구상나무 ( Abies koreana Wilson ) 재의 (材) 화학적 조성

문창국,박종열,강위평 ( Chang Kuck Moon,Chong Yawl Pack,Wee Pyung Kang ) 한국산림과학회 1980 한국산림과학회지 Vol.50 No.1

The Chemical components of Abies koreana Wilson grown in Korea were analized. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The ash content is ca 0.56% on the average, and of the range is 0.33 to 0.76%. 2. The cold water extractive content is ca 8.76% on the average and of the range is 5.55 to 12.5%. 3. The hot water extractive content is ca 10.16% on the average and of the range is 4.80 to 13.65%. 4. Basic extractive content is ca 14.60% on the average and of the range is 5.51 to 25.44%. 5. The alcohol benzol soluble fraction is ca 4. 23% and of the range is 2.94 to 5.44%. 6. The holocellulose content is ca 76.49% on the average and of the range is 73.68% to 79.10%. 7. The cellulose content is ca 56.30% on the average and of the range is 46.02% to 61. 33%. The cellulose contains 78.54% α-cellulose, 7.66% β-cellulose and 14.04% γ-cellulose respectively. 8. The Klason lignin content is ca 25.03% on the average and of the range is 22.5 to 27.0%. In conclusion, ash content is comparable to the other needle leaf trees. It has 76.49% in holocellulose content which is comparable value to the Pinus densiflora`s. It has lower value than the Pinus densiffora in pentosan and lignin content. Having not resin cannal in xylem and long tracheid, this wood could be usable industrial material.

구상나무재 추출성분의 추출시간 온도 및 pH 변동과 그 추출성분 함량과의 관계

문창국 ( Chang Kuck Moon ) 한국산림과학회 1979 한국산림과학회지 Vol.43 No.1

The solubility variations of Abies koreana Wilson wood and their correlations ammong the factors which effect the extraction were investigated. In hot water solubility for 10 hours, extracted contents were 2.33% in heart wood, 12.30% in apwood. In base solubility (here, used NaOH), the solubility content was 8.23% only for 1 hour. In organo-soluble fractions, there was not any variation between the content 4.00% for 1 hour and 4.44% for 10 hours, about the temperature effect, in the neutral solvent, at temperature 25±3℃, 50±3℃ and 97±3℃ and the solubility contents were 2.73%, 3.29%, 7.32% respectably. In the pH variations, initinal pH of solution, 6.5 became as low 5.4 after 10 hours extraction. Generally, the correlation coefficients between solubility and hour, solubility and temperature, solubilities` pH and hours, solubility and part, were r=0.890, r=0.986, r=-0.955, r=0.840 respectably. It is suggested that the most serious factor of the extraction in this material is the temperature.

지리산산 (産) 굴참나무재와 (材) 졸참나무재의 (材) 화학적 조성

문창국 ( Chang Kuck Moon ) 한국산림과학회 1982 한국산림과학회지 Vol.58 No.1

The chemical components in sap and heart wood of Q. variabilis and Q.serrate grown in Mt. Jiri were analyzed Q. variabilis ash contents were 0.57%, in sap wood portion and 1.00% in heart wood. Of the extractives cold water extractives were 5.74% in sap wood and 4.77% in heart wood. Hot water extractives were 6.33% in sap, 6.30% in heart wood portion. 1% caustic soda extractives were 15.52% in sap wood and 15.63% in heart wood. Alcohol-benzol extractives were 4.89% in sap wood and 2.96% in heart wood Holocellulose contents were 73.19% in sap wood, 78.83% in heart wood. Lignin contents were 21.76% in sap wood and 18.14% in heart wood portion. In pentosan contents there were 15.92% in sap wood and 26.50% in heart wood. In Q serrata ash contents were 0.26% in sap wood and 0.27% in heart wood. Cold water extractives were 2.81% in sap wood and 2.04% in heart wood. Hot water extractives were 5.32% in sap wood and 7.08% in heart wood portion. 1%-C austic soda extractives were 15.73% in sap wood and 16.55% in heart wood. Alcohol-benzol extractives were 3.93% in sap wood and 3.51% in heart wood, Holo celluloe contents were 74.21% and 74.84% in sap and heart wood portion respectively. Lignin contents were 14.11% in sap wood and 19.19% in heart wood. Of the pentosan contents there were 20.75% and 21.44% in sap and heart wood respectively. In conclution ash, holocellulose, lignin and pentosan contents showed always consistent differences between sap and heart wood in Q.variabilis, but in Q.serrata only lignin content showed slight difference between sap and heart wood.

