암모니아처리 볏짚급여시 , 사료섭취량 , 영양적 가치 및 제1위내 성상에 미치는 영향

윤칠석,최의성,오태광 이남형,김창원,김춘수 ( Chil Surk Yoon,Eui Sung Choi,Tae Kwang Oh,Nam Hyung Lee,Chang Won Kim,Chun Su Kim ) 한국축산학회 1983 한국축산학회지 Vol.25 No.6

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ammonia treated rice straw on nutritive value and rumen characteristics. Rice straw was treated with aqueous NH₄OH to supply 40g NH₃ Kg^(-1) straw dry matter. The reaction time with ammonia was 6 weeks at room temperature. The results are as follows: Crude protein content increased more than 2 times by treatment, and the NDF content was decreased about 4.7%. The effect of ammoniation was the important factor in enhancing IVDMD. Ammoniation resulted in the significant improvements in intake, digestbility and nutritional quality. Improvements in nitrogen and sulfur retention was significant with treated straw. Also, Molar proportions of acetate increased (P$lt;.01) and butyrate decreased (P$lt;.01) with ammoniation. In conclusion, ammoniation is a simple and effective method of improving the feeding value of rice straw.

대두박과 요소를 첨가한 옥수수 및 보리 급여시 면양의 소화관내 아미노산 이용에 관한 연구

윤칠석,이남형,정근기 ( Chil Surk Yoon,Nam Hyung Lee,Keun Ki Jung ) 한국축산학회 1986 한국축산학회지 Vol.28 No.9

This experiment was designed to study the effect of carbohydrate sources with some different processes on the utilization of amino acids in the intestine as well as amino acid flow at the abomasum. The carbohydrate sources were cracked corn, whole barley, rolled barley and steamrolled barley, and the 20% of total nitrogen was replaced by the urea. The results obtained are as follows; 1) For the quantities of TAA-N, EAA-N and NEAA-N passing the abomasum, it resulted not significantly in increased for the steamrolled barley diet. The amounts of TAA-N and NEAAN digested postruminally were significantly lower at the feeding of cracked corn diet (P$lt;.05). The mean values for the proportionate disappearance of apparently digested TAA-N, EAAN, and NEAA-N within the intestine for four diets were 79.74±2.53, 79.23±2.40, and 80.62±2.91, respectively. 2) There were no significant differences (P$lt;0.5) for individual amino acid composition (g/100g DM digesta) in abomasum. There were significant differences for the quantities of amino acid passing abomasum on the GLU, PRO, VAL, LEU, PHE, LYS, and ARG at the feeding of steamrolled barley (P$lt;.05). The amounts of each amino acid in abomasal digesta, expressed as a proportion of the amounts ingested for the diets, showed that there were net gains of EAA with exception of cystine and NEAA. 3) Within the intestine of sheep, there was significant loss of amino acids, such as SER, GLU, GLY, ISL, LEU, PHE, LYS (P$lt;.05), and PRO, VAL, and ARG (P$lt;.01). The mean values of the proportionate losses of methionine and phenylalanine were 0.748±0.015, and 0.805±0.032.

볏짚 - 계분 발효사료의 급여가 반추가축의 비육효과 , 영양소의 이용율 , 제1위내 성상 및 Protozoa 분포에 미치는 영향

윤칠석,이남형,김춘수 ( Chil Surk Yoon,Nam Hyung Lee,Chun Su Kim ) 한국축산학회 1985 한국축산학회지 Vol.27 No.10

Fifteen Korean native cattle, averaging 128㎏ of initial body weight, were utilized to evaluate the effects of SMS on growing performance and digestibility of nufrients, protozoal population in the rumen and some mineral balance in sheep. The concentrates were given the amount of 1% of body weight and each roughage (SMS, rice straw, rice straw-pellet) of 2%o of body weight. NaCl and water were available at all times. After 48weeks of experimental peroid, the final body weight of SMS group was significantly higher compared with the other roughage groups (P $lt; .05). Daily weight gain of SMS, rice straw and pellet group was 0.90, 0.69, and 0.81㎏, respectively. In sheep experiment, the nutrient utilization for SMS tended to increase mostly, while the crude protein digestibility for the pellet group was significantly decreased. The rumen pH value for SMS group tended to be slightly lower compared to the other groups, and the concentration of individual VFAs was higher at the SMS group. Especially, the butyric acid for SMS was doubled in value than that of other roughage. Total protozoal count in the rumen fluid was higher at SMS group, followed by straw and pellet group (P $lt; .01). And Entodiniomorphs was predominated species, especially Entodinium. SMS But Holotrichs in me or straw was more frequently observed. Absorption% of intake of Mg, Na, K for the SMS were 48.18, 64.37, and 61.83, and these of the other groups were lower. As compared to the high intake of Na for pellet group, the retained amount was fairly low as were the other minerals. Nitrogen retention for pellet group was lower than that of the other groups (P $lt; .01).

