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양원석 ( Won Seog Yang ),이창용 ( Chang Yong Lee ),정유동 ( Yu Dong Jung ),문만빈 ( Man Been Moon ),황운석 ( Woon Suk Hwang ) 한국부식방식학회(구 한국부식학회) 2013 Corrosion Science and Technology Vol.12 No.6
When the automotive body enters an electrocoating tank while applying an electric current, its steel surface is exposed to a very low induced current. Consequently, surface defects of coating may arise if the steel surface has lack of electric uniformity due to local defects such as local oxide. In this study, we investigated the preceding assessment methods to evaluate steel susceptibility of the low induced current during electrocoating before mass production. Prior to general electrocoating, we applied low constant voltage such as 3V or low constant current densities such as 0.35㎃/㎠and 0.50㎃/㎠. In result, we confirmed that such methods were efficient for assessing steel susceptibility of low induce current during electrocoating.
사람의 복막중피세포에서 Interleukin-1β 자극에 의한 Fibronectin 생성의 세포내 신호전달에 있어 Atypical Protein Kinase C의 역할
양원석 ( Yang Won Seog ),김병식 ( Kim Byeong Sig ),김순배 ( Kim Sun Bae ),박수길 ( Park Su Gil ),박정식 ( Park Jeong Sig ) 대한신장학회 2003 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.22 No.4
배 경 : Protein kinase C (PKC)에는 diacylglycerol (DAG)에 의해 활성화되는 conventional type (PKC-α, -βⅠ, -βⅡ, -γ )과 novel type (PKC-δ, -ε, -θ, -η)외에 DAG에 의해 활성화되지 않는 atypical type (PKC-ζ, -ι)이 있다. Glucose 자극에 의한 fibronectin 생성 과정에 관여하는 PKC isoenzyme은 DAG에 의해 활성화되는 PKC로 알려져 있다. 본 실험에서는 사람의 복막중피세포에서 IL-1β자극에 의한 fibronectin 생성의 신호전달 과정에 PKC가 관여하는 지와 그 isoenzyme에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : Fibronectin mRNA양은 northern blot assay로 측정하였고, 세포내 phosphorylated PKC ζ/ι 단백질 양은 western blot으로 비교하였다. 결 과 : 복막중피세포를 PKC억제제인 calphostin C (500, 750, 1000 nM)로 전처치 한 다음 IL-1β (1 ng/mL)로 자극하였을 때 fibronectin mRNA 발현은 calphostin C 용량에 비례하여 억제되었다. 다른 PKC억제제인 GF109203X (1, 5, 10 μM)도 IL-1β 자극에 의한 fibronectin mRNA 발현을 용량에 비례하여 억제시켰다. 반면에, conventional 및 novel PKC 자극제인 phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)는 fibronectin mRNA 발현을 증가시켰다. PMA를 72시간 작용시켜 PKC를 소모시킨 상태에서 PMA를 다시 투여해도 fibronectin mRNA 발현이 자극되지 않는 반면, IL-1β(1 ng/mL)는 fibronectin mRNA 발현을 자극하였다. Myristoylated PKC ζ/ι pseudosubstrate (5, 10, 15, 20 μM)는 IL-1β자극에 의한 fibronectin mRNA 발현을 용량에 비례하여 억제시켰고, 20 μM에서는 IL-1β자극에 의한 fibronectin mRNA 발현을 완전히 억제하였다. 대조군으로 투여한 myristoylated PKC [19-27] pseudosubstrate (20 μM)는 IL-1β자극에 의한 fibronectin mRNA 발현에 영향을 주지 않았다. IL-1β 자극에 의해 PKC ζ/ι가 활성화되는 지를 보기 위해 시행한 western blot에서는 IL-1β자극에 의해 PKC ζ/ι의 활성화된 형태인 phosphorylated PKC ζ/ι가 증가하였다. 결 론 : 이상의 결과는 복막중피세포에서 IL-1β에 의한 fibronectin 생성이 atypical PKC인 PKC ζ/ι 활성화를 통해 일어남을 시사한다. Background : Protein kinase C (PKC)s consist of three groups of isoenzyme; conventional, novel and atypical PKCs. Diacylglycerol (DAG) activates both conventional and novel PKCs, but not atypical PKCs. High glucose-induced fibronection production was shown to be mediated by activation of DAG-sensitive PKCs. In this study, we investigated whether PKC mediates IL-1β-induced fibronectin mRNA expression, and the subtypes of PKC involved in the process. Methods : Fibronection mRNA level and phosphorylated PKC ζ/ι in total cell lysate were measured by Northern blot and Western blot, respectively. Results : Pretreatment of HPMCs with calphostin C, a pan-PKC inhibitor, at doses of 500, 750 and 1,000 nM caused dose-dependent inhibition of IL-1β (1 ng.mL)-induced fibronection mRNA level. GF109203X, another pan-PKC inhibitor, at doses of 1, 5 and 10 ㎛ also downregulated IL-1β (1 ng/mL)-induced fibornectin mRNA level in a dose-de-pendent manner. