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윤조희,김건중 ( Cho Hee Yoon,Geon Joong Kim ) 한국공업화학회 1997 공업화학 Vol.8 No.3
니켈(Ni)이 담지된 촉매상에서 이산화탄소와 부탄의 직접반응에 의한 합성가스와 탄화수소화합물의 생성을 검토하였다. CO₂와 C₄H_(10)의 반응에서 니켈 담지촉매는 백금 담지촉매와 유사한 활성을 나타내었으며, 부탄의 탈수소에 따른 코크의 누적이 현저하게 나타났다. 담체로 알루미나나 Y형 제올라이트를 사용하면 일산화탄소와 수소가 주생성물이었다. 반면에 니켈을 ZSM-5 형 제올라이트에 담지한 경우에는 생성물 중에 다량의 방향족화합물이 얻어졌다. Ni/ZSM-5, Ni/NaY 및 Ni/알루미나 촉매상에서 반응물 중의 이산화탄소/부탄 몰비의 증가와 함께 이산화탄소의 전환율도 증가하다가 2이상에서 다시 감소하였다. 담체로 ZSM-5를 사용하고 이에 담지되는 니켈의 양을 다르게 하였을 때, 반응물의 전환율은 니켈금속의 담지량이 5wt% 부근에서 가장 높았다. 코크가 누적된 촉매상에 CO₂ 가스나 수증기를 흘리면 코크의 양은 감소하였다. 촉매상에 누적된 코크는 활성이 높은 상태로 결합되어 있으며, 표면의 활성탄소는 반응의 중요한 중간체로 작용하는 것으로 해석된다. The direct reaction of carbon dioxide(CO₂) with butane(C₄H_(10)) to obtain synthesis gas and hydrocarbon compounds have been studied on nickel loaded catalysts. In the reaction of CO₂ with C₄H_(10), Ni loaded catalysts showed similar activity with Pt catalyst and Coke deposition on the catalyst was severe by dehydrogenation of butane. The main products were carbon monoxide and hydrogen, when alumina and Y type zeolite were used as a support. Instead, a great deal of aromatic hydrocarbons were obtained on the Ni loaded ZSM-5 catalyst. The conversion of CO₂ increased with the increasing molar ratio of CO₂ / C₄H_(10) on Ni / ZSM-5, Ni / NaY and Ni / alumina catalyst, but the conversion decreased again from the ratio of 2. The value of CO₂ conversion was the highest at the 5 wt% of Ni loading on ZSM-5 catalyst. A part of cokes deposited on the catalysts diminished when only CO₂ gas or water steam flowed into the reactor. The coke deposited on the catalysts was very reactive and it may be an important intermediate for the carbon dioxide reforming reaction.
혐기 / 무산소 / 호기공법을 이용한 양돈폐수처리에 있어 폭기조의 흐름특성이 유기물 및 질소제거에 미치는 영향
윤조희,김용석 ( Cho Hee Yoon,Yong Suk Kim ) 한국물환경학회 1996 한국물환경학회지 Vol.12 No.4
This study was performed to investigate and evaluate the treatabilities and the behavior characteristics of organics and nitrogen in two-type swine wastewater treatment systems using anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A₂/O) process. Two-type systems were distinguished by flow pattern in oxic process. One was named plug flow reactor(PFR) and another was named completely mixed flow reactor(CMFR). These systems were applied to a laboratory scale reactor in the range 0.2∼1.0 ㎏TOC/㎥/d with a temperature of 22±1℃. And a total of 32 hours hydraulic retention time(HRT) including 8/8/16 hours of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic zones was used to simulate the swine wastewater treatment plants with an average 4,000㎎/L MISS with the external/internal recycle of 100/300 percentage ratios for all experiment. The two systems behaved almost identically for TOC removal efficiency, but a few difference in the TN removal efficiency was observed. Average removal efficiencies for TOC in their two systems were 83.5% and 82.2%, and for TN 78.1% and 75.7%, respectively. High nitrogen loading rates and high ratios of nitrogen and organics were appeared not to be oxided to nitrate nitrogen(NO₃-N) and to cause nitrite nitrogen(NO₂-N) accumulation despite of operating l6 hours HRT for nitrification under oxic process.
