고려전기 재추(宰樞)의 출신과 국정회의에서의 위상

박재우 ( Jae Woo Park ) 연세대학교 국학연구원 2015 동방학지 Vol.172 No.-

고려 정치제도사 연구는 고려를 귀족사회로보는 관점에서 연구를 진행해 왔고, 그래서 재추가 귀족의 대표적 존재이며 그들이 정치를 이끌어 갔으므로 왕권이 제약을 받았다고 이해해 왔다. 본 연구는 이러한 견해를 검토하려는 것이다. 고려의 재추는 중서문하성의 재신과 중추원의 추밀은 말한다. 그러므로 재신은 중서문하성의 관료로서, 추밀은 중추원의 관료로서 각각 독자적으로 업무를 수행하였다. 하지만 이들은 고려 관료제도에서 지위가 가장 높았으므로 議政에서 함께 활동할 여지가 있었다. 처음에는 재신과 추밀이 각각 議政에 참여하였으나 예종대부터 둘이 합쳐 재추로서 議政에 참여하였다. 이렇게 되면서 재추는 兩府, 大臣, 재상으로 불리면서 국정운영에서 비중이 더욱 높아졌다. 이러한 재추는 귀족의 대표적 존재로 알려져있으나 실제는 그렇지 않았다. 귀족은 신분적 혈연적으로 배타적 특권을 세습하면서 군주의 권력이나 관료제적 질서로부터 자율적인 위상을 구축하고 있는 존재이다. 그런데 골품제가 몰락한 이후에 성립한 고려에는 그러한 특권층이 없었다. 이른바 고려 귀족의 특권은 모두 관료로서 받는 특권이었고, 그러한 관료의 특권을 활용하여 누대에 걸쳐 재추를 배출하면 문벌이 되었다. 고려전기의 재추는 가계 내에서 본인이 처음으로 재추가 된 경우가 많았다. 그래서 국정회의에서 문벌출신 재추의 입장이 일방적으로 관철되지 못했다. 본인을 포함하여 2명 이상의 재추를 배출한 경우는 문벌의 영향력이 커지는 예종~의 종대에 숫자가 늘어났으나 그들이 국정회의를 주도한 것은 아니었다. 고려전기의 국정회의에는 재신회의, 輔臣회의, 式目都監使가 참여하는 회의, 群臣회의와 예종 이후에 생겨난 재추회의가 있었다. 이들 회의에서 재추가 문벌출신이라는 이유만으로 논의를 주도하고 그로 인해 국왕의 최종 결정권이 제약되는 경우는 없었다. 이러한 점은 예종 이후의 회의에서도 마찬가지였다. 그러므로 고려전기에 재추가 귀족의 대표적 존재이며 그들이 정치를 이끌었으므로 왕권이 제약을 받았다는 견해는 받아들이기 어렵다. Studies of Goryeo political institutions have held that aristocratic Jae/Chu (宰 樞) figures were at the helm of the nation``s general governance and seriously restricted the king``s leadership and power. This study examines the validity of this theory. Historically, aristocratic figures have usually held exclusive privileges according to their social rank and bloodline. Yet Goryeo featured no such privileged class. The ruling classes’ rights were bestowed upon them as vassals of the king, and they became Munbeol houses after producing prominent officials for several generations. In the first half of the Goryeo period, Jae/Chu figures`` voices carried a very limited amount of weight in official gatherings. Even in the middle of the Goryeo period, which witnessed the advent of several powerful Munbeol houses that produced more than a few Jae/Chu figures, their voices were still not strong enough to allow them to dominate the gatherings for discussions of dynastic governance. There was no instance of Jae/Chu figures being able to lead the discussions solely for being from Munbeol houses and restricting the king``s ultimate authority to issue a final decision. The situation was the same in the following years. The previous theory therefore needs to be reconsidered.