우리나라 남부지역의 목재평형함수율 ( EMC ) 의 계절변동과 그 추정

문창국 ( Chang Kuck Moon ) 한국산림과학회 1981 한국산림과학회지 Vol.54 No.1

with the chemical equilibrium formula by Hailwood and Horrobin, mw=a·((K₁K₂h)(1+K₁K₂h)^(-1)+(K₂h)-(K₂h)^(-1), based on absorption theory, monthly equilibrium moisture content(EMC) variations in southern Korea were predicted. The results were as follows ; K₁=47370272·10^(-7)t-502775·10^(-8)t² K₂=705940864·10^(-9)+16979472·10^(-10)t-555336·10^(-11)t² w=2233848·10^(-4)+694242·10^(-4)+185328·10^(-7)t² Here, it is temperature degrees in Celsius, k is the equilibria between hydrate water and dissolved water, k is the equlibria between dissolved water and the water vapour pressure surrounding atmosphere, w is the molecular weight of the polymer unit that forms the hydrate, h is the relative vapour pressure, And the formula was well agreed with the data when the constant values α were given to be 2200 in January, February, October, November and December, 1850 in March, April and May, 1920 June, July, August, and september seasonally.

지리산산 (産) 일본 잎갈나무재와 (材) 포플러재의 (材) 단면별 평형함수율 ( EMC ) 측정치와 그 상관성

황증,문창국 ( Jeung Hwang,Chang Kuck Moon ) 한국산림과학회 1983 한국산림과학회지 Vol.59 No.1

Sectional equilibrium moisture contents of Larix leptolepis and Populus euramericana I-476 were determined, their correlations and significances were investigated. Among the ovendry moisture contents. electric moisture meter determining values and the estimative values through chemical equilibria formula, there were significant correlations, 1-5% level, at whole sections in Larix leptolepis. However, in Populus euramericana there was only significant correlation between ovendry moisture content values and electric moisture meter determining values.

지리산산(智異山産) 일본 잎갈나무재(材)와 포플러재(材)의 단면별(斷面別) 평형함수율(平衡含水率)(EMC) 측정치(測定値)와 그 상관성(相關性)

황증,문창국,Hwang, Jeung,Moon, Chang Kuck 한국산림과학회 1983 한국산림과학회지 Vol.59 No.1

일본잎갈나무(Larix leptolepis)오 포플러(Populus euamerieana I-476)에 대(對)하여 각(各) 함수율(含水率)을 각단면별(各斷面別) 전건법(全乾法)에 의(依)한 측정치(測定値)와 Electric Moisture Meter(Kett-M8A) 측정치(測定値)와 계산추정치간(計算推定値間)이 상관성(相關性)과 그 신뢰성(信賴性)을 조사(調査)하여 본바 일본잎갈나무재(材)에 있어서는 전건측정치(全乾測定値), Moisture Meter측정치(測定値), 계산추정식간(計算推定値間)에 모든 방향(方向)에 1~5% 수준(水準)의 높은 상관성(相關性)을 보였으나 포플러재(材)에 있어서는 전건측정치(全乾測定値)와 Moisture meter측정치간(測定値間)에 상관성(相關性)은 인정(認定)되나 여지(餘地)에서는 유의의(有意義)한 상관성(相關性)을 인정(認定)할 수 없었다. Sectional equilibrium moisture contents of Larix leptolepis and Populus euramericana I-476 were determined, their correlations and significances were investigated. Among the ovendry moisture contents. electric moisture meter determining values and the estimative values through chemical equilibria formula, there were significant correlations, 1-5% level, at whole sections in Larix leptolepis. However, in Populus euramericana there was only significant correlation between ovendry moisture content values and electric moisture meter determining values.