물질수지를 이용한 A<sub>2</sub>O 고정생물막법에서의 호기탈질평가
윤조희,박승환,이상훈,김승현,Yoon, Cho-Hee,Park, Seung-Hwan,Lee, Sang-Hoon,Kim, Seung-Hyun 대한환경공학회 2000 대한환경공학회지 Vol.22 No.2
본 연구는 $A_2O$ 공정을 적용한 고정생물막법을 이용하여 고농도의 총무기성질소(TIN) 유입으로 인해 C/N비가 낮은 폐수를 처리하기 위하여 최적의 운전조건 탐색과 생물학적 호기탈질을 평가하였다. 혐기조와 무산소조에 세라믹 여재를 그리고 호기조에 PVC 여재를 충전한 실험장치는 C/N(TOC/TIN)비를 0.5로 일정하게 유지하고 알칼리도를 변화시켜 실험을 실시하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 유기물제거는 운전조건에 관계없이 96.0% 이상의 높은 제거효율을 얻었다. 유입수의 알칼리도를 약 1210mg/L(Run 5)로 운전하였을 때, $NH_4{^+}-N$와 총 질소 평균 제거효율은 각각 93.5%, 81.8%이었으며, 제거된 총 질소 중 64.9%가 호기조에서 생물학적 탈질에 의해서 제거되었다. 호기조에서 물질수지를 이용하여 질소와 알칼리도를 분석한 결과, 1mg의 $NO_2{^-}-N$가 탈질에 의해 제거될 때 2.49~3.46mg의 알칼리도가 생성되었다. 호기조에서의 생물학적 탈질은 ${\Delta}TOC/{\Delta}DEN$의 이론적인 비 1.22보다 낮은 0.84(Run 5)에서 일어났다. This study was investigated to estimate optimal conditions and biological oxic denitrification to treat wastewater with low C/N ratio and high strength total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) concentration by using $A_2O$ fixed biofilm system. The lab-scale experimental system packed with media, which were composed of polyvinylidene chloride fiber (oxic basin) and ceramic ball (anaerobic and anoxic basin), was used. This system was operated with various influent alkalinities at the C/N(TOC/TIN) ratio of 0.5. The study results showed that TOC were removed over 96.0% at all operation conditions. The removal efficiencies over 93.5% for $NH_4{^+}-N$ and 81.8% for TIN were obtained at the alkalinity of about 1210mg/L(Run 5). Among the removal of TIN, 64.9% was occurred by biological denitrification at an oxic basin. It was confirmed through mass balance of alkalinity and nitrogen that the amount of alkalinity produced during biological denitrification at oxic basin was 2.49~3.46 mg Alkalinity/mg $NO_2{^-}-N$, ${\Delta}TOC/{\Delta}DEN$ of 0.34 (Run 5) was obtained at an oxic basin, which was less than the theoretical value of 1.22.
윤조희(Cho Hee Yoon),김학준(Hark Joon Kim) 한국물환경학회 2001 한국물환경학회지 Vol.17 No.4
Electrochemical decolorization from secondary effluent of livestock wastewater treated with biological process was carried out and investigated in this study. The bipolar packed-bed metal electrode reactor as the electrochemical process has been employed for the test. Operating variables of this process including different packing electrode materials, current density, flow rate to the reactor, temperature and additive were considered to determine their respective effect of color removal. From the test results, PbO₂ electrode as anode electrode was found to be suitable for this process among various materials and optimal current density was 1.48 A/dm². The total theoretical voltage obtained from voltage-current curve was 45 V in reactor and 4.5 V per unit layer bipolar cell. And the effect of an aqueous solution(17 mM, pH 9) with the added NaCl on color removal from secondary effluent was observed to be actually more effective than without the added NaCl. Color removal increased with an increase in temperature over 50 ℃. However, increasing the flow rate decrease color removal efficiency and the value of maximum efficiency 96% when flow rate 60 mL/min at various flow rate.
