활석과 수반광물의 광물학적 특성

안응모(Eung-Mo An),조성백(Sung-Baek Cho),김병곤(Byung-Gon Kim),조건군(Keon-Joon Cho),이수정(Sujeong Lee) 한국암석학회 2010 한국암석학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.5

화력발전소 바텀애쉬와 수산화나트륨 활성화제를 이용해 제작한 지오폴리머의 압축강도 특성

안응모,조성백,이수정,미야우치 히로유키,김규용,An, Eung-Mo,Cho, Sung-Baek,Lee, Su-Jeong,Miyauchi, Hiroyuki,Kim, Gyu-Yong 한국재료학회 2012 한국재료학회지 Vol.22 No.2

When a new bonding agent using coal ash is utilized as a substitute for cement, it has the advantages of offering a reduction in the generation of carbon dioxide and securing the initial mechanical strength such that the agent has attracted strong interest from recycling and eco-friendly construction industries. This study aims to establish the production conditions of new hardening materials using clean bottom ash and an alkali activation process to evaluate the characteristics of newly manufactured hardening materials. The alkali activator for the compression process uses a NaOH solution. This study concentrated on strength development according to the concentration of the NaOH solution, the curing temperature, and the curing time. The highest compressive strength of a compressed body appeared at 61.24MPa after curing at $60^{\circ}C$ for 28 days. This result indicates that a higher curing temperature is required to obtain a higher strength body. Also, the degree of geopolymerization was examined using a scanning electron microscope, revealing a micro-structure consisting of a glass-like matrix and crystalized grains. The microstructures generated from the activation reaction of sodium hydroxide were widely distributed in terms of the factors that exercise an effect on the compressive strength of the geopolymer hardening bodies. The Si/Al ratio of the geopolymer having the maximum strength was about 2.41.

화력발전소 잔사회로 제조한 지오폴리머의 내열특성

안응모(An, Eung Mo),조영훈(Cho, Young Hoon),전철민(Chon, Chul Min),이동규(Lee, Dong Gyu),이수정(Lee, Su Jeong) 한국콘크리트학회 2015 한국콘크리트학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2015 No.5

알루미늄 블랙 드로스로부터 산화 환원반응을 이용한 고순도 알파 알루미나의 제조

신의섭,안응모,이수정,오오츠키 치카라,김윤종,조성백,Shin, Eui-Sup,An, Eung-Mo,Lee, Su-Jeong,Ohtsuki, Chikara,Kim, Yun-Jong,Cho, Sung-Baek 한국재료학회 2012 한국재료학회지 Vol.22 No.9

We investigate the effects of redox reaction on preparation of high purity ${\alpha}$-alumina from selectively ground aluminum dross. Preparation procedure of the ${\alpha}$-alumina from the aluminum dross has four steps: i) selective crushing and grinding, ii) leaching process, iii) redox reaction, and iv) precipitation reaction under controlled pH. Aluminum dross supplied from a smelter was ground to separate metallic aluminum. After the separation, the recovered particles were treated with hydrochloric acid(HCl) to leach aluminum as aluminum chloride solution. Then, the aluminum chloride solution was applied to a redox reaction with hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$). The pH value of the solution was controlled by addition of ammonia to obtain aluminum hydroxide and to remove other impurities. Then, the obtained aluminum hydroxide was dried at $60^{\circ}C$ and heat-treated at $1300^{\circ}C$ to form ${\alpha}$-alumina. Aluminum dross was found to contain a complex mixture of aluminum metal, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, and spinel compounds. Regardless of introduction of the redox reaction, both of the sintered products are composed mainly of ${\alpha}$-alumina. There were fewer impurities in the solution subject to the redox reaction than there were in the solution that was not subject to the redox reaction. The impurities were precipitated by pH control with ammonia solution, and then removed. We can obtain aluminum hydroxide with high purity through control of pH after the redox reaction. Thus, pH control brings a synthesis of ${\alpha}$-alumina with fewer impurities after the redox reaction. Consequently, high purity ${\alpha}$-alumina from aluminum dross can be fabricated through the process by redox reaction.

