쌍전중석광상(雙田重石鑛床)의 광물공생(鑛物共生)과 유체포유물연구(流體包有物硏究)

윤석태,박희인,Youn, Seok Tai,Park, Hee-In 대한자원환경지질학회 1982 자원환경지질 Vol.15 No.4

Ssangjeon tungsten ore deposits is a complex pegmatite deposits embedded along the contact between pre-Cambrian Buncheon granite gneiss and amphibolite. This pegmatite vein developed 2 km along the strike and thickness varies from 10m to 40m. Mineral constituent of the normal pegmatite are quartz, microcline, plagioclase, muscovite, biotite, tourmaline and garnet. The vein paragenesis is complicated by repeated deposition of quartz but three distinct depositional stage can be recognized. Quartz A stage is the stage of the earliest milky white quartz deposition as a rock forming mineral of normal pegmatite. Quartz B stage is the stage of gray to dark gray quartz replace earlier formed normal pegmatite minerals. Quartz C stage is the stage of latest white translucent massive quartz replace quartz A and B. Tungsten ore minerals and other sulfide minerals were precipitated during quartz B stage. Ore minerals are ferberite and scheelite. Minor amount of molybdenite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, pentlandite, bismuthinite, native bismuth and marcasite accompanied. Fluid inclusion in quartz A and B are gaseous inclusions and liquid inclusions are contained in quartz C as a primary inclusions. Salinity of inclusions in quartz A and B ranges from 4.5 to 9.5 wt. % and from 5.1 to 6.0 wt. % equivalent NaCl respectively. Homogenization temperature of quartz A; quartz B and quartz C ranges from 415 to $465^{\circ}C$, from 397 to $441^{\circ}C$ and from 278 to $357^{\circ}C$. $CO_2$ content of the ore fluid increased at the ends of quartz B stage.

용화광산(龍化鑛山)의 금은광화작용(金銀鑛化作用)

윤석태,박희인,Youn, Seok-Tai,Park, Hee-In 대한자원환경지질학회 1991 자원환경지질 Vol.24 No.2

The Yonghwa gold-silver deposits are emplaced along $N15^{\circ}{\sim}25^{\circ}W$ trending fissures in middle Cretaceous porphyritic granite or Precambrian Sobaegsan gneiss complex. The results of paragenetic studies suggest that vein filling can be subdivided into four identifiable stages; state I: the main sulfide stage, characterized by base-metal sulfide minerals, iron oxides and minor electrum, stage II: electrum stage, stage III: electrum and silver-bearing sulfosalts stage, stage IV: post ore stage of carbonates and quartz. The ore mineralogy suggests that depositional temperature of the formation of the gold and silver minerals are estimated as 200 to $250^{\circ}C$ and 140 to $180^{\circ}C$, respectively. Sulfur fugacity of the formation of the gold and silver minerals are estimated as $10^{-14.0}$ to $10^{-12.2}$ atm and $10^{-18.5}$ to $10^{-17.2}$ atm, respectively. A consideration of the pressure regime during ore deposition bases on the fluid inclusion evidence of boiling suggests lithostatic pressure of less than 180 bars. This range of pressure indicate that vein system lay at depth of 700m below the surface at the time during mineralization. Salinities of ore-bearing fluids range from 0.4 to 6.9 wt.% equivalent NaCl. The sulfur and carbon isotopic data reveal that these elements were probably derived from a deep-seated source. The ${\delta}^{18}O$ of the hydrothermal fluid was determined from ${\delta}^{18}O$ values of quartz and calcite. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic studies reveal that meteoric water dominate over ore-bearing fluid.

