불화수소에 대한 사고대응 정보시트 개발

윤영삼(Young Sam Yoon),박연신(Yuon Shin Park),김기준(Ki Joon Kim),이진선(Jin Seon Lee),조문식(Mun Sik Cho),황동건(Dong Gun Hwang),윤준헌(Jun heon Yoon),최경희(Kyung Hee Choi) 한국위험물학회 2014 한국위험물학회지 Vol.2 No.1

We analyzed the demand of competent authorities requiring adequate technical information for initial investigation of chemical accidents. Reflecting technical reports on chemical accident response by environmental agencies in the U.S. and Canada, we presented information on environmental diffusion and toxic effects available for the first chemical accident response. Hydrogen fluoride may have the risk potential to corrode metals and cause serious burns and eye damages. In case of inhalation or intake, it could have severe health effects. The substance itself is inflammable, but once heated, it decomposes producing corrosive and toxic fume. In case of contact with water, it can produce toxic, corrosive, flammable or explosive gases and its solution, a strong acid, may react fiercely with a base. In case of hydrogen fluoride leak, the preventive measures are to decrease steam generation in exposed sites, prevent the transfer of vapor cloud and promptly respond using inflammable substances including calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ground limestone, dried soil, dry sand, vermiculite, fly ash and powder cement. The method for fire fighting is to suppress fire with manless hose stanchions or monitor nozzles by wearing the whole body protective clothing equipped with over-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus from distance. In case of transport accident accompanied with fire, evacuation distance is 1,600m radius. In cae of fire, fire suppression needs to be performed using dry chemicals, CO2, water spray, water fog, and alcohol-resistance foam, etc. The major symptoms by exposure route are dyspnoea, bronchitis, chemical pneumonia and pulmonary edema for respiration, skin laceration, dermatitis, burn, frostbite and erythema for eyes, and nausea, diarrhea, stomachache, and tissue destruction for digestive organs. In atmosphere, its persistency is low, and its bioaccumulation in aquatic organism is also low.

독성 화학물질 누출사고 대응 기술연구

윤영삼(Young Sam Yoon),조문식(Mun Sik Cho),김기준(Ki Joon Kim),이진선(Jin Seon Lee),박연신(Yuon Shin Park),황동건(Dong Gun Hwang),윤준헌(Jun heon Yoon),최경희(Kyung Hee Choi) 한국위험물학회 2014 한국위험물학회지 Vol.2 No.1

Since the unprecedented hydrogen fluoride leak accident in 2012, there has been growing demand for customized technical information for rapid response and chemical accident management agencies including the Ministry of Environment, the National Emergency Management Agency, and the National Police Agency need more information on chemicals and accident management. In this regard, this study aims to provide reliable technical data and guidelines to initial response agencies, similar to accident management technical reports of the US and Canada. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey and interviews on initial response agencies like fire stations, police stations, and local governments to identify new information items for appropriate initial response and improvements of current guidelines. We also collected and reviewed the Canada’s TIPS, US EPA’s hydrogen fluoride documents, domestic and foreign literature on applicability tests of control chemicals, and interview data, and then produced items to be listed in the technical guidelines. In addition, to establish database of on-site technical information, we carried out applicability tests for accident control data including ① emergency shut down devide, safety guard, shut down valve, ground connection, dyke, transfer pipe, scrubber, and sensor; ② literature and field survey on distribution type and transportation/storage characteristics (container identification, valve, ground connection, etc.); ③ classification and identification of storage/transportation facilities and emergency management methods like leak prevention, chemicals control, and cutoff or bypass of rain drainage; ④ domestic/foreign analysis methods and environmental standards including portable detection methods, test standards, and exposure limits; and ⑤ comparison/evaluation of neutralization efficiency of control chemicals on toxic substances.

염소에 대한 화학사고 대응 정보시트 개발

윤영삼(Young Sam Yoon),김기준(Ki Joon Kim),이진선(Jin-Seon Lee),윤준헌(Jun heon Yoon),석광설(Kwang-Seol Seok) 한국위험물학회 2015 한국위험물학회지 Vol.3 No.2

Since the unprecedented hydrogen fluoride leak accident in 2012, there has been growing demand for customized technical information for first response. Reflecting technical reports on chemical accident response by environmental agencies in the U.S. and Canada, we presented information on environmental diffusion and toxic effects available for the first chemical accident response. The chlorine can produce hydrogen chloride if there is a moisture. Chlorine can react with water and make hypochlorous acid. And the chlorine is an inflammable gas but it can help combustion of other materials. In case of chlorine leak, the preventive measures are to decrease steam generation in exposed sites, to prevent the transfer of vapor cloud and promptly respond using inflammable substances including sodium hydroxide, soda ash, fly ash, powder cement and activated carbon. The method for fire fighting is to suppress fire with manless hose stanchions or with monitor nozzles by wearing the protective clothing equipped with over-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus from distance. In case of transport accident accompanied with fire, evacuation distance is 800 m radius. In case of fire, fire suppression needs to be performed by using water, or water fog not by dry chemicals, CO₂, or halon. The major symptoms by exposure route are cough, dyspnea, airway corrosion and pulmonary edema for respiration, erythema, pain, irritation and burn for skin, tear and burn for eyes, and nausea for mouth. In atmosphere, its persistency is low, and its bioaccumulation in aquatic organism does not cause.

