문학 공간의 문화콘텐츠화 -허구에서 실제로 :오르한 파묵의『순수 박물관』을 중심으로-

이난아 ( Nan A Lee ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2012 중동연구 Vol.31 No.2

투르크 세밀화 연구

이난아(Lee, Nan-A) 명지대학교 중동문제연구소 2017 중동문제연구 Vol.16 No.3

This paper will briefly outline different miniature paintings by distinguishing miniature paintings of Central Asia, miniature paintings of the Seljuk-Turk era, and miniature paintings of the Ottoman Empire. Then, it will examine miniature paintings portrayed in the novel My Name Is Red, which gives an account of the decline of miniature painting style. Miniature paintings in Islamic art were considered as elements incorporated for the purpose of supplementing the text rather than an independent style of art. A broad range of general knowledge on various topics regarding miniature paintings is embedded in the novel such as the introduction of miniature painting in the Ottoman Empire, the history of miniature painting, the process of creating miniature painting, well-known miniaturists, famous miniature paintings and techniques and styles used in miniature paintings. The spread of miniature paintings throughout Anatolia during the Seljuk era gave birth to the first Turk-Islam miniature style. The Turks created their own unique style of aesthetic by incorporating diverse styles of art during the course of settling down in Anatolia by way of Central Asia. This merge of different artistic styles and the formation of an exclusive realm of the Turks’ art spawned the birth of miniature painting style characterized by universality within the Islamic art history.

터키에서의 한류의 현황과 전망

이난아(Lee, Nan-A) 명지대학교 중동문제연구소 2012 중동문제연구 Vol.11 No.1

As mutual exchanges between nations and regions increase, the understanding and exchange through diverse forms of cultural content also becomes a prominent issue. We encounter cultures of other countries through the diverse cultural content of each country to expand exchanges among contemporaries and experience cultural diversity. Basically, mutual understanding and exchange of cultural content is extremely important in understanding the mentality of humans and, furthermore, it has significant meaning in enabling true understanding among countries. This means that many cultures in the world are creating new value through mutual exchange and interaction. The main factors of the Korean Wave are that it has commercial value and a competitive edge against other cultural commodities in the market. In addition, all these aspects will turn into commercial value along with the craftsmanship and artistry of the Korean Wave being recognized, and the popularity being emphasized. So far, we have addressed the current status of cultural aspects of the Korean Wave in Turkey and, especially, the activities of ‘Koreafans’, the main Korean Wave fan club in Turkey. The activities of ‘Koreafans’ have great significance for its members are volunteers and active in introducing Korean culture to Turkey. It is highly likely that the Korean Wave in Turkey will spread more in the future considering the vigorous economic activity between two countries and the historical background. We usually create a specific image of a country through indirect experiences such as education, mass media, products and the influence of the environment. The experiences we get from movies, soap operas, music and celebrities are mainly through the intangible means of mass media. The food and fashion we acknowledge are through the intangible means of mass media along with tangible means of direct contacts. Korean culture was first introduced to Turkey through forms of mass media such as Korean movies, soap operas and music, which led to a preference for Korean products. Although the Korean Wave in Turkey is not as strong as it is in Japan, China and Southeast Asia, the Korea-Turkey relationship, which was already firmly established through the Korean War, is expected to be even stronger by tying the two countries culturally using a wide range of strategies to introduce Korean culture more aggressively to Turkish people who think of Korea as their second homeland. Nowadays, the activities of first generation war veterans as mediators between Turkey and Korea are not as common as before. However, the warm brotherly love and friendship between two countries as shown during the 2002 World Cup, is expected to drive a new Korean Wave through Turkish youth, the third generation. Meanwhile, the Embassy of Korea in Turkey contracted MOU with TOMER, the language institution of the National University of Ankara, to establish Sejong Hakdang at TOMER in 12 main cities in Turkey. Presently, it is running 11 classes with 100 students in Ankara and Istanbul. The Korean Cultural Center opened in Ankara, Turkey’s capital, in October of 2011. A variety of cultural events, such as Korean traditional musical performances, plays, and pop music concerts were held at its opening. The Korean Wave in Turkey is expected to be accelerated through these various cultural events. Furthermore, through cultural facilities Korea can introduce the diversity of Korean culture and imprint with Turkey an image of a traditionally, friendly Korean nation.

