Flexible Incremental 알고리즘을 이용한 신경망의 단계적 구축 방법

박진일(Jin-Il Park),정지석(Ji-Suk Jung),조영임(Young-Im Cho),전명근(Myung-Geun Chun) 한국지능시스템학회 2009 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.19 No.4

복잡한 비선형 회귀문제들에서 최적의 신경망을 구축하기 위해서는 구조의 선정 및 노이즈에 의한 과잉학습(overtraining) 등에 따른 많은 문제들이 있다. 본 논문에서는 flexible incremental 알고리즘을 이용하여 단계적으로 최적의 신경망을 구축하는 방법을 제안한다. Flexible incremental 알고리즘은 예측 잔류오차를 최소화하기 위해 단계적으로 추가되어지는 은닉노드 개수를 검증데이터를 이용하여 신축성 있게 조절하고, 빠른 학습을 위하여 ELM (Extreme Learning Machine)을 이용한다. 제안된 방법은 신경망의 구축과정에서 사용자의 어떠한 관여 없이도 빠른 학습과 적은 수의 은닉노드들에 의한 범용 근사화 (universal approximation)가 가능한 신경망의 구축이 가능한 장점을 가지고 있다. 다양한 종류의 벤치마크 데이터들을 이용한 실험 결과를 통하여 제안된 방법이 실제 회귀문제들에서 우수한 성능을 가짐을 확인하였다. There have been much difficulties to construct an optimized neural network in complex nonlinear regression problems such as selecting the networks structure and avoiding overtraining problem generated by noise. In this paper, we propose a stepwise constructive method for neural networks using a flexible incremental algorithm. When the hidden nodes are added, the flexible incremental algorithm adaptively controls the number of hidden nodes by a validation dataset for minimizing the prediction residual error. Here, the ELM (Extreme Learning Machine) was used for fast training. The proposed neural network can be an universal approximator without user intervene in the training process, but also it has faster training and smaller number of hidden nodes. From the experimental results with various benchmark data sets, the proposed method shows better performance for real-world regression problems than previous methods.

교육청별 시설기준과 실시설계시 변경 적용된 공간구성의 특징 -경기, 대전, 충청지역 학교를 중심으로-

박임호,정진주,Park, Im-Ho,Jung, Jin-Ju 한국교육시설학회 2011 敎育施設 Vol.18 No.4

In this study, it did comparative analysis on the arrangement, construction and size of rooms applied in the early design stage at the time of prize-winning with the changed ground plans in the final design of those prize-winning works in design contests and BTL hold since 2007 for middle and high schools in Gyeonggi, Daejeon, Chungcheong regions. Through the analysis, this study intends to present those matters to be changed in the facilities standards of each local education office so that it can be referred to the assessment of spatial construction and proper size being planned in the future for middle and high schools and reflected flexibly in consideration of various educational conditions and characteristics of schools by regions. Furthermore, it has the objective to play a part for the establishment of much better environment of educational facilities by provision of reference materials to those matters being changed into proper ones not into the minimum ones of the school facilities standards as the national level. For case analysis, it analyzed various rooms classified by necessary spaces. Since names of rooms and spatial constructions to constitute facilities are different from each local education office and also the analysis by each room has some limitation in the changes and improvement of rooms for a wide range, it proceeded with detailed classifications of school building facilities by each necessary space.

낙동강 하구에 이식된 잘피(Zostera marina)의 환경변화에 따른 성장특성

박정임 ( Jung Im Park ),이근섭 ( Kun Seop Lee ),손민호 ( Min Ho Son ) 한국수산과학회(구 한국수산학회) 2011 한국수산과학회지 Vol.44 No.5

Numerous seagrass habitat restoration projects have been attempted recently due to the remarkable decline in seagrass coverage. Seagrass transplants tend to adapt to a new environment after experiencing transplanting stress during the early stages of transplantation. Once acclimated, the transplants grow into healthy seagrass beds via vegetative propagation. The establishment and growth dynamics of transplanted seagrasses in bays and coasts are widely reported, but few studies have been conducted on estuaries in Korea. We transplanted Zostera marina in November 2007 and November 2008 in the Nakdong estuary using the staple method, and monitored the survival, adaptation, and growth dynamics of the transplants as well as environmental factors every month for 1 year. Both transplants adapted well to the new environment without initial losses and showed rapid productivity during early summer. However, density of transplants increased 320% in 1 year from the previous year`s transplants but that decreased to 59% during the following year. This significant reduction in density in the second year may have been caused by exposure to low salinity (10 psu) for 3 weeks during the unusually long monsoon season. While the survival and growth dynamics of seagrass transplants planted in bays and coasts are mainly controlled by underwater photon flux density and water temperature, salinity was the critical factor for those planted in Nakdong estuary.

