토양오염 위해성평가의 이해

윤정기 ( Jeong-ki Yoon ) 한국환경농학회 2018 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2018 No.-

선진국에서는 오염토양 관리를 위해 단일 정화기준을 적용하기보다, 오염부지의 위해성을 평가하여 위해도를 관리하는 추세이다. 우리나라도 현행 토양환경보전법에서 국유지, 정화책임자를 알수 없거나 자연적인 원인에 의한 오염부지 등에 한하여 제한적으로 위해성평가를 실시하여 정화의 범위, 시기 및 수준을 결정하도록 명시하고 있다. 토양오염 위해성평가는 오염물질의 실질적인 위해성을 기준으로 오염지역의 정화나 위해관리를 위한 과학적, 경제적, 합리적 정화목표 설정방법이다. 위해성평가를 위해서는 1)유해성확인, 2)노출 및 용량-반응평가, 3)위해도 결정 및 4)정화목표설정의 4단계를 거치게 된다. 유해성의 확인은 위해성평가를 위한 초기 단계로 토양오염물질이 인체에 유해한 영향을 유발시키는가를 결정하기 위해 모든 과학적인 자료를 수집하고 현장 조사를 통해 확인하는 과정이다. 용량-반응평가는 독성평가로 오염물질이 노출된 수용체에 미치는 유해한 결과에 대한 잠재력을 평가하는 것으로 노출과 유해한 영향이 나타날 가능성 사이에의 관계, 즉 용량-반응 관계를 측정하는 것이다. 건강 위해도 평가의 목적을 위해 독성 영향은 발암 및 비발암 효과로 구분된다. 노출 평가는 실제적인 노출과정으로부터 노출 가능한 수용체집단이 어느 정도 위해한지를 파악하기 위해서 노출량을 평가하는 단계로 노출정도에 따라 위해도가 결정된다. 환경매체에서 인체로의 대표적인 노출경로는 공기의 흡입, 토양 및 식품의 섭취 및 피부의 직접적 접촉에 의한 노출이 있다. 최종적으로 독성 평가와 노출 평가의 결과를 종합하여 발암 위해도와 유해 지수를 이용하여 정량화하여 위해도를 결정하고 정화목표를 결정하게 된다. 토양오염 위해성평가를 통해 위해성이 확인된 부지는 목표 위해도를 달성하기 위해 토양오염정화를 통해 위해수준을 관리하게 된다. 또한 정화가 수행된 부지에서 노출관리, 위해소통 및 사후관리 또한 실질적 위해관리를 위한 중요한 과정이다.

유류 오염토양 중 다환방향족탄화수소류(PAHs) 분석방법 고찰

윤정기(Jeong Ki Yoon),박진수(Jin Soo Park),신선경(Sun Kyoung Shin),김태승(Tae Seung Kim) 한국분석과학회 2008 분석과학 Vol.21 No.4

Pilot 규모 biopile에 의한 유류오염토양의 정화

윤정기,노회정,김혁,김종하,김태승,고성환,Yoon, Jeong Ki,Noh, Hoe-Jung,Kim, Hyuk,Kim, Jong Ha,Kim, Tae Seung,Ko, Sung Hwan 한국지하수토양환경학회 2013 지하수토양환경 Vol.18 No.2

The pilot scale biopile system was designed and operated for evaluation of bioremediation efficiency for petroleum contaminated soil. The pilot scale biopile consisted of biopile dome, aeration system and monitoring system and two biopiles were operated with nutrients and inoculum for more 100 days. The test pile A and B were analyzed with regard to pH, total carbon contents, water contents, nutrients (N, P) and TPH. The initial TPH concentrations for pile A and pile B were about 10,000 mg/kg and 2,300 mg/kg, respectively. After 100 days, the TPH contents decreased about 70% in the pile A and 30% in the pile B. Also, n-$C_{17}$/pristane and n-$C_{18}$/phytane ratios in all pile were significantly changed. The microbial densities in the pile A was increased by approximately $10^7$ CFU/g-soil~$10^8$ CFU/g-soil, but there was almost no changed in the pile B. The average biodegradation rates were calculated about 66.8 mg/kg-day in the pile A and 10.9 mg/kg-day in the pile B. Over the course of operation period, pile temperature was considered the major limiting factor for the efficiency of all biopiles.