雙田重石鑛床의 鑛物共生과 流體包有物硏究

Seok Tai Youn(尹錫台),Hee In Park(朴喜寅) 대한자원환경지질학회 1982 자원환경지질 Vol.15 No.4

Ssangjeon tungsten ore deposits is a complex pegmatite deposits embedded along the contact between pre-Cambrian Buncheon granite gneiss and amphibolite. This pegmatite vein developed 2km along the strike and thickness varies from 10m to 40m. Mineral constituent of the normal pegmatite are quartz, microcline, plagioclase, muscovite, biotite, tourmaline and garnet. The vein paragenesis is complicated by repeated deposition of quartz but three distinct depositional stage can be recognized. Quartz A stage is the stage of the earliest milky white quartz deposition as a rock forming mineral of normal pegmatite. Quartz B stage is the stage of gray to dark gray quartz replace earlier formed normal pegmatite minerals. Quartz C stage is the stage of latest white translucent massive quartz replace quartz A and B. Tungsten ore minerals and other sulfide minerals were precipitated during quartz B stage. Ore minerals are ferberite and scheelite. Minor amount of molybdenite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, pentlandite, bismuthinite, native bismuth and marcasite accompanied. Fluid inclusion in quartz A and B are gaseous inclusions and liquid inclusions are contained in quartz C as a primary inclusions. Salinity of inclusions in quartz A and B ranges from 4.5 to 9.5 wt.% and from 5.1 to 6.0 wt.% equivalent NaCl respectively. Homogenization temperature of quartz A, quartz B and quartz C ranges from 415 to 465℃, from 397 to 441℃ and from 278 to 357℃. CO₂content of the ore fluid increased at the ends of quartz B stage.

울릉도 주변 무인도서의 지형,지질,경관과 활용 및 관리 방안

윤석태 ( Seok Tai Youn ),오강호 ( Kang Ho Oh ),정철환 ( Chull Hwan Chung ),고영구 ( Yeong Koo Koh ),김해경 ( Hai Gyoung Kim ),나범수 ( Bum Soo Na ) 한국도서학회 2013 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.25 No.3

The uninhabited islands located in the northeastern coast of Ulleungdo are composed of trachytes and volcaniclastics made by volcanic activities. The main geomorphological features of the islands are sea cliffs, sea caves, sea arches, tafoni, wave-cut platforms, tors and etc. The sea cliffs are quite steep, 50 ~ 90 degrees with sea arches and caves in their ground parts. Sea arches are seen in Gongam and Gwangeumdo, while in Gwaneumdo, Ddanbawi and Samseonam sea caves are dominant. Tafoni which is created by salt weathering appears in all the above uninhabited islands. Wave-cut platforms are located in Jaggeun-gongam(2) and Sobukjeo-bawi, tors are restricted to Samseonam, Ilseonam and Bukjeo-bawi, respectively. The above geomophlogical and geological features are related to the cooling of volcanic rocks, salt weathering, and wave action of the origin. In order to utilize the natural heritage of Ulleungdo, activating geotourism and edutourism is necessary. In addition, the local economy can develop by preserving the geological heritage, which can be helpful in attracting tourist, especially since Ulleingdo is certified as a international geopark. Unified management regarding education and tourism is essential for the effective preservation of islands. The uninhabited islands around Ulleungdo hold natural geomorphological and geological heritages and national starting points indicating territorial waters. Therefore, it is important to manage and develop natural heritages and the national territorial waters of the Ulleungdo.

강진만 해역 표층퇴적물의 퇴적환경과 변화

윤석태 ( Seok Tai Youn ),오강호 ( Kang Ho Oh ),고영구 ( Yeong Koo Koh ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2011 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.23 No.2

Considering the depositional environments and their changes in Gangjin Bay, this study has analyzed in total 35 surface sediments sampled from the bay, in 2000 and 2010. When comparing the sediments of 2000 and 2010, the coarse portion had no significant change, but the portion of the silt and clay changed greatly with respect to the size distribution. Also, the sediments decreased in size during the previous 10 years. The sorting values of the sediments changed to a wide and poor states and the tendency of poor to extremely poor in range. The sediments negatively skewed gradually and became leptokurtic during above years. The result of the T-test (p<.05) preformed in order to estimate the statistical significance of the size distribution and textural parameters in the sediments, the values of mean size, skewness, kurtosis and the contents of silt and clay, changed. Also, the depositional environment changed within the study area. It is considered that the depositional environment of the study area gradually changed due to the controlling factors, such as dam building in upstream areas, tidal velocity changes, straightened streams and linear sea walls.

전라남도 섬 자연자원 데이터베이스 구축 및 활용방안

윤석태 ( Seok Tai Youn ),오강호 ( Kang Ho Oh ),고영구 ( Yeong Koo Koh ),김해경 ( Hai Gyoung Kim ) 한국도서학회 2016 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.28 No.1

