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Effect of solution pH on the microstructural and rheological properties in boehmite suspensions
이기욱,Kim Seong Hwan,이다영,Lee Kwan-Young,Byoungjin Chun,정현욱 한국유변학회 2023 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.35 No.1
The relationship between microstructure changes and rheological properties in suspensions containing boehmite particles, which are well applied in various industrial wash-coating processes, was investigated by changing pH condition. The boehmite particles in suspensions were either well dispersed or aggregated depending on the pH, owing to the relative contributions of repulsive interaction between particles as well as hydrolysis and condensation reactions. Four groups of boehmite suspensions were classifi ed as very low, intermediate, almost zero charge, and high pH regimes based on their colloidal behaviors, and their microstructural diff erences were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and multi-speckle diff using wave spectroscopy (MSDWS). For gel-like suspensions of three groups, various rheological properties such as shear viscosity, viscoelastic modulus, yield stress, and recovery behavior were extensively compared, and the results clearly demonstrated that a suspension with high yield stress was not fully recovered into the original state when disturbed at high shear rates.
조건 술어 분석을 이용한 능동규칙의 조건부 처리 시스템
이기욱,김태식,Lee, Gi-Uk,Kim, Tae-Sik 한국정보처리학회 2002 정보처리학회논문지D Vol.9 No.1
능동 데이터베이스 시스템은 특정한 상태를 탐지하는 능동규칙을 도입한다. 조건부 평가는 사건이 발생할 때마다 수행되기 때문에 조건부를 처리하는 방법에 따라 시스템의 성능에 중요한 영향을 미친다. 본 논문에서는 차이트리 구조, 분류트리, 그리고 집계함수 테이블을 생성하는 전처리 기능을 갖는 조건부 처리 시스템을 제안한다. 전처리는 능동규칙을 미리 파악할 수 있는 능동 데이터베이스의 특징 때문에 도입될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 선택연산, 조인연산, 그리고 집계함수를 효율적으로 처리할 수 있는 차이트리를 제안하고 조건부의 처리 성능을 높인다. 그리고 조인연산을 효과적으로 처리하는 분류트리와 높은 처리비용을 요구하는 집계함수를 처리하는 집계함수 테이블을 제안한다. 본 논문의 조건부 처리 시스템은 전처리 기능에서 만들어진 조건부 처리 구조 때문에 조건 비교의 횟수를 감소시켜 능동규칙에서 조건부 처리의 성능 향상을 기대할 수 있다. The active database system introduces the active rules detecting specified state. As the condition evaluation of the active rules is performed every time an event occurs, the performance of the system has a great influence, depending on the conditions processing method. In this paper, we propose the conditions processing system with the preprocessor which determines the delta tree structure, constructs the classification tree, and generates the aggregate function table. Due to the characteristics of the active database through which the active rules can be comprehended beforehand, the preprocessor can be introduced. In this paper, the delta tree which can effectively process the join, selection operations, and the aggregate function is suggested, and it can enhance the condition evaluation performance. And we propose the classification tree which effectively processes the join operation and the aggregate function table processing the aggregate function which demands high cost. In this paper, the conditions processing system can be expected to enhance the performance of conditions processing in the active rules as the number of conditions comparison decreases because of the structure which is made in the preprocessor.
이기욱,Lee, Ki-Wook 한국디지털정책학회 2009 디지털융복합연구 Vol.7 No.4
Electronic methods are already used in money transfer and credit cards transactions and electronic money and checks, which can substitute cash and coins, are being discussed. Recently, the Acts of Electronic Draft have been enacted, in order to make the money in the market flow efficiently. Also electronic bill of lading has been adopted for the practical use of international shipments. However, despite of the effort from the academia and practice, investments to stocks, especially in the stock exchange, is not quite perfectly electronic. Japan enacted a relevant act in 2004 which make its stock market totally dematerialized. This writing summarizes some issues in interpretation that arise in the course of operation of the Stock Electronic Registration System at the present time of 6 months after it came into effect and its purpose, by doing so, is to prevent in advance the kind of problems in introducing the similar system to Korea.