고려전기 대간의 운영 방식

박재우(Park, Jae-woo) 한국역사연구회 2012 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.86

In the Goryeo period, the institution of remonstration officers(Daegan 臺諫) were developed. The Daegwan(臺官) and Gangwan(諫官) monitored the behaviors of the king and the subjects, and were closely tied to each other, sharing some of their respective functions. But the Daegwan and Gangwan were also independent from each other. Either the Eosa-dae(御史臺) or the individual Daegwan performed their duties independently, and while sharing some of the functions of the Gangwan, they usually operated on their own. In the meantime, the Gangwan were part of the Secretariat-Chancellery(Jungseo Munha-seong 中書門下省), along with the Jaesin(宰臣) ministers. So, affiliated offices or Jaesin ministers led the Gangwan. But after king Sukjong s reign, the official body of the Gangwan came to be called as Ganweon(諫院), and they operated apart from the Jaesin ministers. This fashion of operation was modeled after the Dang and Song institutions, and as a result the level of the Gangwan independent nature was relatively heightened. The Gangwan conducted their own functions, and while sometimes sharing the functions of the Daegwan, they performed their own duties alone. The Daegwan and Gangwan combined into the Daegan in king Yejong. They together were asked about the state affairs and performed their duties, remonstrated in front of Hapmoon(閤門). So the institution of remonstration officers was operated briskly. The king Yejong combined the Jaesin and the Chumil(樞密) into the Jae-Chu to ask the problems of the Jurchen and made the Daegan to check the Jae-Chu. Thus He strengthened royal authority. Since then the Jae-Chu and the Daegan were more active.

기능성 소화불량증 환자의 한방치료후 삶의 질 변화에 대한 임상적 평가

박재우,김진석,홍종희,홍상선,박석규,김진성,윤상협,류봉하,류기원,전우현,Park, Jae-Woo,Kim, Jin-Seok,Hong, Jong-Hee,Hong, Sang-Sun,Park, Seok-Kyu,Kim, Jin-Seong,Yoon, Sang-Hyub,Ryu, Bong-Ha,Ryu, Ki-Won,Jeon, Woo-Hyeon 대한한방내과학회 2001 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.22 No.3

Objectives: Patients with functional dyspepsia frequently complain the discomfort of daily life, so their quality of life shows a tendency to decrease. This study was aimed to investigate the usefulness of oriental medical treatment for quality of life in patients with functional dyspepsia Methods: Quality of life in 15 patients was assesed by two times questionnaire based on Korean health related Quality of Life(KQOLS) Results: The mean of KQOLS score was 122.87 before oriental medical treatment, and after treatment, the mean of score was significantly reduced to 101.60(p=0.003). The score of each domains in KQOLS was also reduced significantly in psychological health, role limitation, pain, vitality respectively(p<0.05). Conclusions: We suggest that oriental medical treatment can improve quality of life in patients with functional dyspepsia.

수입 유가공품 중 트랜스 지방산 함량 분석

박재우,박지성,정두경,송성옥,운재호,김진만,위성환,Park, Jae-Woo,Park, Ji-Sung,Jung, Doo-Kyung,Song, Sung-Ok,Woon, Jae-Ho,Kim, Jin-Man,Wee, Sung-Hwan 한국축산식품학회 2011 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.31 No.3

In this study, the most preferred trans fatty acid analysis methods, AOAC 996.06 and the Korea Food and Drug Administration official method, were reviewed and modified to apply to dairy products and dairy products imported into the Republic of Korea for evaluating trans fatty acid (TFA) content. The Rose-Gottlieb method for total fat analysis was validated with accuracy and precision parameters by analyzing infant formula standard reference material provided by the National Institute for Standards and Technology. The accuracy and precision data satisfied the CODEX guidelines. TFAs were analyzed with a resolution of 1.5 for 45 min using the modified oven temperature program. This modified method was applied to 45 dairy products from 11 countries. Average TFA contents in these imported dairy products ranged from 0.1 to 5.4 g per 100 g product. The majority of dairy products imported into the Republic of Korea were cheeses. TFA contents in the cheeses were 0.1 to 2.4 g per 100 g cheese. TFA contents in other dairy products were 1.7 to 5.4 g per 100 g product. These TFAs content variations can be explained by the trans fatty acids naturally present in ruminant milk formed by bacterial bio-hydrogenation in the rumen of cows and the different vegetable fat used as ingredients in the final products. 본 연구는 유가공품에 적용할 수 있는 트랜스 지방산 분석조건을 확립하고 우리나라로 수입되는 유제품의 트랜스 지방산 함량 수준을 확인하기 위해 실시되었다. 조지방 추출은 Rose-Gottlieb법으로 조제분유 표준인증물질을 분석하고 그 인증값과 비교하였던 바, CODEX 가이드에 부합되는 정확도를 나타냈다. 유제품의 트랜스 지방산 분석을 위해 가스크로마토그래프 오븐 온도 상승 조건을 다양하게 변형하여, 트랜스 지방산들이 양호한 분해능을 보이면서 분석되는 적합한 온도 조건을 제시하였고, 최적화된 분석법을 사용하여 우리나라로 수입되는 유가공품(13개 유형, 45제품)에 적용하였다. 수입되는 유제품의 트랜스 지방산 함량은 제품 100 g 당 0.1-5.4 g 범위를 나타내었다. 가장 많이 수입이 되는 치즈류는 0.1-2.4 g/100 g 제품(평균값 1.1 g/100 g, n=35)으로 확인된 반면, 치즈를 제외한 유가공품은 1.7-5.4 g/100 g 제품 수준이었다. 이러한 트랜스 지방산 함량은 반추동물의 제1위 미생물에 의해서 생성되어 우유 중에 존재하는 트랜스 지방산 함량수준이며, 원료로 사용되는 우유의 트랜스 지방산 함량이나 부가적으로 첨가되는 식물성 지방에서 유래되는 트랜스 지방산의 함량에 따라 검사대상 유제품에서 함량의 차이는 편차가 있을 것으로 평가하였다

