일제시기 공립보통학교 재정 운영 -학교비 특별부과금을 중심으로-

윤현상 ( Hyunsang Yoon ) 서울대학교 국사학과 2015 韓國史論 Vol.61 No.-

This thesis focused on the system of furnishing finance for public common school in Japanese colonial period. For this theme the research concentrated on the system of appropriating finance mainly through levies and subsidies of provisional finance, and studied significance and limitation of the system. In particular, thesis determined that Japanese authorities had intended to manipulate the supply amount of rural public common schools after 1920s, and that special levy and limitation rate of ``surtax on household rate`` were de facto measures to implement their intention. In 1910``s finance for public common school was mainly appropriated by ``the public common school legislation(公立普通學校費用令)`. `The legislation`` secured its revenue from interest from provisional royal bounty, earnings from properties of confucian temples and subsidies. Since total amount of interest from royal bounty and confucian temples`` earnings were fixed, only small amount of public common schools were able to be managed with those revenues. Therefore, increase of subsidies or utilization of other revenues were necessary in order to found more schools. Nevertheless Japanese government general had no will to increase subsidies for education of Koreans. In turn, it made up for the cost on public common schools by increasing levies, imposed on people populated in corresponding region. This was possible due to positive cognizance change of Koreans on public common schools from mid-1910s. As enthusiasm for education grew on a nation-wide scale after 3.1 movement, Japanese government general tried to make levies into main financial source, which were collected only at unavoidable situations in 1910s. Therefore, newly established ``Korean local school bard expense legislation(朝鮮學校費令)`` depended on levies for its main revenue. Levies for local school board expense were imposed on local tax, and in this course rural and urban areas were treated differently. In rural areas certain levies for public common school expense were added on land tax and household rate(戶稅), whereas in cities those were added on urban tax(市街地稅) and house rate(家屋稅). However, levies were added without sufficiently organized local taxation, resultingly exposing plenty of imperfections on tax equality. This was severe especially in cities where sizeable population was inhabiting in small area. To resolve this problem ``special levy(rate on household)`` was established on cities and collected. Through this measure it was able to secure revenues based on households in both cities and rural areas, and at the same time inequality of house rate could be avoided either. Special levies on urban areas contributed to expansion of public common schools in cities. Japanese government general strictly regulated the expansion of public common schools in rural areas through the limitation rate of surtax on household rate, while applying relatively alleviated standard on cities by special lay. Certain measure was related to Japanese government general``s basic policy; putting rural education mainly on technical education, in contrast with relating urban education to advanced schools. Japanese government general justified this policy through saying that urban areas were in good condition(時勢) and had sufficient cultural level(民度) to accept elementary education. As a result, urban areas could maintain much better common school facilities and higher enrollment ratio than rural areas. Meanwhile in the system of local school board expense, subsidies were managed in passive and inflexible way. The Government subsidies on public common schools were limited to retiring allowances for teachers, and subsidies of provisional finance were yearly offered in same amount, or proportionately upon the number of students. Due to this offering method, the bigger the quantitative scale of common schools, the lesser effect of subsidies was. In addition, it was unable to resolve the differential between regions with subsidies. Since subsidies were disclosing inflexibility, expense upon enlargement of the number of public common schools virtually had to be dependent on increase of levies. Due to the 1936`s 2nd expansion plan for Korean elementary education, Korean common education was sharply enlarged quantitatively. Japanese government general tried to appropriate the increasing educational cost not through increment of subsidies but through bond flotation in rural areas, and establishing special levies for repayment of flotation cost. Government general propagated that rural areas`` condition and cultural level had been ameliorated in order to j u s e its imposing special levies on rural areas. However, burden of establishing more schools had to be fully shouldered by relevant region, because the offering method was maintained in the circumstances of degeneration of rural economic condition. In this situation, fulfillment of compulsory education which Japanese authorities had clarified in 1942 was virtually still far-off.

3·1운동 訓問調書를 통해 본 조선인들의 ‘불만’과 ‘독립’ : 학생과 농민을 중심으로

윤현상(HyunSang Yoon) 충북대학교 교육개발연구소 2017 한국교육논총 Vol.38 No.1

본 논문은 국사편찬위원회의 『한민족독립운동사자료집』 3·1 운동편을 통해, 신문조서에 드러난 학생과 농민들의 진술에 드러나는 특징을 포착하려 하였다. 국사편찬위원회 신문조서에 어떤 사람들이 조사를 받았는지를 우선 확인하였다. 이를 통해 주로 경성의 학생, 경기도의 농민들이 조사받은 기록이 남아있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그 다음 그들이 3·1 운동에 참여한 이유는 무엇이었는지 추적하였다. 신문조서에서 말한 불만사항들을 정리하고, 그러한 불만이 ‘독립’과 어떻게 연결되는가를 확인하였다. 이를 통해 학생들은 주로 교육에 관심을 가지고 있었으며 자신들의 불만을 명확하게 표현하였던 데 비하여, 농민들은 총독정치 하에서의 생활 및 세금 문제에 불만을 품고 있었고, 스스로의 불만을 명확히 표현하지 못하였다는 것을 확인하였다. 그 중에서도 처벌을 경감받고자 하는 태도를 뛰어 넘어, 불만은 없지만 독립은 필요하다는 방식의 사고를 하는 조선인들이 확인된다. 이들은 우선 독립 만세를 외친 이후에 감옥에서 독립의 의미를 깨닫기도 하였다. 3·1 운동의 의미는 행위 이후에 사후적으로 의미가 부여되기도 하였던 것이다. This study intends to capture the characteristics of the students and farmers who participated in the March 1st Movement, by focusing on their statements in the interrogatories retrieved from the Source Book on the History of the Korean Liberation Movements, published by the National Institute of Korean History. First, this study examines the interrogatories in order to identify the people subject to the investigation. Through this research, this study confirms that the maj ority of those who were investigated were students in Seoul and farmers in Gyeonggi-do. Then, this study traces why they participated in the March 1st Movement. This study compiles their complaints and checked how their discontent could be connected to liberation. While students were mostly interested in education, and clearly expressed their discontent, the farmers were discontent with their livelihoods and tax under the rule of the Governor-general of Joseon and were not as clear at expressing their discontent. The interrogatories also confirms that some Koreans had no complaints but thought that liberation was needed. It is difficult to classify such people, but some people cried out for liberation without knowing the meaning of the term, only to understand its meaning later in prison. The significance of the March 1st movement was at times imparted after the movement ex post facto.

전극 형상에 따른 저비중 경량강판의 저항 점 용접 특성

황인성(Insung Hwang),윤현상(Hyunsang Yoon),김동철(Dongcheol Kim),강문진(Munjin Kang),김재도(Jae Do Kim),김영민(Young-Min Kim) 대한용접·접합학회 2017 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.35 No.2

In this study, resistance spot weldability of lightweight steel with high Al contents was evaluated using various electrode shapes. The six types of electrode shape were prepared with different electrode face diameter and radius. The tensile shear tests were carried out to investigate the failure behaviors. Also, the nugget size and hardness were measured and compared with various electrode shapes. The experimental results show that the acceptable weld current region for low density lightweight steel could be obtained with 10mm electrode face diameter and 76mm electrode face radius.