이기욱(Ki Wook Lee),이경원(Kyung Won Lee),문병귀(Bang Kwi Moon),최삼열(Samyeul Choi),이왕용(Wangyong Lee),윤영중(Young Joong Yoon) 한국전자파학회 2018 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.29 No.1
고출력 응용환경에 적용 가능한 광대역 다층 구조 레이돔을 개발하였다. 이를 위해 다층 레이돔의 전파전파특성을 ABCD 행렬로 표현하였고, Particle swarm 최적화 알고리즘을 상용 수치 모델링 툴로 구현하여 레이돔의 최적화된 층별 두께와 물질상수를 구하였다. 바람, 눈, 얼음 등 외부 기상 환경을 고려한 기계적 특성을 감안하여 레이돔을 재설계하였다. 대형구조물의 제작 제한조건을 고려한 두께를 재산출하여 전력 전달특성을 재분석하였다. 대기 정전파괴 때보다 10 ㏈ 높은 첨두 전기장의 세기 조건에서 상용 해석 툴을 이용하여, 설계된 레이돔의 RF에 대한 대기 정전파괴 특성을 분석하였다. 설계된 다층 레이돔을 제작하여 소신호 및 대신호 시험을 수행하였고, 상용 도구들을 사용한 계산값과 비교하여 목표 성능을 획득하였다. In this paper, we developed a broadband multi-layered radome applicable for high-power applications. In this regard, we presented the wave propagation characteristics of the broadband multi-layered radome with the ABCD matrix and obtained the optimal thickness and the material constant for each layer by an optimization algorithm called “particle swarm optimization,” implemented by a commercial numerical modeling tool. Further, we redesigned it in view of mechanical properties to reflect environmental conditions such as wind, snow, and ice. The power transmission property was reanalyzed based on the recalculated data of each layer’s thickness to consider the limitations of the fabrication of a large structure. Under the condition of a peak electric field strength that is 10 ㏈ above the critical electric field strength in air breakdown, we analyzed the air breakdown by radio frequency(RF) in the designed radome using the commercial full-wave electromagnetic tool. The radome was manufactured and tested by continuous wave(CW) RF small signal and large signal in an anechoic chamber. The test results showed good agreement with those attained by simulation.
이기욱 ( Ki-wuk Lee ),이다희 ( Da-hee Lee ),임진수 ( Jin-su Lim ),정세희 ( Se-hui Jeong ),이성철 ( Sungchul Lee ) 한국정보처리학회 2022 한국정보처리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.29 No.2
본 앱은 SNS 기능이 탑재된 재무관리 앱으로, 가계부에 전에 없던 SNS 기능을 추가시켜 가계부와 SNS를 동시에 즐길 수 있으며 가계부에 작성한 내용을 공유하여 여러 유저들에게 지식과 정보를 공유할 수 있다.
이기욱(Lee, Ki-Wook) 한양법학회 2014 漢陽法學 Vol.25 No.4
Little attention has been given to the possibility that CDS transactions might be construed as insurance contracts in English law. This article challenges the widespread “Potts opinion”, which states that CDSs are not insurance, because they do not require the protection buyer to sustain a loss or to have an insurable interest in the subject matter. CDSs often do provide protection against loss that the buyer is exposed to; loss indemnity is not a necessary characterisation of an insurance contract; insurable interest does not form part of the definition of insurance, but is an additional requirement of valid insurance; and what matters is the substance not the form of the contract. The situation in the US and Australia is also briefly considered. It is normally thought that credit default swaps (CDSs) are not insurance contracts, but careful analysis reveals major weaknesses in this position. Whether or not CDSs are insurance is an issue of significant implications. If a court would answer that question in the affirmative, many outstanding CDS contracts might be null and void, and possibly illegal.1 There would also be other implications such as those concerning accounting rules, taxation, reserves regulation and the doctrine of utmost good faith. This article challenges the well-known “Potts opinion”, which says that CDSs are not insurance in English law. London is a leading centre of CDS contracting activity and a large part of the business is documented under English law. Much of the analysis can be applied to other jurisdictions too, but there are also differences. The article does not discuss the broader question of whether or not CDS contracts should be defined and regulated as insurance by way of specific legislation; nor does it investigate the extent to which the same analysis can be applied to other types of credit derivatives.