터키 제작 한국전쟁 영화의 특징적 양상 연구 -전쟁 트라우마 문제를 중심으로- *

이난아(Lee, Nan-A) 한국중동학회 2017 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.37 No.3

The Korean War is part of the past, but it is also a continuance of the past and its effects still linger in today’s society. We must accept and recognize the importance of continuance, and put our heart and soul into many different fields so that this tragedy does not happen again. In this case, in the study of Korean War movies made in Turkey, a nation that participated in the Korean War, it is very important to recognize and ruminate, considering the Korean War situation. This paper attempted to awaken the social·personal pain and tragic family drama present in the 「Evening Sun」 and 「Bride Ezo」 melodrama films about Korean War that were made in Turkey. These films were about disabled veterans who had wounds and were still suffering the effects of the Korean War, along the sufferings of their families and loved ones after the war. The scenes in 「Evening Sun」 and 「Bride Ezo」associated with Korean War are brutal. The destructive scene does not come out in addition to the scene where the main character looks back on the battle. In the movies about the Korean War, they go on out of stage but the war is used as a fact that changes the future of the characters. 「Evening Sun」 is about war veteran Nazmi whose life was affected by the Korean War. He became disabled and he was afflicted with heart disease due to the trauma. This movie is based on the novel with the same title written by a famous Turkish novelist. It is almost the same as the novel but the only difference is the main character appears as a war veteran of the Korean War and the disabled veteran’s experiences after the war are the basic setting of the beginning and development of the movie. 「Bride Ezo」 has artistic value and popular appeal, so it has been remade three times with the same title. This movie is about one woman whose husband got sent to the Korean War and died. In other words, this material is about a woman who is a war veteran’s wife who got separated from her love because of the Korean War, and after she killed herself from experiencing trauma indirectly. If we take a broader view, it can be said that the film focuses on the tragedy of a family that has been shattered by the Korean War. The Korean War movies made by Turkish melodrama all have something in common: they are based on the love between men and women, war trauma and the aftereffects. We can see that war is not just a conflict between nations but also a tragedy involving individuals and families.

한국의 터키문학 연구와 번역 현황 고찰

이난아(Nan A Lee) 서울대학교 아시아연구소 2013 아시아리뷰 Vol.3 No.2

1972년에 한국과 터키 간에 ‘문화협력’ 협정이 체결되고, 같은 해 한국외국어대학교에 터키어과가, 1989에는 앙카라대학교에 한국어문학과가 설립되었다. 이로써 대학 차원에서 양국 학문에 대한 연구가 시작되었고, 이 학과들은 양국의 학술분야 및 민간 교류 증진에 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 문학 교육도 이 연구 분야의 한 줄기다. 현재까지 국내에 발표된 논문들을 살펴보면, 단일 작가의 작품이나 단일 주제 및 소재가 연구의 주종을 이루고 있는 편파성을 부인할 수 없다. 따라서 보다 다양하고 폭넓은 분야의 연구로 확대되어야 할 과제가 남아 있으며, 차세대 연구자들을 위해 터키문학사 관련 저서, 혹은 세계적으로 권위 있는 연구자들이 집필한 터키문학사의 번역 발행도 요구된다. 터키문학이 한국문단과 독자들에게 본격적으로 알려지기 시작한 중요한 전환점은 오르한 파묵의 2006년 노벨문학상 수상이라고 할 수 있다. 국내에 터키문학 번역이 활성화되면서 터키문학 연구자들이 다양한 학술지에 이 작가들의 작가 세계나 작품 세계를 다루며 학술 연구로 확장하고 있다. 번역이 활성화되고 발전하기 위해서는 한국에서 터키어가 확산되고 연구되는 저변이 확립되어야 할 것이다. 궁극적으로 세계 문학의 중심부를 향해 빠르게 성장하고, 확장되고 있는 터키문학 연구 기반 확대를 위한 지원이 시급하며, 학문 후속 세대 양성, 학제 간 연구 역시 강화되어야 할 것이다.