충전재에 의한 지오폴리머의 고온수축 감소효과

조영훈,안응모,전철민,이수정,Cho, Young-Hoon,An, Eung-Mo,Chon, Chul-Min,Lee, Sujeong 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2016 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.25 No.6

Geopolymers produced from aluminosilicate materials such as metakaolin and coal ash react with alkali activators and show higher fire resistance than portland cement, due to amorphous inorganic polymer. The percentage of thermal shrinkage of geopolymers ranges from less than 0.5 % to about 3 % until $600^{\circ}C$, and reaches about 5 ~ 7 % before melting. In this study, geopolymers paste having Si/Al = 1.5 and being mixed with carbon nanofibers, silicon carbide, pyrex glass, and vermiculite, and ISO sand were studied in order to understand the compressive strength and the effects of thermal shrinkage of geopolymers. The compressive strength of geopolymers mixed by carbon nanofibers, silicon carbide, pyrex glass, or vermiculite was similar in the range from 35 to 40 MPa. The average compressive strength of a geopolymers mixed with 30 wt.% of ISO sand was lowest of 28 MPa. Thermal shrinkage of geopolymers mixed with ISO sand decreased to about 25 % of paste. This is because the aggregate particles expanded on firing and to compensate the shrinkage of paste. The densification of the geopolymer matrix and the increase of porosity by sintering at $900^{\circ}C$ were observed regardless of fillers. 지오폴리머는 메타카올린 혹은 석탄재와 같은 알루미노실리케이트 원료를 알칼리 활성화제와 반응시켜 제조된 비정질 무기 폴리머로서 포틀랜드 시멘트보다 우수한 내열성을 보인다. 지오폴리머의 고온 수축률은 $600^{\circ}C$까지는 0.5 %이하 ~ 3 %정도이며 용융되기 전까지 총 수축률은 5 ~ 7 %정도이다. 본 연구는 Si/Al비 1.5인 지오폴리머 페이스트에 탄소 나노 섬유, 탄화규소, 파이렉스 유리, 질석 및 ISO 표준사를 첨가하여 지오폴리머의 압축강도와 고온 수축에 미치는 효과를 알아보았다. 탄소 나노 섬유, 탄화규소, 파이렉스 유리와 질석이 첨가된 지오폴리머의 압축강도는 35 ~ 40 MPa범위로 유사하였다. ISO 표준사를 30 wt.% 첨가한 지오폴리머 모르타르의 평균 압축강도는 28 MPa로 가장 낮았다. ISO 표준사를 첨가하면 압축강도는 감소하였고 고온 수축률은 페이스트 수축률의 약 25 %까지 감소되었다. 이는 석영이 대부분인 잔골재 입자가 팽창하여 지오폴리머 겔 조직의 수축을 보상하였기 때문이다. 충전재의 종류와 관계없이 $900^{\circ}C$ 가열 후 지오폴리머 겔 조직은 소결현상에 의해 치밀해졌다.

항균성 Ag-30CaO·70SiO₂ Gel의 MC3T3 세포적합성에 관한 연구

윤금재,류재경,안응모,김윤종,김택남,노인섭,조성백,Yoon, Geum-Jae,Ryu, Jae-Kyung,An, Eung-Mo,Kim, Yun-Jong,Kim, Taik-Nam,Noh, In-Sup,Cho, Sung-Beck 한국재료학회 2014 한국재료학회지 Vol.24 No.12

It is known that bones get damaged by accidents and aging. Since the discovery of Bioglass, various kinds of ceramics have been also found to bond to living bone; some of these ceramics are already being clinically used as bone-repairing materials. In the present study, antibacterial calcium silicate gel ($Ag-30CaO{\cdot}70SiO_2$ gel) was prepared by sol-gel method in order to control the microstructure, which is related to the dissolution rate and induction period of apatite formation in body environment. In addition, biological $Ag-30CaO{\cdot}70SiO_2$ is tested. This was done to impart antimicrobial activity to the $30CaO{\cdot}70SiO_2$. Ag ion was added during sol-gel synthesis to replace the $H_2O$ added during the making of the $30CaO{\cdot}70SiO_2$ gel, which has silver solutions of various concentration. After the sol-gel process, 1N-$HNO_3$ solution was used to wash the gel when synthesizing the gel, in order to maintain the porous structure and remove PEG, water soluble polymers. Then, the apatite forming ability of the sol-gel derived CaO-$SiO_2$ gels was investigated using simulated body fluid (SBF), which had almost the same ion concentration as that of human blood plasma. The gels were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM observation, XRD, and fluorescent microscopy. The apatite was successfully created even after washing the gel; apatite is present in an amorphous state, and was found to affect the concentration of the Ag ion in cells in MC3T3 live & dead assay results. From these results, it is suggested that a good material that can be used to repair defects of nature bone is $Ag-30CaO{\cdot}70SiO_2$ gel.