토양 중 중금속(Ba, Cr)의 분포특성 평가

윤정기,김록영,김지인,노회정,유순주,김태승,이명규,윤대근,이홍길,김인자,박경훈,Yoon, Jeong-Ki,Kim, Rog-Young,Kim, Ji In,Noh, Hoe-Jung,Yu, Soon-Ju,Kim, Tae Seung,Lee, Myung Gyu,Yun, Dae-Geun,Lee, Hong-gil,Kim, In Ja,Park, Gyoung-Hun 한국지하수토양환경학회 2015 지하수토양환경 Vol.20 No.7

This study was performed to provide fundamental data to establish the new soil pollution standards and the soil contamination management plans in a rational manner. The distribution characteristics of new soil contaminants such as barium (Ba) and chromium (Cr) in soils (n=140) were investigated in relation to land-use classification and geological features. Also, the sequential extraction test was conducted to evaluate fate and mobility of new soil contaminants. The soil samples taken from 140 sites were analyzed to survey distribution levels of selected new soil contaminants. The average concentration and range for hazardous metals (Ba, Cr) were Ba 128.946 (26.757~489.587) mg/kg, Cr 30.121 (2.579~132.783) mg/kg. Based on land use classification, the highest Ba concentration was found in factory soils, followed by dry field and park soils, while Cr concentration was highest in rice paddy soils, followed by dry field and factory soils. Within 10 geological units investigated the highest Ba and Cr concentrations were observed in the soils from Okcheon group and metamorphic rocks, respectively. The BCR (European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction was conducted to identify chemical distributional existence of 2 elements of soils from each geological unit. Ba in soils is mainly assumed to exists as reducible form (such as BaSO₄, BaCO₃) and Cr in soils mainly is assumed to exist as residual form (such as Cr₂O₃, Cr_xFe_1-x(OH)₃(x < 1)).

우리나라 토양의 중금속 자연배경농도 평가

윤정기,김동호,김태승,박종겸,정일록,김종하,김혁,Yoon, Jeong-Ki,Kim, Dong-Ho,Kim, Tae-Seung,Park, Jong-Gyum,Chung, Il-Rok,Kim, Jong-Ha,Kim, Hyuk 한국지하수토양환경학회 2009 지하수토양환경 Vol.14 No.3

우리나라 토양 중 중금속 자연배경농도를 비교 평가함으로써 토양오염기준 설정을 위한 과학적 근거를 마련하고자 전국 주요 지질단위인 대동층군, 백악기화강암, 옥천층군, 조선누층군, 평안층군, 경상누층군, 쥬라기화강암, 화산암, 변성암등 산림지역 총 92개 지점에 대한 표토를 0.1N 염산 가용성 시험방법 및 왕수 시험방법으로 분석한 결과, 왕수시험방법에 의한 자연함유량 평균값(mg/kg)은 Cd 0.287, Cu 15.26, Pb 18.43, Cr 25.36, Zn 54.27, Ni 17.68, As 6.83으로 조사되었으며, 가용성 시험결과 평균농도(mg/kg)는 Cd 0.040, Cu 0.48, Pb 3.06, Cr 0.09, Zn 1.54, Ni 0.27, As 0.089로 나타났다. 이들 시료의 가용성 평균 농도는 왕수 시험방법의 평균농도에 비하여 각각 Cd 13.9%, Cu 3.1%, Pb 16.6%, Cr 0.4%, Zn 2.8%, Ni 1.5%, As 1.3% 수준으로 낮게 평가되었다. 또한 가용성 시험방법과 왕수 시험방법에 의한 중금속 측정값 간의 상관계수는 0.24~0.88의 범위로 나타났으며 Cd > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr > Zn $\approx$ As의 순으로 감소하였다. This study was conducted in order to get the scientific background for soil pollution criteria. The 92 soil samples derived from various geological units were taken and analyzed to survey natural heavy metal background levels using aqua regia digestion method and 0.1N HCl extraction method. From these results, the average natural contents of metals were 0.287 mg/kg for Cd, 15.26 mg/kg for Cu, 18.43 mg/kg for Pb, 25.36 mg/kg for Cr, 54.27 mg/kg for Zn, 17.68 mg/kg for Ni, 6.83 mg/kg for As by the aqua regia method, and 0.040 mg/kg for Cd, 0.48 mg/kg for Cu, 3.06 mg/kg for Pb, 0.09 mg/kg for Cr, 1.54 mg/kg for Zn, 0.27 mg/kg for Ni, 0.089 mg/kg for As by the 0.1N HCl extraction method. Ratios of soluble contents and total contents were Cd 0.14, Cu 0.03, Pb 0.17, Cr 0.004, Zn 0.03, Ni 0.02, As 0.013 and the correlation coefficients of soluble contents and total contents were 0.24(As), 0.88(Cd), 0.43(Cr), 0.65(Cu), 0.70(Pb), 0.61(Ni), 0.24(Zn). The correlation factor decreased in the order of Cd > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr > Zn $\approx$ As.