백석이 번역한 나즘 히크메트의 『나즘 히크메트 시선집』 고찰

이난아(Lee, Nan- A) 명지대학교 중동문제연구소 2021 중동문제연구 Vol.20 No.3

이 연구는 나즘 히크메트의 현재까지 한국에서의 소개 및 연구 현황 그리고 1956년에 북한의 수도 평양에서 단행본으로 출간되었다가, 2021년에 남한에서 단행본으로 재출간된 시인 백석이 번역한 『나즘 히크메트 시선집』이 터키와 한국에서 어떤 의미를 내포하고 있는지를 탐구하는 글이다. 이는 터키 문학 작품이 최초로 한국어로 번역되어 단행본으로 출간된 작품이라는 점에서 그 의미가 특별할 뿐 만 아니라, 이 시집의 번역자가 한국 시문학사에서 천재 시인으로 평가 받을 뿐 만 아니라 모더니즘 조류에 커다란 획을 그은 백석이라는 점에서 한국 문단에서도 특별하다. 이 작품에는 58편의 시가 수록되어 있으며, 터키어에서 러시아어로, 그 후 러시아어에서 한국어로 번역되었다. 이 연구가 한국 문단, 백석 독자, 백석 연구자들에게 중요한 자료가 될 것이며, 나즘 히크메트 역시 국내에서 진지하게 조명되어야 할 세계 문단의 거장 중 한 명이라는 점에서 유의미한 시발점이 될 것으로 사료된다. This study is based on the current state of publicity and research on Nazım Hikmet in South Korea. Nazım Hikmet’s work, translated by Korean poet Baek Seok, was first published in Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea in 1956, and republished in South Korea in 2021. The purpose of this paper is to examine the position of the work titled Selected Poems of Nazım Hikmet in Turkish and Korean literature. This work is special in that it is the first Turkish literary work translated into Korean. Baek Seok is an important poet in the history of Korean poetry and is fluent in several foreign languages, including English, Japanese, Russian, and Chinese. In this work, there are 58 poems that which have been translated from Turkish to Russian and then from Russian to Korean. In the preface of this work, Baek Seok not only approached Nazım Hikmet as a translator by giving information about his life and analyzing his poems, but also examining the literary value of Nazım Hikmet by wondering what kind of poet he was. His Korean translation shows that he faithfully translated the poems into Russian. However, the names of the translated poems are quite different from their original Turkish titles. Nazım s poems and personality are expected to be more intensively examined and explored in the South Korean academic world with Nazım Hikmet’s book being republished in South Korea 65 years after it was first published in North Korea.

정체성 고뇌와 분신 모티프 : 오르한 파묵의『하얀 성』과『검은 책』을 중심으로

이난아 ( Nan A Lee ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2010 중동연구 Vol.29 No.1

Avatar motives in world literature has been handled in the meaning of broken self, suppressed self, or of human`s innate duality. This may be that the other self that can be described as a double personality is a symbol representing the contrary attribute that is intrinsic to us human beings. Not only this, it is because problems of self consciousness or a self separated from oneself hold an undividable relationship. Orhan Pamuk has written high grade literatures that are interesting but heavy, talk about other time and space but reflect the spirit of the current era, with the common interest of the world as their main themes while maintaining uniqueness. This seems to be because only those literatures can sense the changes of the era, step forward towards the exit of the maze, and produce a new kind of literature for the new era. Pamuk`s favorite theme of his search in his literature is the avatar motive. The main characters of the literature, considered an avatar of the author, seek to find the answer for the search for their identities by producing an avatar, or becoming somebody else. This search ends with either identity change or the main character becoming another person. This can be interpreted that when the character faces a serious confusion of self-identity, he/she tries to establish an alternative ego by somebody else. White Castle, the piecework that put Pamuk at the world level, begins with Osman Empire`s Hoca, person very interested in Western scholarship, and a slave-sold Venetian who see their own reflections from each other. The novel holds its main structure by putting these two characters in a same house and, at the end, their identities changing. The Black Book, the novel that is evaluated as Pamuk`s most experimental novel, expresses the journey throughout Istanbul of a lawyer Galip looking for his wife and his cousin Celal, a columnist and a mentor of Galip as well as the process of his change in this progress. As it can be observed in the two novels above, writers of Turkey, a place located at the meeting point of East and West, have long used the other self motive depicted by the confusion in identity caused by fate as well as imitating other races for not being able to truly be oneself and at the end becoming someone else as the main theme. On the other hand, these two novels are similar in the sense of expressing one`s identity or discovery of other self through writing. In The White Castle is a transcription of a Venetian slave`s memoir written over the 40 years he had spent in the Osman Empire. Hoca and the slave begin to know about each other through writing. Later, Hoca leaves for Italy and becomes famous by writing a book on Turkey. Thus, Hoca and the slave reveal their identity through writing. In The Black Book, Galip lives the life of Celal by writes columns in the place of Celal and thinks that he can find his own identity through writing by thinking “There is nothing more wonderful as life. Except writing, right, the only consolation.” This can be said to be a confirmation of Pamuk`s saying, “in fact, all writers try to be someone else” in the form of a novel.