이 연구는 전라남도 섬 자연자원의 데이터베이스 구축과 활용을 위한 실증적 방안에 대해 제언이다. 섬의 정체성을 유지.보전하고 『가고 싶은 섬』의 체계적 추진과 성공적 정착을 위해서는 섬 자원의 현황과 실태를 조사.분석하고, 보전 가치가 높은 자연유산을 발굴하여 활용할 수 있는 방안이 필요하다. 『가고 싶은 섬』의 정체성은 인위적 개발에 의해 조성되지 않으며, 섬이 가지고 있는 자연성과 도서민들의 문화.역사에 근간이 있다. 또한 난개발을 방지하고 지역의 특성에 맞는 『가고 싶은 섬』을 조성하기 위해서는 섬의 자연자원에 대한 정확한 실태 조사와 데이터베이스 구축을 통한 체계적인 관리가 필요하다. 특히, 섬 자연자원의 효율적 관리와 활용을 위해서는 자연자원의 데이터 수집 및 데이터베이스 구축이 매우 중요하다. 데이터 수집은 기초 문헌조사와 현장실태 조사로 수집하여야 한다. 기초 문헌조사는 중앙정부 및 지방자치단체의 공신력 있는 자료를 기초로 하여야 한다. 기초 조사는 도서의 성격상 유인도와 무인도로 구분하여 데이터베이스를 구축하여야 한다. 이는 자료의 정확성을 근거로 확장 및 변환할 수 있기 때문이다. 섬 자연자원은 실태조사를 원칙으로 진행하여야 한다. 자료의 생성된 시간이 오래된 경우에는 자연환경의 변화로 인해 조사 결과 가치가 없다. 따라서 최소 5년에서 최대 10년 이내 자료를 사용하고, 급격한 환경변화가 발생하였을 경우에는 반드시 실태조사 자료로 구축하여야 한다. 자연자원 실태조사는 지형, 지질, 자연경관 등의 환경 자원과 식물, 동물 등의 생태자원을 파악하여야 한다. 환경자원은 섬의 형상, 고도, 길이 및 지형, 지질학적 특성 등을, 생태자원은 식물, 식생, 자생.외래종, 법정보호종 등을 조사하여야 한다. 이 때, 중요 자연자원은 사진 및 동영상으로 촬영하며, 거점도서의 주요 명소들은 무선비행기를 이용하여 항공영상도 필요하다. 데이터베이스 구축은 자료검색 효율을 높일 수 있는 데이터 관리 프로그램으로 구축되어야 한다. 특히, 사용자 경험 기반의 인터페이스 그래픽 사용자 인터페이스 방식이 효율적이다. 섬 자연자원의 데이터베이스 구축은 섬의 보전 및 관리에 필요하다. 한편, 전라남도의 『가고 싶은 섬』 가꾸기 사업의 성공을 위해서는 섬이 가지는 정체성을 살리고, 이를 통하여 관광개발을 촉진하고 주민 소득증대와 정주환경 개선을 통한 삶의 질 향상을 도모할 수 있어야 한다. 특히 섬의 정체성을 살리고 섬의 고유 자연자원을 보존하고 회복하는 것은 『가고 싶은 섬』 가꾸기 사업의 핵심이라 할 수 있다. 전라남도의 지속가능한 발전의 근간은 자연환경 보전되어 있는 도서와 해양의 지형, 지질, 생물들의 다양성이 뛰어난 자연유산에 있다. 따라서 지역특화발전 프로젝트인 『서남해안 해양관광 육성 프로젝트』로 『가고 싶은 전남 섬』을 추진하기 위해서는 섬과 바다를 대상으로 한 다양한 전략들이 강구하고 섬 자원을 활용한 명확한 아젠다(agenda)를 설정하여야 할 것이다. This study focuses to the actual suggestions on the database establishment and their uses of natural island resources in Jellanamdo. For the effective management and use of database, it is important to gather and establish the database of natural resources. Data gathering includes basic literature collections and field investigations. It is essential that the literatures have public trusts guaranteed by the central and local government. The basic investigation area must be divided in the inhabited and uninhabited islands in order to establish the database by extending and transferring the database on the base of above trusts. In addition, field investigations are essential for the database of natural island resources, whileas long-termed data are not valuable due to the changes in nature. Thus, a data that has at least to 5 to 10 years duration can be suitable if abrupt environmental changes are involved in the database. Field investigations on natural resources include environmental resources such as geomorphology, geology, ,landscapes and ecology such as plants and animals. In terms of environmental resources, geometry, geomorphology and geology are important. Ecological resources include vegetation, autogenetic or foreign species, and legal protected species. At this period of time, important natural resources must be scanned through photos and videos. Also, aerial images of important sites in stronghold islands taken by pilotless aircrafts (drone) are requested. Moreover, the database must be established by the data-managing programs with effective search functions. In these cases, graphical user interface with user bases can be very useful. The establishment of natural resource database is essential for the reservation and administration of islands, In addition, database utilization can be very valuable in restoring the direction, concept and plan for island development.