국내 토지이용도별 토양 중 다환방향족탄화수소류(PAHs)의 농도 수준 및 분포 특성

노회정,윤정기,윤대근,유순주,김태승,이재영,Noh, Hoe-Jung,Yoon, Jeong Ki,Yun, Dae-Geun,Yu, Soon-Ju,Kim, Tae Seung,Lee, Jai-Young 한국지하수토양환경학회 2014 지하수토양환경 Vol.19 No.6

We investigated soil contamination depending on the land use by examining the contamination levels and distribution characteristics of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the national soil. Total PAHs (the sum of 16 PAH concentrations) and carcinogenic PAHs (the sum of seven carcinogenic PAH concentrations) were $8.50{\sim}3,437.16{\mu}g/kg$ and $2.94{\sim}2,136.96{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. The concentration of benzo(a)pyrene, one of the contaminants regulated by the soil quality standard in the nation, was $ND{\sim}924.73{\mu}g/kg$. Its maximum value of $924.73{\mu}g/kg$ was detected in railroad (Region 3) and is approximately 13% of the standard value for Region 3 (i.e., 7 mg/kg). We also investigated the characteristics of contamination sources of PAHs in soil of the upland, forests, roads, and railroads, examining the fraction distribution of PAHs concentration by the number of benzene rings against the total PAHs concentration. The results demonstrate that the mean fraction of 4~6-ring PAHs against total PAHs concentration in soil was in the range of 51.8~80.7% with relative abundance of high-molecular PAHs, showing that the origin of contamination is under the category of combustion sources. When the molecular indices (Flu/(Flu/Pyr), Ant/(Ant+Phe), InP/(InP+BP), and BaA/(BaA+Chr)) were applied, they were also categorized as petroleum-based combustion sources. The individual PAH concentrations in soil by the land use were grouped into Regions 1, 2, and 3, which are statistically treated and are the parts of the national category system of soil quality standard. As a result, the concentration level of 16 PAHs was $0.02{\sim}2.63{\mu}g/kg$ in Region 1, $0.05{\sim}4.26{\mu}g/kg$ in Region 2, and $2.36{\sim}178.27{\mu}g/kg$ in Region 3. The concentration level of 6 carcinogenic PAHs was 14.2~320.4% against that of benzo(a)pyrene in Region 3 and sites of recycling waste sleepers. Considering that there were similarities among PAHs in terms of structures and toxicities, it would be recommended to review other types of carcinogenic PAHs together with benzo(a)pyrene when developing the soil quality standards in the nation.

고함량 자연방사성물질 우려지역에 대한 지하수 환경 특성 연구

정도환,엄익춘,윤정기,김문수,김영규,김태승,Jeong, Do-Hwan,Eom, Ig-Chun,Yoon, Jeong-Ki,Kim, Moon-Su,Kim, Yeong-Kyoo,Kim, Tae-Seung 한국지하수토양환경학회 2010 지하수토양환경 Vol.15 No.6

Groundwater sampling was performed at 38 wells where they are located in the areas with high uranium and radon (marked as A and B, respectively) concentrations, which were based on the previous research results. In-situ parameters (temperature, pH, EC, Eh, DO) and natural radionuclides (uranium and radon) were analyzed to figure out the characteristics of groundwater environments. In-situ data did not show any relations to natural radionuclide data, which could be caused by groundwater mixing, depths of wells, and geological settings, etc. But the highest radon well presented relatively low temperature value and the highest uranium well presented relatively low pH values The highest uranium concentration ranging $1.14{\sim}188.19{\mu}g/L$ showed in the area of A region consisted of Jurassic two-mica granite. The areas of Jurassic biotite granite and Cretaceous granite in the A region have the uranium concentrations ranging $0.10{\sim}49.78{\mu}g/L$ and $0.36{\sim}3.01{\mu}g/L$, respectively. The uranium values from between wells of community water systems (CWSs) penetrating fractured bed-rock aquifers and personal boreholes settled in shallow aquifers near the wells of CWSs show big differences. It implies that the groundwaters of the two areas have evolved from different water-rock interaction paths that may caused by various types of wells having different aquifers. High radon activities in the area of B region composed of Precambrian gneiss showed ranging from 6,770 to 64,688 pCi/L. Even though the wells are located in the same geological settings, their rodon concentration presented different according to depth and distance.