면양에서 조대두 ( 粗大豆 ) 레시친 첨가시 소화율 , 제1위 및 혈액지질의 지방산조성에 미치는 영향

윤칠석,정근기,배동호 ( Chil Surk Yoon,Keun Ki Jung,Dong Ho Bae ) 한국축산학회 1986 한국축산학회지 Vol.28 No.7

This experiment was carried out to study effects of crude soybean lecithin addition on digestibility of ration components, ruminal characteristics, fermentation of long-chain fatty acids in the rumen, and composition of fatty acids in blood lipid. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The digestibility of OM, protein, ether extract, fiber, ADF, NDF and energy were improved with 4% lecithin, and especially ether extract was significantly (P$lt;.01) more digested than the control. 2. The digestibilities of major fatty acids were not greatly affected by the inclusion of lecithin. However, the unsatutated fatty acids were more digestible than the saturated fatty acids regardless of the treatments. 3. The ruminal pH at the 8% level was slightly lower than at the 0 or 4% levels. The ruminal viscosity was greatly influenced by the addition of lecithin. The ruminal viscosity was much lower at the 4 and 8% levels (6.0-9.0 cp) compared to the control (13.0-16.0 cp). 4. The total VFA concentration tended to be slightly declined with increasing lecithin. In the molar proportions of individual VFAs, the addition of lecithin resulted in a high increase in proportion of propionic acid and n-valeric acid. The acetic acid production declined greatly as the crude soybean lecithin increased. 5. The ruminal ammonia concentration was increased with lecithin supplementation. 6. The stearic acid in the rumen fluid was quantitatively the most important fatty acid, followed by palmitic and oleic acids although the difference in the proportions among treatments existed. The fatty acids in the faeces ware predominated stearic acid followed by palmitic acid, and unsaturated fatty acids were at low percentage. 7. The concentration of free fatty acid in blood lipid increased with lecithin addition. In the fatty acid composition of blood, the stearic acid was quantitatively the most proportion, followed by oleic acid and palmitic acid. 8. The above results indicate that the inclusion of crude lecithin can be well utilized by ruminants in view of the. profitable effects in the digestibility and the production of individual VFAs.

대두박과 요소를 첨가한 옥수수 및 보리급여시 면양의 제1위내 미생물 단백질함성에 관한 연구

윤칠석,이남형,정근기 ( Chil Surk Yoon,Nam Hyung Lee,Keun Ki Jung ) 한국축산학회 1986 한국축산학회지 Vol.28 No.9

This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of carbohydrate source with some different process on the rumen microbial protein synthesis as well as nitrogen flow at the abomasum. The carbohydrate sources were cracked corn, whole barley, rolled barley and steamrolled barley, and the 20% of total nitrogen was replaced by the urea. The used forage was wild grass hay and the feeding ratio of concentrate to forage was about 77: 23. The results obtained are as follows; 1) No significant difference (P$gt;.05) between diets was observed from the mean values of pH and total VFA of rolled and steamrolled barly diets. The molar proportions of propionate, iso-butyrate and butyrate were significant (P$lt;.05). The released ammonia contents for cracked corn and steamrolled barley were lower than those of other diets. 2) The dilution rates of rumen liquid and particulate and rumen volume were not significant between the diets. And the outflow of liquid from the rumen was higher at steamrolled barley by 284㎖/hr. 3) Flow of OM at the abomasum and the faeces resulted in a little decrease when sheep was fed corn diet. There was a significant difference for apparent OM digestibility (P$lt;.05). 4) The nitrogen passing abomasum (P$lt;.05) and NAN at abomasum were increased for the steamrolled barley diet. The ratio of bacterial N to NAN at abomasum was 0.7980, 0.7059, 0.7612 and 0.7323 for the cracked corn, whole barley, rolled barley and steamrolled barley, respectively. The efficiencies of microbial protein synthesis (g N/㎏ OMTDR) microbial were 25.01, 24.04, 24.90, and 28.41 g-N, respectively.