우리나라 고등학생의 수학성취도에 미치는 교육 맥락 변인의 연도별 효과 분석(2003~2005)

박정(Chung Park),김경희(Kyunghee Kim),손원숙(Wonsook Sohn),임현정(Hyun-Jung Im) 한국교육평가학회 2007 교육평가연구 Vol.20 No.3

  The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the contextual variables on math achievement based on National Assessment of Educational Achievement(NAEA) 2003~2005. The sampling design for the NAEA was a two-stage stratified cluster sample in which schools were sampled randomly from a comprehensive national list of all high schools. Results revealed that 49.0%~51.5% of the total variance of math achievement were caused by disparity between schools. The variables such as students" extra-curricula activities, academic self-efficacy, school type(general vs vocational), principals" perceptions of students" problem behavior were found to be consistently effective on math achievement across years. Finally educational implications based on the results were discussed.   본 연구에서는 2003~2005년 국가수준 학업성취도 평가 자료를 이용하여 수학성취도에 미치는 교육 맥락 변인의 효과 변화를 파악하였다. 이를 위하여 학생 및 학교 설문지에서 수집된 교육 맥락 변인과 함께 2수준 다층 자료 분석을 실시하였다. 연구 대상은 2단계 층화 군집 표집 방법에 의하여 선정하였고, 우리나라 고등학교 1학년 학생을 모집단으로 하여 연도별 표본 크기는 2003년은 1%, 2004~2005년은 3%이다. 분석 결과에 따르면 수학성취도의 총 분산 중 학교수준 분산은 연도별로 49.0~51.5%로써 연도별로 큰 차이는 없었고, 학업성취도 분산의 절반 정도가 학교 수준 변인에 기인하는 것으로 나타났다. 학생들이 취미활동을 하는 정도, 학업적 자기 효능감, 학교 목적 유형 등의 변인들은 학업성취도에 대해서 연도별로 유의한 효과를 보였다. 마지막으로 본 연구 결과에 근거한 교육적 시사점과 더불어서 우리나라 고등학교 학교효과 연구 모형의 필요성이 논의되었다.

어린이집 원장의 감성리더십이 LMX(Leader-Member Exchange), TMX(Team-Member Exchange)에 미치는 영향

박정임 ( Jung Im Park ),김세곤 ( Se Gon Kim ) 한국가족복지학회 2014 한국가족복지학 Vol.19 No.4

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of emotional leadership, LMX (leader-member exchange), and TMX (team-member exchange) on exchange relationships for the director of a day care center, and to investigate the recognition of importance about the emotional leadership of directors, and to provide data for improving the emotional leadership of directors. For this, we used a questionnaire, and the subjects were 253 teachers working at a day care center in Gyeonggi province. The data were analyzed with Pearson``s product moment correlation coefficient and regression analysis. The results are as follows: First, the exchange relationship between the director and teachers was .861, The emotional leadership of the director and the members of the team was .713. Thus, positive correlation was found. Also, the higher the emotional leadership of the director was found the higher the exchange relationship between the director and teachers, and that among teachers. Second, the effect of emotional leadership on the director and the exchange relationship between the director and teachers were influenced in the order of social recognition ability, relationship managerial ability, self-recognition ability, and self-managerial ability. And the effect of emotional leadership on the director and the exchange relationship among teachers were influenced in the order of relationship managerial ability and self-recognition ability.

