shill and Tang. The military alignment between Koguryo and Paekche lasted for only 20 years compared to their 300 years of confrontation. Despite political and economic cooperation, the two nations collapsed together.