방크스소나무와 종가시나무의 연중함수율 (年中含水率) 변이

홍병화,문창국 ( Byung Wha Hong,Chang Kuck Moon ) 한국산림과학회 1977 한국산림과학회지 Vol.36 No.1

Monthly and partial variation of moisture contents of Quercus glauca Thunb. and Pinus banksiana Lamb. are investigated. There are monthly and partial insignificant variations of air dried moisture contents in both woods. But in moisture contents in green, former showed minimum rate at middle part, maximum at upper one, seasonally minimum in spring and maximum in autumn, latter showed minimum at lower part, maximum at upper one, seasonally minimum in winter and maximum in summer.

구상나무 리그난류의 항균활성

김윤근(Yun-Geun Kim),조종수(Jong-Soo Jo),문창국(Chang-Kuck Moon) 한국식품과학회 1999 한국식품과학회지 Vol.31 No.1

智異山産 구상나무(Abies koreana Wilson)材의 理化學的 性質

文昌國 慶尙大學校 1980 論文集 Vol.19 No.1

韓國의 特産樹種材인 구상나무(Abies koreana Wilson)材에 對한 理化學的 性質을 調査하여 본바 그 結果를 要約하면 아래와 같다. 1. 구상나무는 전나무나 가문비가 갖는 特殊한 芳香이 있고 材色은 흰 편이나 心邊材의 區分이 不明確하며 本質部에 樹脂溝가 없다는 것이 特徵이다. 2. 假導管長은 3,000μ 程度로서 소나무와 비슷한 纖維長을 가졌고 假導管의 幅은 春材 平均 35.6μ, 秋材 平均 11.2μ이었으며, 두께는 春材 平均 1.3μ 秋材 平均 2.8μ이었다. 3. 假導管의 俓斷面上에 나타난 膜孔의 數는 春材部에서 平均 16個 秋材部에서는 平均 5個程度로서 春材部의 幕孔數가 秋材部보다 約 3培 더 많았고 膜孔의 俓은 春材部가 平均 19μ인데 秋材部가 11μ程度였다. 또 觸斷面上에 나타난 放射組織은 單列이며 그 높이는 平均 177μ, 幅 平均 12μ이었다. 4. 生材比重은 平均 0.92, 氣乾比重은 平均 0.43, 全乾比重은 平均 0.35로서 比較的 가벼운 樹種임을 알 수 있었다. 方向別의 吸水量은 俓斷面과 觸斷面에서 0.08g/㎠였는데 橫斷面에서는 0.032g/㎠로 되어 約 4培의 吸水量差를 보였고 吸濕率은 關係濕度 90%인 境遇 75%인 때보다 約 28% 더 높은 값을 나타내었으며 方向別 吸濕率을 比較하면 俓斷 및 觸斷面보다 橫斷面이 約 2.35% 더 높은 吸濕率을 보였다. 5. 氣乾收縮率은 觸斷,徑斷,縱方向別로 69:28:3 全收縮率 59:36:5의 收縮比率이었으며 纖維走向에 따른 收縮率은 緩慢한 曲線을 보여 徑斷方向에 對한 觸斷方向의 收縮率比가 1.63으로 낮은 數値를 나타내고 있음은 이 나무가 가지는 材質的 特徵이라 생각된다. 6. 氣乾狀態에서의 各種 强度値는 다음과 같다. 縱壓縮强度는 平均 291kg/㎠, 橫壓縮强度는 平均 34.5kg/㎠, 部分壓縮强度 平均34kg/㎠로서 縱壓縮强度는 橫壓縮强度의 約 8倍였으며, 縱引張强度는 平均 622kg/㎠, 橫引張强度는 平均 20.5kg/㎠로서 縱引張强度는 橫刃張强度의 約 30倍였다. 그리고 縱壓縮强度와 縱引張强度와의 比는 1:4 關係가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 휨 强度는 平均 550kg/㎠였고 剪斷强度는 觸斷方向이 平均 76kg/㎠ 徑斷方向이 平均 68kg/㎠였으며, 割裂强度는 徑斷方向이 平均 20.7kg/㎠ 觸斷方向이 平均 21.2kg/㎠였다. 硬度는 徑斷方向이 平均 10.7kg/㎠, 橫斷方向이 平均 47.9kg/㎠였으며, 못 引拔抵抗値는 徑斷方向이 平均 15.9kg/㎠, 觸斷方向 平均 15.3kg/㎠, 橫斷方向이 平均 8.1kg/㎠이었다. 特히 衝擊 휨 吸收에너지는 平均 0.61kg/㎠였는데 氣乾比重(Su)과의 사이에는 u=3.1Su²의 關係가 있었다. 以上 各種 强度의 結果로 미루어 구상나무는 針葉樹類中 낮은 强度値를 가지는 樹種에 屬하였다. 7. 