오염원 인근 토양 중 베릴륨(Be), 코발트(Co), 탈륨(Tl), 바나듐(V)의 농도분포 및 오염영향 평가

이홍길,노회정,윤정기,임종환,임가희,김현구,김지인,Lee, Hong-gil,Noh, Hoe-Jung,Yoon, Jeong Ki,Lim, Jong-hwan,Lim, Ga-Hee,Kim, HyunKoo,Kim, Ji-in 한국지하수토양환경학회 2018 지하수토양환경 Vol.23 No.4

Beryllium (Be), cobalt (Co), thallium (Tl) and vanadium (V) are candidates of 21 priority soil pollutants in Korea. The distribution of their concentration in soils from three contamination sources including industrial, roadside and mining areas was investigated. Concentrations of the metals were evaluated quantitatively using pollution indices and the fractionation of metals was conducted using modified SM&T (Standards Measurements and Testing programme) sequential extraction. Concentrations of the metals for all samples from industrial and roadside soils were within the range of natural background levels, while some of Be in soils from abandoned mines exceeded that the range. Enrichment Factor (EF) and Nemerow Integrated Pollution Index (NIPI) for Be, Co, Tl and V showed that there are effects or possibilities of anthropogenic activities. Pollution Load Index (PLI) analyses indicated all investigated sites needed further monitoring. The results of sequential extractions indicated mobile fractions (F1+F2) of Be, Tl and V were below 30% except some of Co in soil, which implies their low mobility to neighboring environment media. Variable tools like sequential extraction, comparison with background/actual concentration and pollution indices, as well as aqua regia extraction should be considered when evaluating Be, Co, Tl, V in soil.

음용 지하수 중 라돈 자연저감 특성

노회정,정도환,윤정기,김문수,주병규,전상호,김태승,Noh, Hoe-Jung,Jeong, Do-Hwan,Yoon, Jeong-Ki,Kim, Moon-Su,Ju, Byoung-Kyu,Jeon, Sang-Ho,Kim, Tae-Seung 한국지하수토양환경학회 2011 지하수토양환경 Vol.16 No.1

To investigate the natural reduction characteristics of radon with a short half-life (3.82 day) in drinking Qgroundwater, we analyzed the changes of radon concentrations of groundwater, waters in storage tanks, and tap waters from the small-scale groundwater-supply systems (N = 301) by LSC (Liquid Scintillation Counter). We also analyzed the concentrations of uranium (half-life 4.5 billion years) in the waters by ICP/MS to compare with natural reduction of radon concentration. The radon concentrations of 68 groundwater-supply systems occupying 22.6% of the total samples exceeded the US EPA's Alternative Maximum Contaminant Level (AMCL : 4,000 pCi/L), with the average radon concentration of 7,316 pCi/L (groundwaters), 3,833 pCi/L (tank waters) and 3,407 pCi/L (tap waters). Compared to the radon levels of pumped groundwaters, those of tank and tap waters naturally reduced significantly down to about 50%. Especially, in case of 29 groundwater-supply systems with the groundwater radon concentrations of 4,000~6,000 pCi/L, average radon concentrations of the tank and tap waters naturally decreased down to the AMCL. Therefore this study implies that radon concentrations of drinking groundwater can be effectively reduced by sufficient storage and residence in tanks.