초기형 별 방향 성간운의 CO 와 H₂ 비율 계산

박재우,이대희,민경욱,Park, Jae-Woo,Lee, Dae-hee,Min, Kyoung-Wook 한국우주과학회 2004 Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences Vol.21 No.4

FUSE(Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer)를 이용해 7개의 초기형 별 방향에 존재하는 CO 흡수선을 관측했다. BEFS(Berkeley Extreme and Far-ultraviolet Spectrometer)로 관측한 54개의 초기형 별들 중에서 이번 논문에서는 시선방향으로 1개의 성간운만 존재하는 7개의 별(HD 37903, HD 97991, HD 149881, HD 156110, HD 164794, HD 214080, HD 219188)들을 선택해서 분석했다. CO 분자의 분석을 위해 자외선 영역에서 수소분자의 흡수선에 의해 가려지지 않는 E-X(0-0)($1076{\AA}$) 흡수선이 있는지 확인했으며 그 결과 3개의 별 방향에 존재하는 성간운에 대해서 CO 흡수선이 있는 것을 발견했다. 그 흡수선의 분석을 통해 성간운에 존재하는 CO의 기둥밀도를 구했고, 이번 논문에서의 결과와 이전에 구했던 수소분자의 기둥밀도로부터 CO분자와 수소분자 사이의 비율(CO to $H_2$ ratio)을 계산할 수 있었다. We present measurements of interstellar CO absorption lines in the spectra of 7 early-type stars that were observed with the FUSE(Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explore.) Among 54 early-type target stars in the Galactic disk and halo observed with the BBFS(Berkeley Extreme and Far-ultraviolet Spectrometer), we choose 7 program stars (HD 37903, HD 97991, HD 149881, HD 156110, HD 164794, HD 214080 and HD 219188) which have only a single velocity component in the high-resolution optical measurements, in order to avoid line blending. To analyze the CO molecule, we select the E-X (0-0) band at $1076{\AA}$, which has a large oscillate. strength and is not blended with other interstellar absorption lines. We detect the CO absorption lines in three (HD 37903, HD 164794, and HD 214080) out of seven targets, and derive CO column densities for those targets. We also estimated the CO to $H_2$ ratios toward the three stars, based on the previously estimated $H_2$ column densities.

아라미드 FRP 스트립과 강판 사이의 계면 부착응력에 관한 실험적 연구

박재우,류재용,최성모,Park, Jai Woo,Ryoo, Jae Yong,Choi, Sung Mo 한국강구조학회 2015 韓國鋼構造學會 論文集 Vol.27 No.4