이기욱(Lee, Ki-Wook) 한양법학회 2015 漢陽法學 Vol.26 No.1
Later in 2006, sudden doubts arose not only about the importance of new fiduciary duty, but about whether the duty even existed. In Stone v. Ritter, the Delaware Supreme Court again examined the contours of the fiduciary duty of good faith and announced that it was not a separate duty, but rather part of the traditional duty of loyalty, and that its breach did not alone state a cause of action. Two years later, in Lyondell Chemical Co. v. Ryan, the Delaware Supreme Court seemed to reduce the duty even further. The current absence of agreement among scholars about the scope and relative importance of the doctrine of good faith makes the topic ripe for discussion from varied perspectives, and that is the reason for this symposium. One group of judges and scholars suggested that the importance of focusing on the duty of good faith may be greatly exaggerated. Other scholars, and indeed some of the same scholars when in a different mood, are more optimistic that the doctrine of good faith may still contain substance, and could be important in explaining what senior corporate managers must do: most importantly, that directors’ motives in approving transactions can be scrutinized and that directors must obey positive law, regardless of the possibility of opportunistically making profits. Proponents of managerial accountability in corporate governance look for meaning in the doctrine of good faith because the traditional fiduciary duties of care and loyalty in reality do little to discipline boards. Prior to 1985, corporate directors were virtually never found liable for violating the duty of care unless accompanied by allegations of self-dealing (i.e., duty of loyalty violations). After the stunning decision in Smith v. Van Gorkom in 1985, which held directors liable for monetary damages because they had been grossly negligent in violation of their duty of care, the Delaware legislature promptly overruled the judiciary. Delaware adopted a provision that would allow corporations to adopt charter provisions to exculpate directors for duty of care violations. Most corporations adopted these amendments, and most other state legislatures followed Delaware. Just as exculpation for gross negligence made the duty of care protections trivial, Delaware courts also tended to define self-dealing so narrowly that the duty of loyalty provided minimal protection to corporations and their constituents. Even with self-dealing, it was generally easy to have non-interested directors sanitize otherwise tainted transactions, leaving corporate directors with little meaningful accountability. Given the weakness of traditional remedies, the duty of good faith, whether as one of a triad of fiduciary duties or as part of a more robust duty of loyalty, can be of great importance. As Disney made clear, the duty of good faith cannot be satisfied if directors: act in subjective bad faith; consciously disregard their duties; are motivated by an actual intent to harm the corporation; or cause the corporation to violate positive law. I think this new focus on the motives of directors and the express fiduciary duty to avoid knowing violations of law could be crucial for corporate governance because neither violation is subject to the protections of the business judgment rule or charter exculpation provisions.
이기욱 ( Ki-wook Lee ) 한국법정책학회 2017 법과 정책연구 Vol.17 No.2
