木防己와 粉防己의 藥用 및 非藥用部位에 따른 鑑別

이금산(Guemsan Lee),김영식(Youngsik Kim),박경범(Kyoungbum Park),백지성(Jiseong Baek),김형우(Hyungwoo Kim),김홍준(Hongjun Kim),조수인(Suin Cho),이제현(Jehyun Lee),주영승(Youngsung Ju) 한국한의학연구원 2011 한국한의학연구원논문집 Vol.17 No.1

Object : As though the roots of Stephania tetrandra and Cocculus trilobus are used for medicinal purposes, climbing stems of these plants which do not have medicianl value are often adulterated and distributed in markets. Therefore, distinguishing the medicinal parts of these plants from the non-medicinal parts is necessary. Method : Samples of Stephania tetrandra and Cocculus trilobus were collected and authenticated. They were separated into root(StR, CtR) and climbing stem(StS, CtS), and then examined using stereoscope and microscope. Result : 1. Morphological characteristics: StR contained abundant powder and had a lotus flower-patterned section whereas StS had less powder and a wheel-patterned section. CtR had an irregular longitudinally wrinkled surface and a superb pink flower-patterned section whereas CtS had a regular furrowed surface and wheel-patterned section. 2. Anatomical characteristics: StR was abundant in starch grains and crystals (calcium oxalate), whereas StS lacked these features. In contrast to CtS, the width of the CTR medullary rays was equal or greater than that of the wood rays. Additionally, CtS contained high number of crystals but CtR did not. Conclusion : Morphological and anatomical characteristics are useful for identifying non-medicinal climbing stems of S. tetrandra and C. trilobus.

천속단(川續斷)과 한속단(韓續斷), 일본속단(日本續斷)의 내부형태감별

이금산 ( Guemsan Lee ) 대한본초학회 2018 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.33 No.4

Objectives : The roots of Dipsacus asper had been used as the herbal medicine "Cheon-Sokdan" in Korea. Moreover, the roots of Phlomoides umbrosa were used as "Han-Sokdan." In the present study, a comparative anatomical comparison of Cheon-Sokdan, Han-Sokdan, and Ilbon-Sokdan were conducted, because Ilbon-Sokdan, the roots of Dipsacus japonicus, was regarded as substitute of Cheon-Sokdan. Methods : For this study, permanent preparations were made using a paraffin embedding method. Anatomical features of these three Sokdans were observed using a light microscope. Results : The starch grains of parenchyma cells and the amounts of calcium oxalate crystals hardly differed among the three plants. Particularly, the longitudinally-sectioned vessels of the three plants showed a wide variety depending on the focal depth of the light microscope. Therefore, these features could not be considered as obligate criteria for distinguishing these plants. The shape of the xylem was linear in Cheon-Sokdan and Ilbon-Sokdan, whereas that in Han-Sokdan was wedge-shaped. The phloem of Cheon-Sokdan and Ilbon-Sokdan were rhomboid, whereas that of Han-Sokdan was thimble-like. Therefore, the shape of xylem and phloem appeared as good criteria for distinguishing Han-Sokdan from the other plants studied. Cheon-Sokdan and Ilbon-Sokdan showed characteristics similar in many parts. However, in the xylem of Ilbon-Sokdan, fiber bundles were more developed than those of Cheon-Sokdan. Therefore, the development of fiber bundles in xylem was considered suitable for distinguishing between Cheon-Sokdan and Ilbon-Sokdan. Conclusions : The identification-keys established in this study would be helpful for identifying microscopic features among the three Sokdans.

포제(炮製)에 의한 반하(半夏)와 천남성(天南星)의 침상결정 유발 독성 감소 기전 고찰

김정훈 ( Jung-hoon Kim ),이금산 ( Guemsan Lee ),최고야 ( Goya Choi ),김영식 ( Young-sik Kim ),이승호 ( Seungho Lee ),김홍준 ( Hongjun Kim ) 대한본초학회 2021 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.36 No.5

Objectives : The processing of Pinelliae Tuber and Arisaematis Rhizoma is a crucial step to reduce the severe acrid irritation mainly due to the needle-like crystals (raphides). Ginger, alum and bile juice have been used as adjuvant materials for the processing. Methods : Bibliographic research on ancient processing and experimental processing was performed to investigate the toxicity reduction mechanisms of the processing with ginger, alum and bile juice. Results : Ginger has been a major adjuvant for the processing of Pinelliae Tuber, followed by alum and bile juice since Song (宋) and Myeong (明) dynasties, and Arisaematis Rhizoma has been mainly used as Damnamseong (膽南星). The raphides consisting of calcium oxalate, lectin, agglutinin and polysaccharides can induce acrid irritation and the inflammatory reactions. The lipophilic components in the ginger denatured the structure of raphides and 6-gingerol-contained ginger extract attenuated the inflammatory reaction. The calcium ion (Ca²⁺) of calcium oxalate was substituted to the aluminium ion (Al³⁺) of the alum, which damaged the calcium oxalate structure. Lectin attached to the surface of raphides was dissolved in alum solution and consequently its structure was denatured. The cholate in the bile juice formed the complex with the oxalate anion or the calcium cation. Moreover, the enzymes activated by Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium during the fermentation promoted the fragmentation of oxalate. Conclusion : The adjuvant materials damaged the raphides by denaturing or degrading the calcium oxalate, resulting in the reduction of acrid irritation. Further experimental studies would support the toxicity reduction mechanism of the processing.