전나무 잎 추출물이 알코올 대사 효소활성과 H₂O₂ 및 에탄올로 유도된 HepG2 세포에서의 세포사멸에 미치는 영향

박미화(Mi Hwa Park),최영주(Young Ju Choi),김윤세(Yoon Se Kim),정경임(Kyung Im Jung) 한국식품영양과학회 2022 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.51 No.6

본 연구에서는 전나무 잎 추출물이 알코올 분해 활성(ADH, ALDH)에 미치는 영향을 알아보고, H₂O₂ 및 알코올로 손상된 간세포의 apoptosis 과정에서 전나무 잎 추출물이 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 H₂O₂와 에탄올을 이용하여 HepG2 인간 간암 세포주에 산화스트레스를 유도한 후 항산화 효과와 간세포 보호 효과를 확인하였다. 알코올 분해의 1차 효소인 ADH 활성과 1차 대사산물인 아세트알데하이드를 분해하는 ALDH 활성에 대한 전나무 잎 추출물의 효과를 확인한 결과, 두 가지 효소 모두 전나무 잎 추출물에 농도 의존적으로 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 1 mg/mL 농도에서의 ADH 및 ALDH 활성은 각각 155.53% 및 130.89%로 나타났다. 산화적 스트레스 및 알코올성 간 손상으로부터 전나무잎 추출물의 효과를 검증하기 위하여 H₂O₂ 및 에탄올로 스트레스를 유도한 HepG2 세포에 전나무 잎 추출물을 처리한 결과 H₂O₂ 및 에탄올 단독 처리구에 비해 세포생존율은 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). H₂O₂ 및 에탄올로 유도된 HepG2 세포의 ROS level은 전나무 추출물에 농도 의존적으로 현저하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 전나무 잎 추출물이 H₂O₂ 및 에탄올로 유도된 HepG2 간세포의 apoptosis에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 Bax, Bcl-2 및 caspase-3 유전자의 단백질 발현 정도를 측정하였다. H₂O₂ 및 에탄올로 처리된 배지에서 배양한 HepG2 세포에서의 pro-apoptotic gene인 Bax 유전자 발현은 증가하였으나 전나무 잎 추출물의 처리에 의해 발현이 감소하였다(P<0.05). 또한 H₂O₂ 및 에탄올로 처리된 배지에서 배양한 HepG2 세포에서의 anti-apoptotic gene인 Bcl-2 유전자의 발현을 측정한 결과 H₂O₂로 간 손상을 유도했을 때 Bcl-2의 발현은 전나무 잎 추출물의 처리에 의해 증가하였으나(P<0.05), 에탄올로 간독성을 유도했을 때는 전나무 잎 추출물 처리에 의한 발현량 변화는 나타나지 않았다. Caspase-3 단백질 발현을 측정한 결과, H₂O₂ 및 에탄올로 간독성을 유도했을 때는 발현이 증가했으며, 전나무 잎 추출물 처리 시 발현을 감소시켜 산화적 손상 및 apoptosis 보호 효과를 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구 결과 전나무 잎 추출물은 알코올 분해 활성과 함께 산화적 스트레스 및 알코올성 간독성으로 인한 ROS level을 낮추고 산화적 스트레스 및 알코올에 의한 apoptosis를 효과적으로 억제하여 간독성에 대한 보호 효과가 있는 것으로 판단된다. This study investigated the protective effect of the Abies holophylla leaf extract on the alcohol metabolism enzyme activity and against H₂O₂ and ethanol-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. The effect of Abies holophylla leaf extract on alcohol metabolism was determined by measuring the generation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). ADH and ALDH activities of Abies holophylla leaf extract were increased in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05), and were determined to be 155.53% and 130.89% at 1 ㎎/mL concentration, respectively. Exposure to the Abies holophylla leaf extract resulted in decreased levels of reactive oxygen species production in H₂O₂ and ethanol-induced HepG2 cells (P<0.05). Moreover, H₂O₂-induced HepG2 cells treated with the Abies holophylla leaf extract showed reduced expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 (P<0.05). Furthermore, Abies holophylla leaf extract treatment significantly decreased the protein expression of Bax in ethanol-induced HepG2 cells (P<0.05). However, the protein expression of Bcl-2 remained unaltered. Treatment with the Abies holophylla leaf extract also reduced the caspase-3 protein expression in H₂O₂ and ethanol-exposed HepG2 cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that the Abies holophylla leaf extract exerts a cytoprotective effect against H₂O₂ and ethanol-induced cell damage. We believe that the Abies holophylla leaf extract has the potential to be developed as a natural hepatoprotective agent.