서천화력발전소 매립 석탄재에서 분리한 미연탄소의 재활용 방안

이수정,조세호,이영석,안응모,조성백,Lee, Sujeong,Cho, Seho,Lee, Young-Seak,An, Eung-Mo,Cho, Sung-Baek 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2014 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.23 No.1

폐자원으로 분류되는 석탄재의 미연탄소를 경제적으로 재활용하기 위한 방안을 모색하기 위하여, 서천화력발전소 매립 석탄재로부터 미연탄소를 분리한 후 활성탄소 제조가능성을 평가하였다. 정선부선을 4단계 실시하여 얻어진 미연탄소 정광의 고정탄소 품위는 87%로 얻어졌다. 미연탄소 정광에 포함된 결정질 불순물로는 주로 석영과 뮬라이트가 존재하였다. 화학적 활성화 전 미연탄소의 비표면적은 $10m^2/g$로 매우 낮았으며, 이는 국내 무연탄의 높은 탄화도와 관련되는 것으로 추측되었다. 또한 미연탄소는 대체로 다공성이며 결정학적으로는 터보스트래틱 구조를 갖고 있었다. 미연탄소 1 g과 KOH 6 g 을 혼합하여 활성화시킨 경우 얻어진 비표면적값이 $670m^2/g$로 가장 높았으며 미세공이 발달된 것을 확인하였다. KOH 용액을 사용한 경우 질소흡착량이 분말상 활성화 시료보다 낮게 나타난 것은 탄소입자의 젖음성 및 함침성이 낮은 때문으로 추측되었다. 본 실험에서 제조한 활성탄소는 미세공 분포가 높은 기능성 활성탄소의 세공특성을 보이며, 범용의 활성탄소에 준하는 비표면적값을 나타내 기존의 석탄계 활성탄소보다 우수하며 회분 함량도 적정 수준이었다. 따라서 공정의 경제성과 미연탄소 자체의 특성을 고려하여, 정수용 활성탄소 대체재나 혹은 카본블랙 대체용으로 재활용하는 것이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. Feasibility of utilizing unburned carbon residue in coal ash as a potential precursor for the production of activated carbon was assessed to seek for solution to recycle unburned carbon residue. The unburned carbon concentrate generated from the 4 stages of cleaner flotation has a grade of 87% carbon. The crystalline impurities in the concentrate included quartz and mullite. Unburned carbon had a low specific surface area of $10m^2/g$, which might be related to a high degree of coalification of domestic anthracite coal. Carbon particles were mostly porous and have a turbostratic structure. When 1g of carbon was activated with 6g of KOH powder, the highest specific surface area value of $670m^2/g$ was achieved. Low wettability of unburned carbon particles, which was resulted from high temperature combustion in a boiler, might cause poor pore formation when they were activated by KOH solution. The activated carbon produced in this study developed micropores, with an equivalent quality of general-purpose activated carbon made from coal. Hence, it is concluded that chemically treated unburned carbon can be used for water purification or an alternative to carbon black as it is.

발포제 함량에 따른 경량 다공성 지오폴리머의 밀도와 강도 특성

이수정(Sujeong Lee),안응모(Eung-Mo An),조용훈(Young-Hoon Cho) 한국건설순환자원학회 2016 한국건설순환자원학회 논문집 Vol.4 No.4

경량 지오폴리머는 경량 시멘트 콘크리트보다 단순한 공정으로 제조가 가능하고 탁월한 내열 성능까지 갖춘 재료이다. 고형 지오폴리머의 밀도는 발포제와 지오폴리머 배합물과의 화학반응으로 발생되는 가스가 기공을 형성함으로서 감소시킬 수 있기 때문이다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 함량의 알루미늄 분말을 첨가하여 다공성 지오폴리머의 특성에 어떤 영향을 주는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 경량 지오폴리머의 겉보기 밀도는 알루미늄 분말 함량이 0.025, 0.05, 0.10wt% 범위에서 0.7에서 1.2g/㎥로 나타났는데 이는 고형 지오폴리머의 겉보기 밀도 값 1.96g/㎤의 약 37~60%에 해당하였다. 경량 다공성 지오폴리머의 압축강도는 고형 지오폴리머의 압축강도 45MPa의 6~18%에 불과하였다. 고형 지오폴리머와 경량 지오폴리머 겔의 미세조직 형상은 유사하였다. 폴리프로필렌 섬유를 첨가한 지오폴리머 배합물의 작업성은 섬유 보강 시멘트 콘크리트에서와 마찬가지로 개선될 필요가 있다. 경량 다공성 지오폴리머는 현무암과 유사한 외관뿐만 아니라 뛰어난 내열 성능을 갖기 때문에 타일이나 보드 등 건축용 내장재로서의 활용 가능성이 높다고 본다. Lightweight geopolymers are more readily produced and give higher fire resistant performance than foam cement concrete. Lowering the density of solid geopolymers can be achieved by inducing chemical reactions that entrain gases to foam the geopolymer structure. This paper reports on the effects of adding different concentrations of aluminum powder on the properties of cellular structured geopolymers. The apparent density of lightweight geopolymers has a range from 0.7 to 1.2 g/m3 with 0.025, 0.05 and 0.10 wt% of a foaming agent concentration, which corresponds to about 37~60 % of the apparent density, 1.96 g/cm3, of solid geopolymers. The compressive strength of cellular structured geopolymers decreased to 6~18 % of the compressive strength, 45 MPa of solid geopolymers. The microstructure of geopolymers gel was equivalent for both solid and cellular structured geopolymers. The workability of geopolymers with polyprophylene fibers needs to be improved as in fiber-reinforced cement concrete. The lightweight geopolymers could be used as indoor wall tile or board due to fire resistance and incombustibility of geopolymers.