본 연구에서는 AFRP 스트립과 강재사이의 부착거동에 관한 실험적 연구를 수행하였다. 실험적 연구를 통해 AFRP 판과 강판사이의 계면부착거동을 관찰하고, 계면부착응력을 산정하는 것이 본 연구의 목표이다. 실험변수로는 부착길이와 AFRP의 두께를 선택하였으며, 18개의 일면전단시편 제작하여 실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과 부착길이와 AFRP 두께가 증가함에 따라 하중값을 증가하였으며, 부착길이와 AFRP 두께가 증가함에 따라 각각 63%, 86%의 하중값이 증가하였다. 끝으로 강재와 AFRP 사이의 부착응력-슬립관계를 산정하였다. 부착응력-슬립관계는 탄성선형거동을 보이고 있으며, 부착길이와 AFRP 두께는 부착응력과 파괴에너지에 영향을 덜 미치는 것으로 나타났다. This paper presents the experimental results for the interfacial bond behaviour between AFRP strip and steel members. The objective of this paper is to examine the interfacial behavior and to evaluate the interfacial bond stress between Aramid FRP strips and steel plates. The test variables were bond length and AFRP thickness. 18 specimens were fabricated and one-face shear type bond tests were conducted in this study. There were two types of failure mode which were debonding and delamination between AFRP strip and steel plates. From the test, the load was increased with the increasing of bond length and AFRP thickness, which was observed that maximum increase of 63 and 86% were also achieved in load with the increasing of bond length and AFRP thickness, respectively. Finally, bond and slip characteristics had the elastic bond-slip model and it was observed that bond strength and fracture energy were not affected by bond length and AFRP thickness.

만성변비에 대한 홍화약침의 효능 연구

박재우,윤성우,김진성,류봉하,Park, Jae-Woo,Yoon, Seong-Woo,Kim, Jin-Sung,Ryu, Bong-Ha 대한침구의학회 2008 대한침구의학회지 Vol.25 No.5

Objectives : These days, herbal acupuncture therapy is widely applied to many diseases and symptoms by Korean medical doctors in Korea. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effect of Carthami-Semen herbal acupuncture(CSHA) on chronic constipation. Methods : This single-blind placebo-controlled randomized parellel study enrolled 24 adults with chronic constipation. After one week's run-in period, they were randomly assigned to receive CSHA therapy, or placebo therapy for 4 weeks by 2 times per week. After completing 4 week's therapy, 2 week's follow-up period was continued. During study, defecation frequency, consistency and ease of evacuation were checked before study, every week and follow-up periods. Also, the VAS of constipation, quality of life(QoL) and heart rate variability(HRV : low frequency, high frequency) were checked 3 times totally. Finally, 21 subjects completed the protocol and 20 subjects were analyzed.(1 subject is excluded for analysis because of not following the protocol.) Results : In CSHA group, defecation frequency(continued after 1 week), consistency and ease of evacuation(at 1 week after and follow-up) were increased significantly. The VAS of constipation in CSHA group was significantly decreased. There was no significant change at QoL and HRV. Conclusions : CSHA therapy was effective in treating adults with chronic constipation. Study that have larger case number and longer follow up will be needed in the future.

Auto-compatibility Analysis for Ka-band payload of COMS

박재우,이성팔,백명진,Park, Jae-Woo,Lee, Seong-Pal,Baek, Myung-Jin Korea Society of Satellite Technology 2007 한국위성정보통신학회논문지 Vol.2 No.2