암모니아에 대한 사고대응 정보시트 개발

윤영삼(Young Sam Yoon),김기준(Ki Joon Kim),이진선(Jin-Seon Lee),박연신(Yeon Shin Park),윤준헌(Jun heon Yoon),석광설(Kwang-Seol Seok) 한국위험물학회 2015 한국위험물학회지 Vol.3 No.1

We analyzed the demand of competent authorities requiring adequate technical information for initial investigation of chemical accidents. Reflecting technical reports on chemical accident response by environmental agencies in the U.S. and Canada, we presented information on environmental diffusion and toxic effects available for the first chemical accident response. The ammonia can explode if it heats with the extremely inflammable. In case of causing the damage in the burn and eye which is severe in the skin and inhaling it is harmful to the human body but the ammonia entered through the breathing is mostly again ejected through the breathing. The reaction characteristic reacts with the acid and oxide material. And if the reaction characteristic applies heat, the reaction characteristic is disassembled and can produce the toxic hum and nitric oxide and erode the copper and surface of the zinc and metal. In case of ammonia leak, the preventive measures are to decrease steam generation in exposed sites, prevent the transfer of vapor cloud and promptly respond using inflammable substances including acetic acid solution, ground limestone, dried soil, dry sand, vermiculite, fly ash and powder cement. The method for fire fighting is to suppress fire with manless hose stanchions or monitor nozzles by wearing the whole body protective clothing equipped with over-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus from distance. In case of transport accident accompanied with fire, evacuation distance is 1,600m radius. In cae of fire, fire suppression needs to be performed using dry chemicals, CO2, water spray, water fog, and regular fog etc. The major symptoms by exposure route are dyspnoea, bronchitis, chemical pneumonia and pulmonary edema for respiration, skin laceration, dermatitis, burn, frostbite and erythema for eyes, and nausea, diarrhea, stomachache, and tissue destruction for digestive organs. In atmosphere, its persistency is low, and its bioaccumulation in aquatic organism is also low.

화학사고 신속 대응을 위한 대기 시료 포집방법 비교연구 -염화수소와 불화수소를 중심으로-

이진선 ( Jin Seon Lee ),윤영삼 ( Young Sam Yoon ),김기준 ( Ki Joon Kim ),윤준헌 ( Jun Heon Yoon ),석광설 ( Gwang Seol Seok ),최경희 ( Kyung Hee Choi ) 한국환경분석학회 2014 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.17 No.1

Among all chemical accidents that have occurred over the last decade, those related to acid chemicals account for 41%, which indicates that acids are very likely to cause accidents. Once released, acids can move to various media such as air, water and soil, subsequently having effect on the environment. In particular, they spread very quickly when leaked in gaseous phase into the atmosphere. Considering these characteristics, it is very important to make immediate responses to acid leakage. It is also essential to promptly analyze the concentrations of acids in the air to assess their effect on human health and the environment. However, Korea has no official testing methods applicable to inorganic acid leakage, and inevitably relies on foreign testing procedures instead. In this study, research was conducted with hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride, both of which present high accident rates and serious aftereffects. The efficiencies of sampling with impingers and sorbent tubes were compared using IC analysis. Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride captured by impingers showed their recovery rates as 105% (±20.7%) and 99.4% (±14.1%), respectively. When silica gel tubes were applied, the rates were each 83.0% (±6.1%) and 88.0% (±13.6%). These two sampling methods were found to have recovery rates ranging from 83 to 105%, and their precision was within 20%. This indicates that both methods are adequately applicable to on-site sample capturing. The adsorption approach with sorbent tubes is considered especially useful for chemical accidents that need to be quickly responded to, because it uses a simple set of equipment, helping save much time for preparing and setting on site.

유해화학물질 사고 후 영향평가 개선방안 연구

조문식(Mun Sik Cho),윤영삼(Young Sam Yoon),김기준(Ki Joon Kim),박연신(Yuon Shin Park),권용호(Yong Ho Kwon),천광수(Kwang Soo Chun),윤준헌(Jun heon Yoon) 한국위험물학회 2013 한국위험물학회지 Vol.1 No.2

Chemical accidents could cause serious damage not only to accident areas but to residents and surrounding environments. It is hard to accurately predict the scope of damage as implications of chemical accidents linger for long time. To accurately assess the scope and degree of damage, it is required to conduct continuous monitoring of public health and environment in the accident site. To establish a scientific system capable of forecasting any potential damage from chemical spills, comprehensive measures are needed, covering from restoration procedures, roles of institutes concerned, specific implementation plan and institutional framework. However, currently in Korea, a wide array of countermeasures and response systems are in operation in case of chemical accidents while, there is no established management system to deal with the accidents. For this reason, this study suggested preliminary measures to introduce an environmental health risk assessment system to help investigate the environmental effects of chemical spills. The system consists of 3 stages: accident identification, confirmation of PBT under REACH and expert judgement. To confirm the type of chemicals in a prompt manner, 40 physiochemical properties and 78 hazard categories were suggested. Additionally, in case of investigating the environmental effects, implementation measures were divided into 15 stages from monitoring to completion of restoration works with the detailed plan on what should be done by which institutes at each stage.