교과교실제 중등학교 홈베이스와 미디어스페이스의 사업단계별 공간구성 변화

박임호,정진주,Park, Im-Ho,Jung, Jin-Ju 한국교육시설학회 2014 敎育施設 Vol.21 No.2

This study compared and analyzed middle and high school's homebase and media space which are installed along with the introduction of subject classroom system operation method, with regard to the position of arrangement, the type of arrangement, and the change of area, etc. which were changed and applied per the phase of project. For this, design competitions were implemented since 2006 targeting the cases which participated in design directly-indirectly in the researcher's architectural firm, present construction documents among the selected BTL(Build-Transfer-Lease) were completed, and the examples of 10 schools(design competitions 2 schools, BTL selected plans 8 schools) were analyzed, which were operating variation type.

사회복지사를 위한 근거중심 사회복지실천 교육 및 훈련프로그램의 개발 및 효과성에 관한 연구: 종합사회복지관 사회복지사를 중심으로

박정임 ( Park Jung Im ) 한국보건사회연구원 2012 保健社會硏究 Vol.32 No.3

본 연구는 종합사회복지관 사회복지사들을 위한 근거중심 사회복지실천 교육 및 훈련프로그램을 개발하고 이의 효과성을 입증하며, 사회복지사들은 어떻게 경험하였는가를 알아보고자 시도되었다. 사회복지사들에게 근거중심 사회복지실천교육 및 훈련프로 그램을 약 6개월간 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다(총 분석대상인 실험집단성원은 12명, 비교집단은 12명). 첫째, 근거중심 사회복지실천교육 및 훈련프로그램이 실험집단 사회복지사들의 사회복지사 자기효능감에 미친 영향을 비교집단과 비교해본 결과는 p=0.049 로 p<.05수준에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 둘째, 근거중심 사회복지실천교육 및 훈련프로그램이 실험집단 사회복지사들의 근거중심실천에 대한 태도에 영향을 미 쳤는가를 사전·사후로 비교해본 결과는 p=.015로써 p<.05수준에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 셋째, 근거중심사회복지실천교육 및 훈련프로그램이 실험집단 사회 복지사들의 근거중심실천에 대한 참여의도에 영향을 미쳤는가를 사전·사후로 비교해 본 결과는 p=.024로 p<.05수준에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 넷째, 포커 스그룹을 통해서 사회복지사들은 근거중심 사회복지실천 교육 및 훈련프로그램을 어떻게 경험하였는가를 분석한 결과, 5개의 주제와 11개의 부주제가 도출되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 향후 국내 사회복지사들을 대상으로 한 근거중심 사회복지실천 교육 및 훈련프로그램의 개발 및 실행과 관련된 방안 등을 제언하였다. The purpose of this study was to develop Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) education and training program for social workers and to examine its effectiveness. Twenty-four social workers in community welfare centers were assigned to either a EBP education and training group (N=12) or a control group (N=12). The EBP education and training group consisted of 12 sessions which included education, practices, small group discussions and case practices about EBP in Social Work. Mann Whitney test and Wilcoxon test were used. Major findings were as follows. Social workers in EBP education and training group significant increased social work self-efficacy, attitudes toward evidence-based practice, intentions to engage in EBP. Also, the focus group for social workers in EBP education and training group were performed and 5 themes were analyzed. Based on these findings, implications were suggested for the improvement of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) education and training programs for social workers.