연구논문 : 함평지역 토양의 위해성과 인위적 부화에 의한 토양환경평가

윤석태 ( Seok Tai Youn ),나범수 ( Bum Soo Na ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2008 환경영향평가 Vol.17 No.6

강진만 표층퇴적물의 지화학적 특성과 환경 변화

윤석태 ( Seok Tai Youn ),오강호 ( Kang Ho Oh ),고영구 ( Yeong Koo Koh ),박미 ( Mi Park ) 한국도서학회 2012 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.24 No.3

In order to observe the geochemical characteristics and environmental changes of surface sediments in Gangjin Bay, 35 sediment samples were chemically analyzed. The geochemical variation during the last 10 years was investigated in order to compare the results of this study with the one in 2000. According to the geochemical comparison of the two cases, most elements are proportional to grain sizes and organic carbon contents with a coefficient above 0.8. Fine clay minerals and organic matters control the behaviors of elements in the above sediments. Also, in the case of Ca and Sr, shell fragments surrounding the geological setting and oxides influence its contents. In the sediments, the EF(Enrichment Factor) of P, Co, Cr, Cu and Ni are below 1, but Li, Zn and Pb are between 2.16~5.95, 0.78~1.67, and 1.20~2.85. The Igeo(index of geoaccumulation) values are above 1.0 in Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Ni and Zn. This means that the sediments are moderately contaminated. The T-test results show that the contents of Al, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Ti, P, Cu, Li, Sc, Sr, Zn and organic carbon, are meaningful, the p-value being less than 0.05 (p<0.05). The geochemical tendencies of this area might be related with the closing effect due to the construction of Tamjin Dam, the straightening of the stream courses, and the building up of breakwater. In addition, heavy elements such as Cu, Zn and Pb are enriched in this area because organic matters can easily adsorb them. In conclusion, in order to observe the environmental change of surface sediments, it is necessary to monitor the bay continuously.

龍化鑛山의 金銀鑛化作用

Seok Tai Youn(尹錫台),Hee In Park(朴喜寅) 대한자원환경지질학회 1991 자원환경지질 Vol.24 No.2

The Yonghwa gold-silver deposits are emplaced along N15°~25°W trending fissures in middle Cretaceous porphyritic granite or Precambrian Sobaegsan gneiss complex. The results of paragenetic studies suggest that vein filling can be subdivided into four identifiable stages; state Ⅰ : the main sulfide stage, characterized by base-metal sulfide minerals, iron oxides and minor electrum, stage Ⅱ : electrum stage, stage Ⅲ : electrum and silver-bearing sulfosalts stage, stage Ⅳ : post ore stage of carbonates and quartz. The ore mineralogy suggests that depositional temperature of the formation of the gold and silver minerals are estimated as 200 to 250℃ and 140 to 180℃, respectively. Sulfur fugacity of the formation of the gold and silver minerals are estimated as 10-14.0 to 10-12.2 atm and 10-18.5 to 10-17.2 atm, respectively. A consideration of the pressure regime during ore deposition bases on the fluid inclusion evidence of boiling suggests lithostatic pressure of less than 180 bars. This range of pressure indicate that vein system lay at depth of 700m below the surface at the time during mineralization. Salinities of ore-bearing fluids range from 0.4 to 6.9 wt.% equivalent NaCl. The sulfur and carbon isotopic data reveal that these elements were probably derived from a deep-seated source. The δ¹⁸O of the hydrothermal fluid was determined from δ¹⁸O values of quartz and calcite. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic studies reveal that meteoric water dominate over ore-bearing fluid.

신안 상서고분군 석재에 대한 암석학적 특성과 석재 유통 고찰

윤석태 ( Youn Seok-tai ),고영구 ( Koh Yeong-koo ),오강호 ( Oh Kang-ho ),김해정 ( Kim Hae-jung ),신자경 ( Shin Ja-kyeong ),김해경 ( Kim Hai-gyoung ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2018 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.30 No.1