터키 문화 코드에 관한 소고

이난아(Nan-A Lee) 글로벌문화콘텐츠학회 2013 글로벌문화콘텐츠 Vol.0 No.10

터키 문화를 한 마디로 혼종성, 다양성으로 특징지을 수 있지만, 한편으로는 그 안에 내포되어 있는 여타 요소들이 간과할 수 없을 정도로 중요하며, 이러한 요소들은 터키를 이해하는 이정표 역할을 하고 있다. 또한 다양성이나 혼종성으로 명명할 수 있는 카테고리 안에는 많은 문화연구자들이 공통으로 도출할 수 있는 문화코드들이 존재한다. 이 글은 터키를 이해하기 위한 핵심적인 요소를 몇 가지 문화코드로 정리 분석해 보고자 한 시도이다. 문화코드는 쉽게 이해하자면 문화적 특색이라고 할 수 있으며, 이 문화적 특색이 오늘날의 터키를 대변하고 표상하는 요소들이라고 할 수 있다. 이 연구에서 터키를 이해하기 위한 문화코드로 이슬람, 다문화 사회(혼종성), 집단주의, 가부장적 사회, 명예, 관용, 환대, 음식 등을 선별해 정리 및 분석하는 시도를 하지만, 문화의 가변성을 감안하면, 물론 다른 코드들이 첨가될 수 있을 것이다. 우리는 터키가 다양한 문명을 품고 있으며, 동양과 서양, 이슬람과 세속주의, 전통과 현대 등 이중적이며, 복합적이며, 다양한 층위가 있는 국가라는 점을 감안하여, 이에 다가가는 자세가 필요하다. 터키인의 문화적 특징과 가치관을 이해하고 반영하는 대표적인 코드들은 터키인들의 의식 형성 패턴과 사회문화 이해에 지침이 되는 요소들이라고 할 수 있다. To understand the social values of a society, one can take various paths out of which culture is one of the most important key concepts. This is because culture is the means that enables one to effectively understand foundation and ethics, which allows a nation or a society to form. To understand the Turkish culture and Turkish people’s ethnicity as a cultural code, an attempt to understand the values which are oriented or embedded in Turkish society has been made by analyzing Islam, multicultural society (cultural hybridity), collectivism, patriarchal society, honor, hospitality, tolerance, food culture and so on. If cultural code can be briefly defined as the DNA and social instincts of accumulated social behavior, these codes, derived in an attempt to understand the Turkish culture, can serve as guidelines to estimate the disposition or characteristics, thoughts, and behaviors of Turks. French scholar Clotaire Rapaille said,“Culture code of a society is equivalent to a lock with a password.”This means the key to understand a culture depends on whether the password to the lock is found or not. Culture code can be said to be an academic field that displays race and identity of a society, and also, researching its footsteps, history, language, religion and diverse distribution can be directly said as the password to the DNA of social behavior. Turkey is consisted of various civilizations, and there is a need to approach the Turkish culture, considering the fact that Turkey has various social levels and dualities such as Eastern and Western cultures, Islam and secularism, customs and modern time. Although representative codes that reflect the Turkish cultural aspects and values are important to understand the pattern of the formation of Turkish consciousness and their social culture, from now on, a more in-depth and comprehensive research needs to be set forth.

