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신주연,임종한,박신구,이지나,장미,허청송,강대희,홍윤철,Shin, Joo-Youn,Lim, Jong-Han,Park, Sin-Goo,Lee, Jee-Na,Jang, Mi,Huh, Chung-Song,Kang, Dae-Hee,Hong, Yun-Chul 대한예방의학회 2004 예방의학회지 Vol.37 No.3
Objectives : This study was performed to examine the influence of smoking on the blood cadmium concentration in university students. Methods : The study included 300 university students. A questionnaire interview was used to collect data. The urine cotinine and blood cadmium levels were measured as biological exposure indices. The data were analyzed using t-tests ANOVA and ANCOVA. Results : The median value of blood cadmium concentration was equal in both males and females ($0.8{\mu}g/l$). This level was relatively low in comparison with the reference value suggested by WHO (2001). ANCOVA showed that smoking related variables, urine cotinine and smoking amount, were significantly associated with the blood cadmium level (P=0.004, 0.015). However, the values with regard to traffic related air pollution were not significantly associated with the blood cadmium level. Conclusions : Smoking is an important source of nonoccupational cadmium exposure in young people. The Blood cadmium level is at least 10% higher in active smokers than in passive or nonsmokers. The level of urine cotinine can be used as an indicator of non-occupational exposure of respirable cadmium due to smoking, as there is a good correlation bestween smoking amount and the urine cotinine level.
제20대 국회의원선거 당선자 및 후보자의 이념성향과 정책태도
박윤희 ( Yun-hee Park ),김민수 ( Min-su Kim ),박원호 ( Won-ho Park ),강신구 ( Shin-goo Kang ),구본상 ( Bon Sang Koo ) 한국의회발전연구회 2016 의정연구 Vol.22 No.3
한국정당학회는 2016년 4월 13일에 실시된 제20대 국회의원 선거 직전, 전체 1,102명의 후보자 중 819명의 주요 정당 후보자를 대상으로 이념성향과 대북/대외관계, 경제, 사회, 물질주의/탈물질주의, 당면 현안의 5개 분야에 걸쳐 엄선된 20개의 정책쟁점에 대한 입장을 묻는 설문조사를 YTN과 함께 실시하였다. 전체 조사대상자의 63 퍼센트에 해당하는 518명의 후보자가 응답하였으며, 이 중에는 155명의 당선자가 포함되어 있다. 이 글의 목적은 이와 같은 설문조사의 결과를 보고하는 것이다. 이와 같은 분석은 진보와 보수의 경쟁으로 표현되는 한국 사회의 이념경쟁의 양상이 구체적으로 어떤 쟁점을 둘러싸고 전개되고 있는가를 알려주고, 20대 국회가 어떤 쟁점을 둘러싸고 갈등하는 모습을 보여줄 지를 예상할 수 있게 하는 한편, 이전의 국회의원 선거에서 실시되었던 유사한 조사와의 결과비교를 통하여 이념경쟁의 양상을 구성하고 있는 정책쟁점의 변화를 가늠하게 한다. 또한 당선자뿐만 아니라, 후보자를 조사대상에 포함함으로써, 후보자의 이념 및 정책쟁점에 대한 태도가 유권자의 후보자 선택, 즉 당선에 미친 영향을 간접적이나마 검토할 수 있게 한다. We aim to report results of the survey on major party candidates in the 20th Korean National Assembly Election. Right before the election, KAPS (Korean Association of Party Studies) and YTN (Yonhap Television News) surveyed candidates on their own perceived ideological positions and their policy positions on various issues that ranges from foreign policy to cultural issues. We find that the main ideological division among the candidates is driven by differences in North Korean issues, foreign relations, and social and economic policies. Compared with previous surveys, we also find that the relative importance of economic issues has been growing increasingly, making the ideological competition similar to that of the traditional left-right ideological competition in advanced industrial democracies. Looking at both the subjective ideological position and the policy ideology position index that is a composite index of candidate positions based on responses to multitude of policy questions, we find the ideological average position of four major parties in the order of the Justice Party (JP), the Democratic Party (DP), The People`s Party (PP), and the Saenuri Party (SP) from the most progressive to the most conservative. We also find that JP is the most ideologically coherent party while the ideological positions of the PP candidates are most dispersed. We demonstrate that the distribution of subjective ideological positions is uni-modal while that of policy ideology position indices is generally bimodal. We expect this particular distinction between subjective ideology and policy ideology would provide a starting point to further investigate the potential conflict and cooperation in the upcoming 20th National Assembly.