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임돈희(Yim Dawn-hee),로저 L. 자넬리(Roger L. Janelli),박환영(토론자) 비교민속학회 2004 비교민속학 Vol.0 No.26
The World Heritage Convention, one of the most successful program established by UNESCO in 1972, applies only to tangible cultural and natural heritage. Because it does not include intangibles, many member states expressed a need for a program that would protect intangible cultural heritage as well. In light of these concerns, UNESCO adopted the "Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore" in 1989. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the program that resulted from this recommendation and point out its significance. Intangible heritage is often identified with national or ethnic groups and plays an important role in maintaining cultural identity and diversity. However, due to globalization or other transnational developments, such as commercialization, war, industralization, cultural standardization, migration, and urbanization, many items of intangible heritage are in danger of disappearance. In order to respond to the emergency of disappearing intangible cultural heritage, UNESCO's Executive Board adopted in 1998 the "Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity." The 1st Proclamation occurred in 2001. Member states submitted candidature files by December of 2000, and the UNESCO secretariat sent the candidature files to NGO experts for evaluation. UNESCO's director general appointed 18 international jurors, who were charged with selecting for UNESCO's designation the masterpieces from among the candidature files that had been evaluated by the NGOs. The international jury met from May 15 to 18 to make its choices. Each candidature me was reviewed by examining submitted written material and videos. As a result, 19 of the 32 candidature files were selected. The second proclamation meeting was held two years later on November of 2003. The procedures used were similar to those of the first. This time, 56 member states submitted candidature files (of which 4 were multinational candidatures), and intangible heritage items of 28 nations were selected. The next proclamation meeting will occur in 2005. UNESCO's new proclamation program has had two major impacts. The first is that intangible heritage is becoming recognized as being as valuable as tangible heritage. It is often thought that tangible heritage is more important and worthwhile for protection, and thus intangible has been given less attention or even ignored entirely. Now, however, it is hoped that public will value the latter as much as the former. The second impact of the new program is that non-western Europe member states are becoming more active in cultural heritage protection. Among the 47 proclaimed masterpieces, only 3 intangibles are from the Western European member states whereas 15 have been selected from Asia. While tangible cultural heritage policies and cultural hegemony have been focused largely on western nations, intangible cultural heritage is now primarily being accomplished by non-western states.
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