오르한 파묵의 소설, 소설관 그리고 포스트모더니즘에 관한 이해

이난아 ( Nan A Lee ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2006 중동연구 Vol.24 No.2

To the present, there have been great attempts in changing the structure of turkish novels, but it still possesses the impressions of the traditions in realistic novels. This writing is based on Orhan Pamuk`s novel which created a sensation in turkish literature, focusing on the subjects, techniques, and configuration of his description. In fact, it is quite difficult to classify his novel into a certain current, because he ventures various methods in his novels. If you put into consideration that Orhan Pamuk first wrote his novels with a traditional and realistic standpoint and then shifted his concentration on the application of meta-fiction and mutual-text factors, it can be seen that he is on the post-modernist side. The fact that he used `writing` as a major motive in his novel 『Black Book』 directly shows that he is a post-modernism writer. If you try to find similarity in his work you will find that the subject of this novels have great weight on the problems of individuals and the society. The subjects are mostly drawn from historical rituals, philosophy, and religion, and he uses parody, allegory, and surrealistic techniques. The grammar is simple but rather complex in structure. Orhan Pamuk wrote experimental novels(meta-fictions) which intentionally dismantled the structure of existing novels. When you read his novels, you can find the traces that he thought deeply of his views in novels, the techniques he used, and the problem of the configuration. He tried to blend western factors, which he was influenced by when he read books written by the pioneers in western literature and philosophy, and distinct turkish factors together and assemble it into his novel with great organization. Orhan Pamuk expresses through all his novels that he is a person of sensitive nature and is one that possesses self-examining intellect. His inner-directed attitude and the search for deep meaning shows that he is a post-modernism writer.

터키 문단과 언론에 나타난 한국문학 -현황과 전망 그리고 제안

이난아 ( Nan A Lee ) 韓國世界文學比較學會 2009 世界文學比較硏究 Vol.26 No.-

It has already been 50 years since Korea and Turkey made interactions but there has not been much exchange in culture and art. That is because only a few introductions about the history of Korean literature have been written in the Turkish literary magazines in the 1990s. Also, the translated Korean literature started to be published after the year 2000. Thus, the history of Korean literature in Turkey is not very long. In this current situation, translation and exchange is almost impossible as there is no systematical long-term planning. In 2007, there were many interviews of Korean book authors and critiques about Korean literature in leading Turkish newspapers. This can be attributed to the Korea-Turkey 50th anniversary of Ties which shed light on the cultural exchange of the two countries and thereby attracting much attention. We should accelerate on the little achievements that we have already achieved through this positive commencement. Also, we should continue to make strategies and long-term plans&insights to upgrade the views on Korean literature in Turkey. Many long-term methods are required to enable Korean literature as one of the most popular literature spheres for Turkish readers. First of all, in order to introduce Korean literature to the Turks, there must be thorough understanding of the characteristics of the Turkish literary world. That is, introducing Korean literature through Turkish literature magazines or book reviews can strategically be very effective in a country like Turkey where magazines and newspapers are developed fairly well. In Turkey there are a variety of newspapers developed in different aspects. Also there are many literature magazines which have vast readers who possess different ideas. Thus, literature trend and the popular style of literature is much varied in comparison to Korea. We should take the characteristics of the Turkish literature magazines and newspapers into consideration and introduce the Korean literature trend by considering the ideological background of the Turks. By introducing the Korean literature through the book review part or the cultural part of a newspaper, and if it is spread well through out the Turkish readers, it will be able to attract many general readers. Moreover, it is also necessary to search for a different alternative of communication methods like the Internet which can spread the Korean literature and also in which people can be interested in. Then, there needs to be a plan to train Korean literature translators and researchers by co-developing it with the departments that is related to literature in Turkey. Korean literature in Turkey will be able to stand on itself and develop itself by drawing voluntary research and translation. Considering the economic interactions between the `Korea-Turkey` bilateral relationship, the recognition of Korean literature in Turkey is currently not at a satisfying level compared with the Turkish literature in Korea. Yet, it is predicted to continue its momentum on development. This is due to the fact that much Turkish literature are being introduced to Korea and it is showing positive reaction, grasping many readers` eyes. Then, if you think of it conversely, there also exists a potential that Korean literature can receive positive evaluation from Turkey. Especially, when considering the two countries` active economic interactions and its historical background, the introduction of Korean literature can be effectively pushed forward. If countries are connected by literature and if the country`s identity and ethnicity are shared among individuals so that they may deeply understand each other, there will be less chaos in the world today. It is hoped that the high level literature in Turkey will be loved by many Korean readers, and in turn, it is also desired that Korean literature be well known among the Turkish readers, and consequently that the two countries can better understand each other and be more close to each other through literature.