자기거래에 있어서 이익충돌상황에 있는 이사가 이사회에서의 심의를 통해서 이익충돌이 없는 다른 이사에게 영향을 미치는 경우를 생각할 수 있다. 외형상이익충돌이 인정되는 거래로 인하여 회사에 손해가 발생한 경우로서 이익충돌이 인정된다면 이익충돌이 없는 이사에게도 손해배상책임을 부담시키는 것도 일리가 있는 것으로 생각된다. 이익충돌이 없는 이사도 이사회의 의사결정에 참여하였기 때문이다. 그러나 다른 한편으로, 그러한 이익충돌거래를 하는 것이 회사에 있어서는 유용한 경영판단인 경우도 또한 있을 수 있다. 이처럼 회사에 있어서는 유용한 경영판단이었음에도 이에 의한 영업이 실패로 끝나고, 그로 인하여 회사에 손해가 발생한 경우, 결과만에 의한 사후적 판단으로 이사에게 회사에 대한 손해배상책임을 지게 하는 것은 지나치게 가혹한 일이라 생각할 수 있다. 이와 관련하여 미국 회사법에서는 성실한 경영판단의 실패로부터 회사에 생기는 손해에 관하여 이사에게 책임을 부담시켜서는 안 된다고 하는 생각에서 경영판단의 법칙(business judgement rule)이라는 법리가 발전되어 왔다. 다만, 이사가 행한 경영판단이 자기 또는 제3자의 이익을 도모하는 것인 경우, 즉 회사와 이익충돌관계에 있는 것인 경우에는 `경영판단의 법칙`이 적용되지 않는다고 학설상 이해되고 있다. 이는 이사에게 넓은 재량이 인정되기 위해서는 이사가 회사의 최선의 이익을 위하여 행위하고 있을 것이 전제가 되기 때문에, 자기와 제3자의 이익을 도모하는 경영판단은 그 전제와 상용하지 않기 때문이다. 그렇다면 일부의 이사에게 이익충돌이 인정되는 경우 이익충돌이 없는 이사의 선관주의의무위반의 유무를 심사함에 있어서 `경영판단의 법칙`을 적용할 수 있는지, 환언하면 이익충돌이 없는 이사에게 `경영판단의 법칙`이 적용되기 위해서는 다른 이사에게도 이익충돌관계가 인정되지 않을 것을 요하는 것인지에 대해서는 검토가 이루어져야 할 것이라고 생각된다. 이 문제에 관한 해결의 실마리로서 독일법에서의 경영판단의 법칙에 대한 논의가 유용한 참고가 된다고 생각한다. 독일의 회사법학에서도 경영판단의 법칙은 일단 판례법리로서 계수되어, 2005년의 주식법의 개정에 의하여 입법화가 이루어졌다. 본고에서는 독일에서의 논의를 참고로 하면서, 이사회의 구성원인이사의 일부에게 이익충돌이 인정되는 경우에 이익충돌이 없는 이사에게 `경영판단의 법칙`이 적용되는지 여부에 대하여 검토한다. Die zentrale Uberwachungsaufgabe des Aufsichtsrats (§ 111 Abs. 1 AktG) ist deutlich weniger von seinem Ermessen gepragt - auch wenn dies hier nicht vollig ausgeschlossen ist. Das Vorstandshandeln muss er auf seine Rechtmaßigkeit, Zweckmaßigkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit hin kontrollieren. Insoweit steht dem Aufsichtsrat kein eigenes unternehmerisches Ermessen zu; die BJR gilt hier nicht. Insbesondere hat er das Ermessen des Vorstands (§ 93 Abs. 2 S. 1 AktG) und dessen Ausubung zu respektieren und darf nicht an dessen Ermessensausubung seine - die des Aufsichtsrats - stellen. Zu prufen hat dieser bloß, ob der Vorstand die ihm gezogenen Ermessensgrenzen uberschritten hat. Sollte das nach seiner Uberzeugung der Fall sein, so muss er in geeigneter Weise eingreifen; dies kann bis zum Ausgleich des eingetretenen Schadens gehen. Allerdings setzt die BJR fur den Zugang zu den Gestaltungsfreiraumen, die sie auch dem Aufsichtsrat fur seine unternehmerischen Entscheidungen und Maßnahmen eroffnet, die Einhaltung bestimmter Anforderungen voraus: Das Aufsichtsratsmitglied darf in keinem Interessenkonflikt befangen sein und muss auf der Grundlage ausreichender Informationen und einer sorgfaltigen Abwagung der widerstreitenden Gesichtspunkte zu den alternativen Entscheidungs- und Handlungsmoglichkeiten seine Entscheidung zum Wohle des Unternehmens und in seinem Interesse fallen oder sonst wie mit diesem Ziel handeln. Dabei darf das Ergebnis des in dieser Weise angelegten Entscheidungsprozesses nicht schlechthin unvertretbar sein. Wer bei einer im Aufsichtsrat anstehenden Entscheidung oder Maßnahme in einen personlichen Interessenkonflikt verstrickt ist, dem versagt die BJR ihre Gestaltungsfreiheit. Schlagt die Entscheidung oder Maßnahme zum Nachteil der Gesellschaft aus, so kann sich das Aufsichtsratsmitglied wegen seines Interessenkonflikts in einem moglichen Haftungsprozess nicht auf sein unternehmerisches Ermessen berufen. Deshalb tut ein solches Ratsmitglied - unabhangig davon, ob es nach allgemeinen Rechtsgrundsatzen von der Beschlussfassung ausgeschlossen ist - schon im eigenen Interesse gut daran, sich von der Beratung und Beschlussfassung im Aufsichtsrat fernzuhalten, soweit der Interessenkonflikt reicht. Ein solch konkreter Konflikt kann auch aus der Nahe des Aufsichtsratsmitglieds zu Dritten herruhren - zu Verwandten etwa oder zu anderen Unternehmen, denen es verbunden ist. Von einem solchen, konkreten Interessenkonflikt sind die institutionellen Konflikte zu unterscheiden, denen Arbeitnehmer-Reprasentanten in mitbestimmten Aufsichtsraten und Reprasentanten des herrschenden Unternehmens im Aufsichtsrat einer Konzerntochtergesellschaft ausgesetzt sein konnen. Diese institutionellen Konflikte versperren nicht schon allein von sich aus den Zugang zur BJR; denn das Aktien- und Mitbestimmungsrecht begrundet diese institutionellen Konflikte oder akzeptiert sie zumindest.