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA), an activator of conventional and novel PKCs, stimulated fibornectin mRNA level at doses of 1, 10 and 100nM. After prolonged treatment of the cells for 72 hr with PMA, another dose of PMA did not increase fibronectin mRNA level, while IL-1β (1 ng/mL) still stimulated it. Pretreatment of the cells with 5, 10, 15 and 20 ㎛ of myristoylated PKC ζ/ι pseudosubstrate inhibited IL-1β (1 ng/mL)-in-duced fibronectin mRNA level in a dose-dependent manner, while 20 ㎛ of myristoylated PKC [19-27] pseudosubstrate, given as a control, had no effect. Stimulation of fibronectin mRNA level by IL-1β (1 ng/mL) was completely prevented by 20 ㎛of myristoylated PKC ζ/ιpseudosubstrate. IL-1β (1 ng/mL) increased phosphorylated PKC ζ/ι, an active form of the enzyme. Conclusion : IL-1β-induced fibronectin production in HPMCs occurs by way of activation of atypical PKCs (PKC ζ/ι). (Korean J Nephrol 2003;22(4):340-348)
양원석 ( Won Seog Yang ),서지원 ( Ji Won Seo ),안승호 ( Seung Ho Ahn ) 한국부식방식학회(구 한국부식학회) 2018 Corrosion Science and Technology Vol.17 No.4
In order to suppress CO<sub>2</sub> emission and protect passengers in case of vehicle collision, continuous efforts are being made to increase the application ratio and tensile strength of advanced high strength steels used in the manufacturing of automotive body. Simultaneously, hydrogen embrittlement which was not a concern in the past has currently become a major issue due to microstructure that is sensitive to hydrogen uptake. The sensitivity increases with residual stress and hydrogen uptake content. Many automotive OEM companies and mill makers are setting specifications to control hydrogen embrittlement. The factors which lead to hydrogen embrittlement are material sensitivity, residual stress, and hydrogen concentration; researches are in progress to develop countermeasures. To reduce material sensitivity, mill makers add high energy trap elements or microstructure refinement elements. Automotive OEM companies design the car parts not to concentrate local stress. And they manage the levels to not to exceed critical hydrogen concentration. In this article, we have reviewed hydrogen embrittlement evaluation methods and corresponding solutions that are being studied in automobile manufacturing industries and mill makers.
고분자전해질 연료전지용 Ti 분리판을 위한 고분자와 Ti Sol-Gel 탄소코팅의 비교 연구
양원석 ( Won-seog Yang ),이재호 ( Jae-ho Lee ),노희석 ( Hee-suk Roh ),유주현 ( Ju-hyun Yoo ),박철민 ( Chul-min Park ),이수연 ( Su-yeon Lee ),문성모 ( Sung-mo Moon ) 한국부식방식학회 2023 Corrosion Science and Technology Vol.22 No.6
In this work, we performed a comparative study examining two coatings on Ti Gr.1 for use in fuel cell bipolar plates. The coatings consisted of carbon black as the conductor along with acrylic polymer and Ti Sol-Gel binder as the binder. Ti Sol-Gel that had precipitated as TiO<sub>2</sub> in areas impregnated between carbon black gaps, thereby acting as a binder for carbon black and serving as a polymer coating. Neither of the coatings peeled off during the 90o bend test to check formability. The contact resistance of the TiO<sub>2</sub> coating was found to be lower than that of the polymer binder coating. Moreover, due to coating shrinkage (denser) that occurred during the heat treatment process, the TiO<sub>2</sub> binder coating showed almost the same level of corrosion resistance, as measured by potentiostatic and EIS tests, despite being thinner than the polymer coating. However, both the polymer binder coating and the TiO<sub>2</sub> binder coating had many pores and irregularities internally (around 10 ~ 100 nm) and on the surface (0.1 ~ 2 μm). We considered that these pores and irregularities contributed to the lower corrosion resistance.