이 연구는 전남 신안군 상태도에 위치한 상서고분군 축조에 사용된 석재들에 대한 암석학적 특성과 채석 등 유통과정에 대해 고찰하고자 하였다. 고분 축조에 사용된 석재들에 대한 암석학적 특성 연구는 외관적 관찰에 의한 암석기재적 연구와 편광현미경 하에서 암석의 광물조성과 조직특성에 대한 연구 및 암석의 주성분 함량조성을 통한 지구화학적 연구를 수행하였다. 이 연구들과 함께 주변지질들과 관련하여 고분석재들의 채석과 이송 등에 대한 연구도 병행하였다. 고대로부터 신안군 일대는 한국-중국-일본을 연결하는 고대 해상교통로에 중요한 위치를 점하는 것으로 알려져 고분 축조에 사용되었던 석재 연구는 고대 해양사 측면에서 의미를 지닌다고 할 수 있다. 기재적 관찰에서 석재들은 중성암맥 기원인 안산반암을 제외하고는 대부분이 응회암류에 해당한다. 이들은 라필리응회암과 세립질 응회암으로 구분되는데 대부분 세립질 응회암에 속한다. 응회암 구성입자들은 각상에서 초각상이고 분급도는 불량하다. 세립질 응회암들은 매우 치밀한 조직을 보유하고 특히 라필리응회암의 불규칙한 이탈흔들은 타포니(tafoni)와 관련될 가능성이 있다. 응회암의 입자들은 사장석편과 암편 등이 주를 이루며 크기 범위가 광범위하다. 사장석들은 알바이트 쌍정이 잘 나타나고 격자쌍정을 이루는 미사장석들도 출현한다. 응회암의 치밀한 조직은 부분적으로 속성작용과 관련되는 것으로 여겨지며 다양한 풍화정도를 보인다. 또한, 미세한 석영맥들이 응회암들을 종횡으로 관통하고 있다. 상기한 상서고분군 석재들에 대한 주성분 원소 함량에 대한 지구화학적 연구에 의하면, 이들 응회암은 화산암류 관점에서 산성암계열에 근접한 중성암 계열 및 산성암계열에 해당시킬 수 있다. 이러한 함량분포 특성 상, 이 응회암들은 두 가지 군으로 나눌 수 있다. 그리고 TAS(total alakali vs silica) 분류에서 이 응회암들은 저알칼리암 계열에 도시된다. 고분축조에 사용된 응회암들은 주변의 암석과 매우 유사하며 석재들 자체도 광물조상과 조직특성에서 서로 유사정도가 높다. 일반적으로 응회암들은 판상특성, 가공의 용이성 및 상대적인 견고성으로 고분과 건축 등에 많이 이용되어 왔다. 이러한 결과들을 기반으로 고분축조에 사용된 응회암들은 산성암계열에 근접한 중성암계열 및 산성암계열 기원을 가지며 주변 암석에서 채석·이송된 것으로 추정된다. This study considers on petrological characteristics and distribution to building stones of Sangseo tumuli in Santae Island, Shin-an, Jeonnam. The petrological study on the stones includes visually petrographical descriptions, textural study by polarized microscope and geochemical analysis. Along with the study, distribution routes of the stones were traced based on the regional geology of the island. Since ancient times, the study area is important as a base on international maritime traffic route. Therefore, studies on the tumuli are meaningful for ancient maritime history. In visual observation, above building stones are of tuffs except for an andesitic porphyry considered as intermediate dyke. The tuffs are assigned to lapilli and fine ones. Their grains are poorly sorted and angular to very angular in roundness. In particular, the fine tuffs show very dense textures and take up the most part of the building stones. In addition, the stones have irregularly removed depressions inferred as the linkage to tafoni, in lapilli tuffs particularly. The tuffs are mainly of plagioclases laths, rock fragments and matrices and ranges widely in grain size. The plagioclases show mostly unambiguous albite twin. And, microcline crystals are observed in the tuffs too. Matrices in the tuffs are considerably dense and weathered. Dense texture in the rocks are related to diagenesis in part. In addition, thin quartz veins irregularly intruded the rocks vertically and horizontally. According to the geochemical analysis of building stones of above tumuli, the stones might be intermediate rock series near acidic rock ones and acidic rock ones in the correspondence of volcanics. Therefore, the tuffs probably grouped as two types and are assigned to subalkaline rock series by TAS diagram. Most the building stones mutually resemble in visual and textural characteristics. Tuffs are generally platy, easy in use and relatively hard. In addition, rocks very similar to the building stones are widely distributed in surrounding area. Synthesizing above results, it is considered that tuffs used in tumuli building are corresponded to intermediate rock series near acidic rock ones and acidic rock, and got from surrounding rocks.