회장에 Cannula 를 설치한 돼지에서 내생질소 및 아미노산의 배설

박병성(Byung Sung Park),윤칠석(Chil Surk Yoon),이남형(Nam Hyung Lee),지규만(Kew Mahn Chee) 한국축산학회 1988 한국축산학회지 Vol.30 No.7

Levels of endogenously excreted nitrogen and amino acids were measured in swine fitted with ileal T-cannula by collecting feces and deal digesta after feeding N-free diet. Mean body weight of the three swine was 50±1.7Kg. The N-free diet was made based onglucose, corn oil and α-cellulose along with mineral and vitamin supplements. Chromic oxide was also included as an indicator at a level of 0.2%. The pig were fed 2Kg of the diet daily. After 5 days of adjusting period to the diet, feces were collected for 2 consecutive days and then deal digesta for another 2 more days from the pigs on the N-free diet. Daily endogenous nitrogen and amino acids excreted by the animalss were 1.2g and 6.1g in ileal digesta and 0.4g and 2.178/㎏ dry matter intake in faces, respectively. They were 24㎎ and 122㎎ in deal digesta and 8㎎ and 43.4㎎ in feces, respectively, when expressed on a kilogram body weight basis. Significant differences were observed in the levels of nitrogen and amino acids excreted between ileal digesta and feces (P$lt;0.01). Proline (1.04g) was the amino acids of the greatest concentration of the ileal digesta and aspartic acid (0.24g) and glutamic acid (0.25g) of the feces. Methionine was the least excreted amino acids through either terminal ileum or anus. Proline appeared the most affected amino acids when passing through the large intestine and methionine the least affected.

볏짚 - 계분싸일레지와 오차드건초큐브 급여가 유산양의 영양 및 생리적 성상에 미치는 영향

이남형(Nam Hyung Lee),윤칠석(Chil Surk Yoon),박전홍(Jun Hong Park) 한국축산학회 1987 한국축산학회지 Vol.29 No.3

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding straw-manure silage and orchard grass hay on the nutritional and physiological parameter of milking goats. Eight Saanen milking goats with 48㎏ of body weight were raised in the individual metabolism crate for 4 months and four goats were assigned to silage and grass hay group, respectively and fed the experimental diets formulated on the iso-nitrogen basis. The digestibility of the nutrients except crude fiber was not significantly different between grass hay and silage feeding group. Daily milk yield, milk fat, milk protein, and lactose for straw-manure silage group were shown similar results to the orchard grass hay group. The blood composition data indicated little change in red blood cell, plasma protein, glucose, and cholesterol between treatment, but white blood cell, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin were shown significantly different between treatment (P$lt;0.05). Little difference was observed between two group in the electrolytes and osmolality in plasma and urine.

유산균 ( Lactobacillus plantarum ) 접종 및 당밀첨가가 볏짚계분발효 사료의 발효양상에 미치는 영향

조남일(Nam Il Cho),윤칠석(Chil Surk Yoon),이남형(Nam Hyung Lee),지규만(Kew Mahn Chee) 한국축산학회 1989 한국축산학회지 Vol.31 No.3

This study was conducted to investigate effect of lactic acid bacteria(Lactobacillus plantarum) inoculation and supplemented molasses on the fermentation of a silage containing poultry manure. Basal mixture of the silage consisted of rice straw pretreated with NaOH, wheat bran and poultry manure at a ratio of 50:30:20 on a dry weight basis, respectively. Lactic acid bacteria were inoculated at a level of 10^5/g silage. Molasses was added at a level of 7% replacing wheat bran on a weight basis from the basal mixture. During a period of 30 days of fermentation, silages of various combinations were stored at two different environmental temperature, i.e. 15 and 30℃, to evaluate effects of supplemented lactic acid bacteria and molasses on the fermentation at a lower temperature. Samples were analyzed for 5 and VFA content. In vivo nylon bag digestibilities of dry matter were also measured by using fistulated sheep. It appears that the fermentation pattern of simultaneous addition of lactic acid bacteria and molasses fermented the silages stored at 15℃ was almost similar to the same level of the silage of basal mixture fermented at 30℃. Separately added bacteria or molasses were not quite effective in fermenting silages compared to those added with the two supplements at the same time at a lower temperature. Silages stored at 15℃ were not effectively fermented in terms of pH lowering effect, number of lactic acid bacteria and VFA production. Dry matter digestibilities were of almost the same tendency as the quality of silages. Silages added with molasses were better digested at a range of 57 to 61% compared to those without added molasses. A very effective fermentation could be obtained for a silage consisting of rice straw, wheat bran and poultry manure, stored at relatively low temperature, if optimized levels of lactic acid bacteria and molasses were supplemented.