소합향(蘇合香)의 규격 설정을 위한 연구

김정훈 ( Jung-hoon Kim ),이금산 ( Guemsan Lee ),이승호 ( Seung-ho Lee ),주영승 ( Young-sung Ju ) 대한본초학회 2021 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.36 No.1

Objective : Liquidambaris Storax, the processed resin of Liquidambar orientalis Mill., has been therapeutically used as orifice-opening medicinals in Korean Medicine. However, unauthenticated resinous drugs from various origins were sold as Liquidambaris Storax. This study aimed to establish the quality assessment of genuine Liquidambaris Storax and to provide quantitative differences of Liquidambaris Storax in herbal markets. Methods : Bibliographic research on ancient Liquidambaris Storax was performed using classic books of herbology. The quality assessment was approached by searching modern books of herbal medicines. The marker compounds in Liquidambaris Storax from various origins were quantitatively analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results : L. orientalis was botanically characterized by palmately 5-lobed shape of leaves. Genuine Liquidambaris Storax was recognized as resinous or semi-solid form (ancient-Song dynasty) to liquid form (Myeong/Cheong dynasty) and two processed forms were available in current markets. Genuine liquid Liquidambaris Storax should be lengthened as a thread when it was lifted by a stick and be sunken under the water. The crystals of cinnamic acid was seen under microscopic observation and the scent of benzaldehyde occurred after the treatment with potassium permanganate. Cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, and cinnamaldehyde were quantified in two liquid samples of Liquidambaris Storax, while cinnamaldehyde was not quantified in resinous (semi-solid) sample. Conclusion : This study presents the detailed methods of quality assessment for genuine Liquidambaris Storax as well as the status in the herbal markets. Further quantitative study with diverse samples is required to establish the quality standard of Liquidambaris Storax.

Analysis the Multiregional DNA Barcoding Markers to Identification Origins of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix

Eui jeong Doh(도의정),Jee Hyun Yoon(윤지현),Shin-hee Jun(전신희),Guemsan Lee(이금산) 한국약용작물학회 2016 한국약용작물학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.2

천연방부제로 사용된 한약재의 항균활성에 대한 동향 분석

김정훈(Jung Hoon Kim),도의정(Eui-Jeong Do),이금산(Guemsan Lee) 한의병리학회 2015 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.29 No.1

Urushiol의 화학적 변화를 통한 건칠(乾漆)의 포제법(炮製法) 고찰

김정훈 ( Jung-hoon Kim ),도의정 ( Eui Jeong Doh ),이금산 ( Guemsan Lee ) 대한본초학회 2020 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.35 No.2

Objectives : Heating process is the traditional processing method that has been applied to reduce the toxicity of dried resin of Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Anacardiacea) used as Geon-chil (乾漆, Lacca Rhois Exsiccata or Toxicodendri Resina). Urushiol, which is found in the plants of Toxicodendron genus, is a toxic compound that is absorbed into the skin and induces allergic dermatitis by being contacted. Hence, the reduction of urushiol level by heating processing of Geon-chil is crucial method for its medicinal application. Methods : Due to lack of Geon-chil processing-related articles, the articles researching the processing of lacquer (漆), as a coating material, were collected and analyzed to investigate the chemical change of urushiol during heating process. Results : The results demonstrate that the resin which was collected from the sap of T. vernicifluum tree was dried under warm and humid conditions repeatedly. During primary drying process, the laccase, a copper-containing enzyme in the resin, participated in the formation of urushiol polymers and thereafter urushiol-related toxicity could be reduced by making a lacquer harder and more stable. Moreover, heating a lacquer over 200℃ could cause thermodegradation of urushiol polymers, and vaporized thermally degraded urushiol monomers and their by-products, which were determined using pyrolysis/GC-MS. Conclusions : These results support that heating process being performed over 200 ℃, such as stir-frying (炒) or calcination (煅), reduces the urushiol content in Geon-chil and hence, its medicinal use can be more stable without urushiol-related allergic reactions.

천속단(川續斷)과 한속단(韓續斷)의 기원에 관한 문헌 고찰

신상문 ( Sangmun Shin ),도의정 ( Eui-jeong Doh ),송호준 ( Ho-joon Song ),박성주 ( Sung-joo Park ),이금산 ( Guemsan Lee ) 대한본초학회 2020 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.35 No.2

Objectives : This study aimed to review the change in the origin of Sokdan(續斷) by diachronically analyzing literature data from Korea and China. Methods : Literature records describing the origin(synonyms, location of production, description) of Sokdan were collected, records were divided into periods. The main contents were included in the results, and original texts were edited and summarized in the table. Results : Sokdan, whose leaves resemble Jeoma(苧麻)(SJ), was first recorded in 《Xinxiubencao(新修本草)》, and described in detail in 《Bencaotujing(本草圖經)》 during the Tang and Song dynasties in China. In modern times, SJ was assumed to be genus Phlomoides or Lamium; however, records of the plant have decreased. Finally, SJ was not included in the 《Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China》 as Sokdan. However, 《Diannanbencao(滇南本草)》, 《Diannanbencaotushuo (滇南本草圖說)》, 《Zhiwumingshitukao(植物名實圖考)》 described Sokdan of dian(滇). It was assumed genus Dipsacus . From the 1950s onwards, Sokdan is described in the literature as a member of the genus Dipsacus. In korea, SJ was recorded in 《Hyangyakjipseongbang(鄕藥集成方)》 and 《Dongeuibogam(東醫寶鑑)》 during the Joseon dynasty. In modern times, the genera Phlomoides and Lamium were mostly recorded as the origin of Sokdan. Conclusions : Several species have been described as Sokdan over the years in China, but since the 1950s, the genus Dipsacus was noted as the origin of Sokdan. In Korea, SJ was used in the past, thus Sokdan was recorded as P. umbrosa in 《The Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia(KHP)ㆍ1985》. However, 《KHPㆍ1998》 referred to P. umbrosa as Hansokdan and D. asperoides as Sokdan.