현성 단백뇨가 있는 당뇨병성 신중 환자에서 혈청 VCAM-1의 증가
서장원 ( Seo Jang Won ),민원기 ( Min Won Gi ),김유미 ( Kim Yu Mi ),권순길 ( Kwon Sun Gil ),김상현 ( Kim Sang Hyeon ),이정익 ( Lee Jeong Ig ),장재원 ( Jang Jae Won ),양원석 ( Yang Won Seog ),박수길 ( Park Su Gil ) 대한신장학회 2003 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.22 No.3
배 경 : 가용성 세포부착분자 (sVCAM-1)는 죽상동맥경화증 같은 염증성 과정 동안 발현되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 당뇨병성 신증에서도 sVCAM-1의 발현이 증가되어 나타는 것으로 알려져 있으나, 그 의의는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 방 법 : 본 연구에서는 하루 300 ㎎ 이상의 현성 당백뇨가 있는 제 2형 당뇨병성 신증 환자 64명 [24시간 요단백 중간값 (범위) : 2.2 (0.2-18.7) g/day] 및 정상대조군 12명을 대상으로 혈청 sVCAM-1을 효소면역검사법을 이용하여 측정하였으며, 혈청 sVCAM-1과 총 콜레스테롤, LDL 콜레스테롤, oxidized LDL 및 죽종형성 단백질 (atherogenic protein)인 lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a))를 포함하는 지단백들 및 혈청 hs-CRP를 포함하는 염증성 인자들, 혈청 알부민 및 섬유소원, 그리고 24시간 요단백양 및 혈청 크레아티닌을 포함하는 신기능과 관련된 인자들 및 혈증 호모시스테인 농도와의 상관관계를 알아보았다. 결 과 : 대상 환자들은 남자 37명, 여자 27명이었으며 평균 혈청 크레아티닌 농도는 2.5±1.3 ㎎/dL이었다. 당뇨병성 신증 환자군에서 혈청 sVCAM-1의 중간값 (범위)은 561 ng/mL (183-1304)이었으며, 정상대조군의 중간값(범위) 324 ng/mL (213-760)보다 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다 (p<0.05). 당뇨병성 신증 환자군에서 혈청 sVCAM-1은 단변량 분석상 혈청 크레아티닌 (r=0.31, p=0.025), 혈청 Lp(a) (r=0.29, p=0.043) 및 24시간 요단백양 (r=0.37, p=0.008)과 양의 상관관계가 있었다. 다변량 회귀분석에서는 24시간 요단백양 및 혈청 Lp(a) 농도가 혈청 sVCAM-1 농도의 증가와 유의성이 있었다 (r²=0.22, p=0.003). 결 론 : 현성 단백뇨가 있는 당뇨병성 신증 환자에서 혈청 sVCAM-1 농도가 24시간 요단백양 및 혈청 Lp(a) 농도와 유의한 양의 상관관계를 갖는 것이 관찰되었다. 이 결과는 혈청 sVCAM-1의 증가가 진행된 신손상에 의한 sVCAM-1의 생산 증가 및 동반되어 나타나는 죽상경화성 병변과 연관되어 나타나는 것을 시사하며, 이에 대한 전향적 연구가 필요하리라 생각된다. Background: Soluble adhesion molecules including soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAN-1) are released during in infalmmatory process such as artherosclerosis. Elevated sVCAM-1 also has been reported in diabetic nephropathy. But, the clinical significance of edevated of sVCAN-1 is not certain. We measured serum sVCAM-1 for the purpose to validate the clinical usefulness in diabetic nephropathy. Methods: In this study, we measured serum sVCAM-1 in normal subjects and 64 type 2 diabetic patients with proteinuria over 300mg/day [median 24-h urint protein (range):2.2 (0.3-18.7) g/day]. We evaluated the relationship of serum sVCAM-1 with lipoproteins including total cholesterol, LDL, oxidized LDL (oxLDL), HDL, and lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), with markers of inflammation including high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP), serum albumin and fibrinogen, and with renal parameters including 24-h urine protein, seurm creatinine and homocysteine. Results: In patients with diabetic nephropathy, median sVCAM-1 was 561 ng/mL(range 183-1304), which was significantly higher than that of normal subjects (324 ng/mL: 213-760, p<0.05). In the diabetic nephropathy patients, sVCAM-1 was positively correlated with serum creatinine (r=0.26, p<0.05). In a multiple linear regression analysis, 24-h urine protein and srrum Lp(a) were associated with an increased level of sVCAM-1 (r^(2)=0.22, p=0.003). Conclusion : In summary, a positive correlation of sVCAM-1 with 24-h urine protein suggests that high sVCAM-1 may reflect increased production of sVCAM-1 due to more advanced renal injury. A positive association of sVCAM-1 and serum Lp(a) also suggests increased release of sVCAM-1 from associated atherosclerotic lesions in these patients. These results suggest that sVCAM-1 may be closely related with the renal function in patients with overt diabetic nephrophthy. (Korean J Nephrol 2003; 22(3):294-302)