울릉도 연안의 거머리말속 잘피 분포

박정임,김재훈,송휘준,김구연,PARK, JUNG-IM,KIM, JAE HOON,SONG, HWI-JUNE,KIM, GU YEON 한국해양학회 2020 바다 Vol.25 No.4

To examine distribution of the Zostera species growing naturally in Ulleungdo, scuba diving surveys using ships were conducted along the coast and inside the harbors of the island at the end of September 2019. In areas of seagrass occurrence, environmental factors such as nutrient concentrations in water column and sediment pore water, salinity, and sediment organic content were also analyzed. Zostera caulescens meadows appeared in the relatively deep waters (14-24 m MSL) of Cheonbu-ri, Jeodong-ri, Sadong-ri, and Namyang-ri in Ulleungdo, and the total seagrass coverage was approximately 4.9 ha. Approximately 0.9 ha of Zostera marina meadow was found at the depths of 3-5 m MSL within Hyeonpo-hang in Hyeonpo-ri. The average shoot density and biomass of Z. caulescens were 121.9±9.7 shoot m^-2 and 99.0±13.2 gDW m^-2, respectively, with no significant differences by location. The average shoot density and biomass of Z. marina were 193.8±18.8 shoot m^-2 and 102.6±6.8 gDW m^-2, respectively. The nutrient concentrations in the sediment pore water and sediment organic content in the seagrass meadows in Ulleungdo were lower than those in eelgrass meadows on the southern and eastern coasts of Korea. These results will provide useful basic information for the marine protected species, Z. caulescens and Z. marina, and for the conservation of the waters of Ulleungdo, which has been designated as a marine protected area.

유아교육기관 중간관리자의 감성리더십 척도 개발

박정임(Park, Jung-Im),김세곤(Kim, Se-Gon) 한국영유아보육학회 2016 한국영유아보육학 Vol.0 No.101

본 연구는 유아교육기관에서 필요한 중간관리자의 감성리더십 척도를 개발하려는 목적으로 진행되었다. 감성리더십은 조직에 끼치는 영향력이 강력하고 조직구성원 사이의 감성 차원의 상호작용이 강력하다는 측면 등에서 최근 중요하게 대두되는 영역이다. 이러한 감성리더십 하위요인에는 자기인식 능력, 자기관리 능력, 사회적 인식 능력, 관계관리 능력의 네 가지가 있다. 본 연구에서는 감성리더십 척도의 개발을 위하여 중간관리자의 역할과 감성리더십과 관련한 문헌연구를 통해서 문항 리스트를 작성하였으며, 두 차례에 걸친 전문가 집단의 자문을 통해 5점 척도로 구성된 67개의 예비 문항을 선정하였다. 그 후 서울, 인천, 경기도 어린이집에 근무하는 중간관리자와 교사들을 대상으로 예비 문항에 대한 설문조사를 실시하였다. 이 설문에 응답한 총 253명의 설문조사 결과에 대한 신뢰도와 타당도 검토결과, 최종적으로 67개의 척도 중에서 26개 문항이 개발되어 유아교육기관 중간관리자 감성리더십 척도로 확정할 수 있는 결과가 나타났다. 이 최종 척도의 신뢰도는 자기인식능력 α=.787, 자기관리능력 α=.844, 사회적 인식능력 α=.937, 관계관리능력 α=.931로 나타났으며, 확인적 요인분석을 통해 조사도구의 적합 도를 확인한 결과 X²=705.239, df=293, CFI=.910, TLI=.900, IFI=.911, RMR=.037, RMSEA=.075로 나타나 요인의 구조가 적합하다는 것을 확인하였다. 구인타당도와 공인타당도가 적절한 것으로 나타났다. This study was conducted with the purpose of developing an emotional leadership scale for middle managers required by early childhood education institutes. Emotional leadership has a powerful influence over early childhood education institutes and the interaction of emotions between organization members. There are four sub-factors of emotional leadership: self-awareness, self-management, social recognition, and relationship management. In this study, to develop the emotional leadership scale, a list of questions were prepared through a study on literature related to the role of a middle manager and emotional leadership. After advice was received from a group of experts on two separate occasions, 67 preliminary questions consisting of a 5-point Likert scale were selected. Afterwards, a survey was conducted using the preliminary questions on 253 middle managers and teachers working in early childhood eduction institutes in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi province. Based on the survey results, the final scale has composed with 26 questions. The reliability of this final scale was self-recognition ability α=.787, self-control ability α=.844, social recognition ability α =.937, and relationship control ability α=.931. Through confirmatory factor analysis, it appeared as X²=705.239, df=293, CFI=.910, TLI=.900, IFI=.911, RMR=.037, RMSEA=.075. Therefore, the factor structure was confirmed to be suitable as were the construct validity and concurrent validity.