2009년 발사예정인 우리나라가 개발한 최초의 정지궤도위성 COMS에는 기상센서, 해양센서 및 Ka대역 통신탑재체등 세개의 탑재체가 실리며 해양센서 및 기상센서의 측정데이타를 전송하기위한 L대역 통신중계기가 있다. 또한 S대역의 원격 측정 및 원격명령서브시스템과 Ka대역 비콘등이 있다. Ka대역 통신탑재체는 스위칭 중계기로서 부품의 우주인증 및 재난통신서비스에 활용될 전망이다. 또한 Ka대역 비콘은 지상국 안테나의 포인팅 및 강우감쇠 실험을 포함한 Ka대역 전송실험에 활용될 예정이다. 본 논문은 L대역 센서데이타 전송용 중계기 및 S 대역 원격명령/측정 서브시스템의 RF 복사가 Ka 대역 중계기 및 비콘에 어떤 영향을 주며, Ka밴드 비콘이 L 대역 및 S 대역 중계기에 어떤 영향을 주는지 조사하였다. 중계기들의 상향/하향 링크시 출력, 안테나들의 기하학적 위치 및 거리 및 중계기들에 포함되어 있는 필터들의 rejection 그리고 편파에 의한 degradation factor등을 포함하여 coupling factor를 고려하여 상호 호환성을 고려하였다. 분석결과 L대역 및 S대역 중계기에 의한 Ka대역 탑재체에 대한 영향은 미미한 것으로 계산되었으며, Ka대역 비콘의 영향도 무시할 정도임을 밝혔다. The first geostationary satellite made by Korea, COMS, has the three different payload ; Meteorological sensor, Oceanographic sensor and Ka-band communication payload. There are Meteorological & Ocean Data Communication Subsystem(MODCS) and Telemetry, Command and Ranging Subsystem(TC&R) as other RF radiation sources. MODCS transmits and receives Meteo and Ocean measurement data from/to earth using L-band and TC&R using S-band. The Ka-band communication payload will provide high-speed multimedia services and communication services for natural disaster such as prediction, prevention, and recovery services in the government communications network.Ka-band beacon is for the earth antenna pointing and the experiment of rain fading. This paper gives the analysis results about the mutual radiation effect on Ka-band communication payload, Ka-band beacon, MODCS and TC&R. Up/Down link power and coupling factor including the geometrical position and distance of antenna, filter rejection and degradation factor due to the different polarization are considered. The results show MODCS and TC&R are compatible for Ka-band communication payload and Ka-band beacon does not interfere with MODCS and TC&R normal operation.

한방치료 후 Gefitinib(Iresa)복용으로 인한 부작용 호전된 비소세포폐암 환자 1례

박재우,전형준,조종관,이연월,Park, Jae-Woo,Jun, Hyung-Joon,Cho, Chong-Kwan,Lee, Yeon-Weol 대한암한의학회 2012 大韓癌韓醫學會誌 Vol.17 No.1

Objective : The aim of this study is to evaluate the synergistic effects of Traditional Korean Medicine with Gefitinib chemotherapy on a non small cell lung cancer. Methods : A 61 year-old male patient diagnosed with left non small cell lung cancer stage IIIb (T2aN0M1a) was admitted to East-West Cancer Center (EWCC) on Apr. 2012. He received Gefitinib chemotherapy since 20th June. 2011. He suffered from many complication like as skin toxicities, peripheral neuropathy, lassitude, diarrhea and so on. He was treated with Traditional Korean Medicine consisted of herbal medicine, acupuncture, and moxibustion. The symptoms were measured by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE version 3.0) and visual analogue scale (VAS). Performance status was measured by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG). Results : TKM consisting of acupuncture, moxibusion, herbal medicine significantly alleviated Gefitinib induced complication. Quality of life was also significantly improved. Conclusion : This case study suggests that TKM would beneficial to adverse effects such as skin toxicities, peripheral neuropathy, lassitude from gefitinib.

Statistical analysis for the solar eruption effect on wireless communication

박재우,김정훈,한진욱,Park, Jae-Woo,Kim, Jung-Hoon,Han, Jin-Wook Korea Society of Satellite Technology 2011 한국위성정보통신학회논문지 Vol.11 No.2

세계2차대전을 통해 태양폭발은 레이더시스템에 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 1942년 2월 28일의 전파교란 현상은 태양활동의 극대기에 증가한 우주 광선(cosmic ray)에 의한 것이었다. 이러한 사실들이 밝혀지면서 태양폭발 및 태양 입자 활동에 관한 연구가 활발히 이루어졌다. 태양폭발이 우주선에 미치는 영향, 극 운행 비행기에 미치는 영향, 레이더 시스템에 미치는 영향, 무선통신시스템에 미치는 영향 등에 대한 연구가 다양하게 이루어 지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 지난 40여년 간의 태양전파 관측자료를 분석하여 태양폭발에 의해 무선통신에 미치는 영향과 태양활동주기간의 상관관계를 분석하였다. In World War II, the solar eruption (solar flare) was revealed to make a significant effect to radar systems. The radio disturbance in February 28, 1942 was due to increased cosmic ray during solar maximum. Since such phenomena had been disclosed, many studies were accomplished on solar flare and solar particle event. Now various researches about the effects of solar flare on the spacecrafts, the airplanes flying across the pole, the radar systems, and wireless communication systems are studied. In this paper we analyzed the relationship between the harmful effect on the wireless communication by the solar eruption and the period of solar activity from the sunspot number data and the solar radio burst data for last 40 years.