잔골재 특성이 굳지 않은 지오폴리머 콘크리트에 미치는 영향

조영훈(Cho, Young-Hoon),안응모(An, Eung-Mo),이수정(Lee, Su-Jeong),전철민(Chon, Chul-Min),김동진(Kim, Dong-Jin) 한국건설순환자원학회 2016 한국건설순환자원학회 논문집 Vol.4 No.2

석탄재로부터 제조된 지오폴리머에 골재를 첨가하여 시멘트와 동일하게 모르타르와 콘크리트를 제조하는 것이 가능하다. 잔골재의 특성이 지오폴리머 모르타르와 콘크리트에 미치는 영향에 대해 체계적으로 검토한 연구는 많지 않기 때문에 잔골재의 광물조성, 형상, 표면, 입도, 밀도 및 흡수율 등을 평가하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 석영, 운모, 장석, 휘석 등의 광물 조성을 이루고 -0.60mm에서 +0.30mm까지의 입자크기가 전체의 96%이며 표면이 거칠고 각진 형상을 보이는 주문진 표준사와 대부분 석영으로 -1.40mm에서 +0.60mm까지의 입자크기가 전체의 51%를 보이고 동시에 다양한 입자크기를 보이면서 표면이 매끈하고 둥근 형상을 나타내는 ISO 표준사 다른 두 종류의 잔골재를 사용하였다. 배합비는 Si/Al=1.0-4.1의 범위에서 지오폴리머 페이스트를 실험한 결과 가장 높은 압축강도를 보인 Si/Al=1.5는 모르타르, 가장 높은 반죽 질기를 보인 Si/Al=3.5는 콘크리트에 각각 적용하였다. 지오폴리머 모르타르는 잔골재를 20-50%의 범위에서 주문진 표준사와 ISO 표준사가 첨가된 모르타르는 각각 69.5-112.0mm, 70.5-126.0mm의 플로우 크기 증가를 보였고, ISO 잔골재 가 첨가된 모르타르의 플로우 증가율이 더 높았다. 지오폴리머 콘크리트는 ISO 표준사와 굵은 골재가 전체의 77wt.%를 첨가하였을 때 평균 압축강도가 32MPa로 나타났고 반죽 질기는 몰딩하기에 양호하였다. 본 연구에서 다양한 입도분포, 둥근 형상, 매끈한 표면, 낮은 흡수율을 보인 ISO 표준사가 지오폴리머의 반죽 질기에 유리한 특성을 보였기 때문에 지오폴리머 콘크리트에도 ISO 표준사와 유사한 잔골재를 사용하는 것이 유리할 수 있다. It is possible that aggregates add on to geopolymer based fly ash to mix mortar and concrete like cement. This is necessary to evaluate mineral composition, particle shape, surface, size distribution, density and absorption ratio for fine aggregates due to few detailed research to examine influence of fine aggregates properties on unhardened geopolymer concrete. In this research, used two different fine aggregates, Jumunjin sand(having quartz, mica, feldspar, pyroxene in mineral composition, more than 96% of total size between -0.60 and +0.30mm, angular shape and rough surface) and ISO sand(having almost all quartz in mineral composition, more than 51% size between -1.40 and +0.60mm, simultaneously varied size distribution, spherical shape and smooth surface). After an experimental result of the varied ratio of Si/Al=1.0-4.1 geopolymer paste, mix proportion respectively applied Si/Al=1.5 having the highest compressive strength to mortar and Si/Al=3.5 having the highest consistency to concrete. Geopolymer mortar by mixing with Jumunjin and ISO sand in varied range of 20-50wt.% showed flow size increase between 69.5 and 112.0mm, between 70.5 and 126.0mm respectively. Geopolymer concrete at an addition of 77wt.% of total aggregates ratio showed that average compressive strength was 32MPa and the consistency was favorable to molding. Since ISO sand observing varied size distribution, spherical shape, smooth surface, low absorption ratio resulted in advantageous properties on consistency of geopolymer, geopolymer concrete can be suitable for using the fine aggregates similar to ISO sand.