SBR/GAC-SBR공정을 이용한 2,4-DCP 함유 페놀폐수 처리특성
윤조희 ( Cho Hee Yoon ),정기홍 ( Gi Hong Jung ),김승현 ( Seung Hyun Kim ),하성룡 ( Sung Ryong Ha ) 한국물환경학회 2002 한국물환경학회지 Vol.18 No.5
This study was conducted to investigate treatability for toxic wastewater in biological treatment process using activated sludge. The sequencing batch reactor(SBR) processes with/without granular activated carbon(GAC) addition were employed for the purpose. And the wastewater was used phenolic compounds such as phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) which were recalcitrant and toxic chemicals. The variation of influent concentration was selected as operating parameters. The results obtained from this study are as follow; In adsorption test on GAC. K values of phenol and 2,4-DCP were 40.9, 146.4 and 1/n were 0.25 and 0.15 respectively. Stability of process was shown more in GAC-SBR than in SBR but microbial acclimation period for target materials took similarly about 85 days in both processes. Removal efficiencies for two compounds were about 100% under all operating condition after acclimation and MLSS concentration was gradually increasing due to granulation phenomena. In phenol and 2,4-DCP behavior for a cycle period, most of these compounds were simultaneously removed for the initial fill time under steady state. The effluent pH drop may be caused by release of hydrogen(H^+) and chloride(Cl^-) ions which resulted from biological decomposition of 2,4-DCP.
유기폴리머를 이용한 정수슬러지의 농축 및 탈수특성 향상
윤조희(Cho Hee Yoon),문성용(Seong Yong Moon),김승현(Seung Hyun Kim) 한국물환경학회 2000 한국물환경학회지 Vol.16 No.3
This study investigated effects of organic polymers on treatment of water treatment sludge. For this purpose, sludge samples were taken from two different water treatment plants: lake and river sources. This study found that polymers were able to improve thickening as well as dewatering characteristics of sludge. There was an optimum polymer dose which was dependent upon sludge TS. Cationic or anionic polymer was a better choice to improve the sludge characteristics than nonionic polymer. Polymer with molecular weight less than 10^5 was unable to improve the sludge characteristics while that with molecular weight greater than 4 × 10^6 was. Sludge thickening and dewatering characteristics were improved by 18% and 13% when polymer was used for thickening and dewatering stages instead of dewatering stage only. Unlike polymer, ferric chloride or alum was unable to improve the sludge characteristics. However, lime did improve the sludge characteristics. The performance of lime was dependent upon sludge pH. When sludge pH was increased over 10, sludge characteristics began to improve.
A2 / O 공정을 이용한 생물막법에서 수리학적 체류시간변화에 따른 유기물과 질소제거 특성
윤조희(Cho Hee Yoon),이상훈(Sang Hoon Lee) 한국물환경학회 1999 한국물환경학회지 Vol.15 No.2
In this study, the characteristics of organics and nitrogen removal from wastewater with various HRT in fixed biofilm system using anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A₂/O) process was investigated. Two types of laboratory experimental systems packed with different media, which composed of polyvinylidene chloride fiber and ceramic ball, were used. These systems were operated with HRT of 8hrs through 48hrs at C/N ratio of 4, internal recycle of 200% and 20±2℃. The results were obtained as follows; TOC removal efficiency was showed over 90% of TOC with internal recycle in both reactors while HRT was 8hrs through 24hrs. And the maximum removal efficiency(93%) was obtained at HRT of 24hrs. The removal efficiencies for NH₄-N were 35.1% (reactor1) and 44.9% (reactor2) at HRT of 8hrs and 98.5% (reactor1) and 97.1 (reactor2) when HRT was over 12hrs. The removal efficiencies for TIN were 39.5% (reactor1) and 46.7% (reactor2) at HRT of 8hrs. In both reactors removed 75% of TIN with internal recycle while HRT was 12hrs through 24hrs. On the other hand, the reactor1 and reactor2 removed 46.8% and 51.4% of TIN without recycle at HRT of 48hrs. Of total removed TIN, 44.2% (reactor1) and 54.8% (reactor2) were consisted of denitrification in an oxic basin at the HRT of 12hrs through 24hrs.