볏짚 - 계분 싸일레지와 대맥을 급여한 면양의 제 1 위내에서의 미생물 단백질 합성 효율

이남형(Nam Hyung Lee),윤칠석(Chil Surk Yoon),김춘수(Chun Su Kim) 한국축산학회 1988 한국축산학회지 Vol.30 No.8

Three sheep fitted with rumen cannulae and abomasal cannulae were given daily 750g (DM) of three diets consisting of straw-manure silage and barley mixture in the ratios of 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75. As the proportion of barley in the diet increased, there was an increase in the amount of OM apparently digested in the rumen and whole tract (p$lt;.01). But ADF digestion was decreased. For the 25:75 diet the NH₃-N content in the rumen showed the highest value, but the total VFA was the lowest. The rumen volume and dilution rate increased with increasing ratio of silage in diets. There were no significant differences between diets in abomasal NAN flow, and the bacterial-N for the 25:75 diet was 7.3g-N as compared with 9.2-9.6g-N for the other diets (p$lt;.01). Rates of bacterial nitrogen synthesis in the rumen were 30.5, 24.1 and 14.98 per Kg OM apparently digested in the rumen for the 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 diets, respectively.

미세피복된 철분을 첨가한 요구르트의 저장 중 품질변화

김윤지(Yun-Ji Kim),윤칠석(Chil-Surk Yoon) 한국식품영양과학회 1999 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.28 No.3

전지분유를 사용하여 요구르트를 제조한 다음 피복하지 않은 ferrous sulfate, ethyl cellulose(EC) 또는 methacrylic acid copolymer(MAC)으로 미세피복한 ferrous sulfate를 첨가한 다음 저장 중 품질변화를 살펴본 결과 피복하지 않은 ferrous sulfate를 첨가한 경우 pH와 산도, 생균수, 색택 변화에서 대조구에 비해 낮은 품질을 보였으며, MAC로 피복된 ferrous sulfate를 사용하였을 때 대조구와 비교해 다른 처리구보다 품질 변화가 가장 적었다. EC로 미세피복한 ferrous sulfate는 피복하지 않은 ferrous sulfate보다는 품질 변화가 적었으나 MAC보다는 낮게 나타났다. TBA가는 미세피복된 ferrous sulfate를 첨가한 처리구의 값이 높게 나타났다. 관능검사에 의한 색택과 이취는 저장 1일 후 대조구와 비교하여 MAC가 대조구와 유의차가 없는 것으로 나타났으나 저장 7일 후에는 이취에서 유의차가 나타났다. 그러나 pH, 산도, 생균수, 색택, 관능검사의 변화를 종합해 볼 때 비교구 중에서 MAC로 피복한 것이 대조구와 비교하여 가장 품질 변화가 적었다. Uncoated, ethyl cellulose(EC) coated or methacrylic acid copolymer(MAC) coated ferrous sulfate was added to the yoghurt made from whole milk powder and quality changes of those yoghurt were observed. Among treatments uncoated ferrous sulfate added yoghurt showed the lowest quality in the view of pH, total acidity, total counts of lactic acid bacteria, and sensory characteristics. Quality change of MAC comparing to control was lower than that of EC. MAC and EC showed higher TBA value than no iron added or uncoated iron added one during storage. From sensory evaluation, MAC was not significantly different from control in color and off flavor after one day storage(p>0.05), however significant difference was observed in off flavor after 7 day storage(p<0.05). From above results, MAC coated ferrous sulfate added yoghurt showed better quality than uncoated or EC coated ferrous sulfate added one during storage.