우리나라 골프장의 농약사용 실태 및 관리방안

김동진 ( Dong Jin Kim ),윤정기 ( Jeong Ki Yoon ),유지영 ( Ji Young Yoo ),김수정 ( Su Jung Kim ),양재의 ( Jae E. Yang ) 한국응용생명화학회(구 한국농화학회) 2014 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.57 No.3

골프장에서 제초와 병해충방제를 위해 농약의 사용은 필수적인요소이다. 농약은 적절하게 관리되지 않을 경우 주변 환경과 생태계에 악영향을 초래할 수 있다. 그러나 우리나라의 경우 골프장의 농약사용에 관한 구체적인 통계나 체계적 관리방안이 없는 실정이었다. 본 논문에서는 골프장에서 사용되는 농약의 실태를 파악하고 이를 국가적 차원에서 체계적으로 관리할 수 있는 방안에 관해 조사하였다. 골프의 대중화로 인해 우리나라의골프장은 급격히 증가하여 2011년 말 기준으로 421개소가 운영되고 있으며 이는 면적으로 379.53 km2이다. 이와 더불어 농약사용량도 매년 증가하고 있으며 2011년에는 216품목의 농약이 성분량 기준으로 총 118, 669.4 kg이었고, 살균제(54.9%) >살충제(24.4%) >제초제(13.3%) >생장조정제(0.1%) 순이었다. 2011년 골프장별 평균 농약사용량은 성분량으로 280.9 kg이였으며, 단위면적당 평균 농약사용량은 5.4 kg ha-1이였으나 이는 일반 농경지에서의 사용량의 50%에 해당되는 것이다. 골프장별사용량은 0.0-21.9 kg ha-1 범위로 편차가 매우 컸다. 골프장내잔류농약성분의 검출빈도는 green > fairway, 잔디 >토양 순이었다. 과거에는 일부 골프장에서 고독성농약을 사용하거나 검출되기도 하였으나 최근에는 사용하지도 않으며 검출되지도 않았다. 골프장의 농약사용의 실태를 파악하고 농약에 따른 환경피해를예방하기 위해서 환경부에서는 2010년 초에 ‘골프장 농약 사용실태 관리시스템’(환경부 토양지하수정보시스템)을 개발하였다. 이 시스템을 통해 골프장에서의 농약사용 모니터링과 잔류 농약 검사에 관한 선진화된 관리체계를 구축하였다. 농약 잔류량검사는 토양, 잔디 및 유출수 시료에 대해 실시하고 있고 검사시료는 골프장의 규모에 따라 결정할 수 있도록 정하였다. 우리나라는 골프장의 농약사용에 관련된 업무를 여러 부처에서 담당하다가 2009년부터 환경부로 일원화하여 추진하고 있으나 아직까지 법령과 행정규칙 등이 체계적으로 정비되지 않은 상태이다. 골프장에서의 농약사용과 관리 및 주변 생태계와 인간에미치는 영향 등을 파악하기 위해서는 개별 골프장에 적합한 지역특이적 최적 관리방안(site-specific best management practices)이 우선적으로 마련되는 것이 바람직하며, 이는 위해서는 위해성평가의 도입이 우선적으로 이행되어야 할 것이다. 우리나라는골프장의 농약사용 및 농약잔류량 검사, 환경오염피해에 대한기초연구, 환경오염 저감기술 등 관련 인프라가 매우 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 향후 정부에서는 관련제도를 정비하고, 개선·발전시켜 골프장에 의한 환경피해를 최소화하여 골프장이 친환경적으로 운영될 수 있도록 지속적인 관심과 지원이 이루어져야 할 것이다. Objective of this paper is to assess the available dataon the pesticide uses and regulations in the golf courses, andprovide the nationwide systematic management options. Numbersof golf courses in Korea are rapidly increasing from 2000s andreached at 421 sites by the end of 2011. Accordingly pesticideusage has been increased with years in direct proportion to theincreasing number of golf courses. Amounts of pesticide appliedin 2011 were 118, 669 kg as of an active ingredient and were in theorders of fungicides (54.9%) > insecticides (24.4%) > herbicides(13.3%) > growth regulators (0.1%). Average pesticide usages in2011 were 280.9 kg per golf course and 5.4 kg ha-1. Frequenciesof the residual pesticide detections in green and turf were higherthan those in fairway and soil, respectively. Residue of highlytoxic pesticides was not detected in golf courses. Ministry ofEnvironment in 2010 has developed the ‘golf course pesticidemonitoring and management system’ which is the advanced onlineregistry for kind and amount of pesticides applied in each golfcourse. This system is intended for monitoring of the pesticideuses and residual levels and protecting the environmentalpollution from pesticides in the golf course. In 2009, managementof pesticides in the golf courses became the task of Ministry ofEnvironment, being merged from many federal agency andministries. The protocol for the site-specific best managementpractices, on which to base results from the risk assessment, should be set for pesticides in the golf to minimize theenvironmental impacts.