PTR-TOF-MS를 이용한 화학사고 원인물질 분석 연구 -에폭시와 아크릴산 이상 반응에 의한 사고 사례-

김기준 ( Ki Joon Kim ),윤영삼 ( Young Sam Yoon ),이진선 ( Jin Seon Lee ),박현주 ( Hyun Ju Park ),서석준 ( Seok Jun Seo ),윤준헌 ( Jun Heon Yoon ),석광설 ( Gwang Seol Seok ),최경희 ( Kyung Hee Choi ) 한국환경분석학회 2014 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.17 No.1

Over the last 10 years, about 200 chemical accidents have occurred. The frequency of chemical leak accidents has particularly increased since the 2012 accident of hydrogen fluoride gas leakage. When a chemical accident happens, the released gas-phase substances are more likely diffused into the air, which subsequently might cause serious damage to the health of local residents and the environment. To make a quick response to such a chemical accident, it is significantly important to promptly analyze the accident-causing substances. In this study, a cross analysis was performed using PTR-TOF-MS and GC-MS to identify accident-inducing substances generated in the reaction process with brominated epoxy resin and acrylic acid. As a result of the two analyses, acrylic acid was not found to induce a chemical accident, whereas aromatic hydrocarbons and 2-bromophenol were both identified as accident-causing substances. Given that rapid analysis is essential for a prompt response to chemical accidents, the cross analysis using two or more techniques may be useful to quickly identify accident-causing substances.

원유저장탱크 방류벽의 콘크리트 바닥재 불침투성 세부기준 연구

신창현 ( Chang Hyun Shin ),박재학 ( Jai Hak Park ),윤준헌 ( Jun Heon Yoon ) 한국안전학회(구 한국산업안전학회) 2016 한국안전학회지 Vol.31 No.1

The bottom of dikes must be kept impermeable to control hazardous chemicals spilled from storage tanks. Currently, insufficient related chemical control laws lead to a possibility to spread through the bottom. Generally, due to the high cost of installation and periodical maintenance, many businesses prefer to install the bottom with general concrete. But, since the impermeability of concrete is dependent on the kind of materials and chemical reaction, all concrete cannot be considered as impermeable material. Thus, it is necessary to make the installation standards of the dike bottom clear in order to avoid the argument over the impermeability and prevent the chemical accident. This study has suggested the standards of impermeable concrete by conducting 7-day exposure test to crude oil with the pilot dikes. The results have showed that the standards have the better impermeable performance compared with the germany standard, which have been penetrated at the maximum penetration depth of 1.9 cm. This study is expected to contribute to both the risk reduction of penetrating into the bottom and the cost reduction of spending to make the bottom of dikes impermeable.

물벼룩을 이용한 은나노물질 독성평가

김경태(Kyung Tae Kim),조재구(Jae Gu Cho),윤준헌(Jun Heon Yoon),이재안(Jae An Lee),김필제(Phil Je Kim),이병천(Byoung Cheun Lee) 한국환경독성학회 2011 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2011 No.10

한국 산업단지 인근 연안 어류의 성비와 intersexuality

이정식 ( Jung Sick Lee ),김재원 ( Jae Won Kim ),박정준 ( Jung Jun Park ),주선미 ( Sun Mi Ju ),박지선 ( Ji Seon Park ),이동근 ( Dong Geun Lee ),윤태웅 ( Tae Woong Yun ),최경희 ( Kyung Hee Choi ),윤준헌 ( Jun Heon Yoon ),엄익춘 ( Ig 한국어병학회 2010 한국어병학회지 Vol.23 No.2

Specimens were collected from the coastal region near industrial complex of Ulsan-Onsan, Sihwa-Ansan and Yeosu-Gwangyang in 2008 and 2009. The total number of individuals used in analysis was 1,289 of Acanthogobius flavimanus, Chelon haematocheilus, Hemibarbus labeo, Leiognathus nuchalis, Mugil cephalus and Synechogobius hasta. The sex ratio in the total individual was 1:0.73 (female:male). Specific sex ratio of fishes in the areas, namely the Ulsan-Onsan, Sihwa-Ansan and Yeosu-Gwangyang were 1:0.79, 1:0.81, and 1:0.25, respectively. Especially, female in Yeosu-Gwangyang was higher than male. The intersexuality in the total individual was 11.7%. Intersexuality of fishes in the areas were 4.98, 14.39 and 25.0% in the Ulsan-Onsan, Sihwa-Ansan and Yeosu-Gwangyang, respectively. It was indicated female higher than male in Ulsan-Onsan and male higher than female in Sihwa-Ansan and Yeosu-Gwangyang.