一般木材에서와 같이 구상나무도 各種 强度에 있어서 含水率의 影響을 크게 받아 全乾狀態에서 가장 큰 强度値를 나타내나 纖維飽和點에 가까워짐에 따라 低下되어 그 以上 含水率이 增加되더라도 强度에는 變化가 없었다. 다만 剪斷强度에 있어서만은 纖維飽和點 以上에서도 强度的 變化를 보였다. 그림(3,4,5) 8. 化學的 組成分은 灰分 平均 0.56% 冷水抽出物 平均 8.76%, 熱水?出物 平均 10.16%, 鹽基抽出物 平均 14.63%, 有機溶劑抽出物 平均 4.23%, Holocellulose 平均 76.49%, Pentosan 平均 10.44%였다. 9. 以上의 結果를 綜合하면 灰分量과 各種 抽出物 含量은 大體的으로 一般樹種과 비슷하고 Holocellulose含量은 76.49%로서 잣나무 66.72%보다 相當히 높은 數値를 보였으나 소나무 77.3%와는 거의 비슷하였으며, Pentosan과 Lignin 含量은 소나무 보다 낮았다. 한편 本質部에 樹脂溝가 없고 長纖維를 가졌다는 점등으로 미루어 보아 펄프材로서 뿐 아니라 其他 工業材料서 그 利用度가 높을 것으로 思料된다. Abies koreana Wilson is a proper woody plant in Korea, but its properties have not yet been clearly investigated. This species is an alpine needle leaf tree in its appearances, and it has been considered as favorable wood in qualities. In this thesis, anatomical, physical and chemical properties of the wood were investigated. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. In an aspect of log quality, the natural wood of Abies koreana Wilson showed a plenty of knots, compared to those of the other needle leaf trees. It was a whitish wood which smelled a typical aroma as fir and spruce and of which sap and heart woods were not pronouncd. 2. The length of tracheid of this tree reached ca. 3000μ and this blonged to a long fiber tree as fir and spruce. In a cross section, the size of tracheld was not different from those of fir and spruce in both summer and spring wood. However, the width of the trancheid reached 35.6μ in spring wood and 11.2μ in summer wood, and the thickness of the tracheid reached 1.3μ in spring wood and 2.8μin summer wood in average. 3. the number of pits on prosenchyma reached 16 in spring wood and 5 in summer wood. 4. The prosenchyma was uniseriated with 177μ in length, 12μ in width and 50 prosenchyma per 1㎟ tangential section. 5. The moisture content of green wood was ca. 96 per cent in average with a considerable seasonal variation. The moisture content was decreased up to 13 per cent when the 5×5㎝ stock wood was naturally air dried for four to six months under the climatical conditions of Jinju area. 6. The specific gravity was measured 0.92 in green wood, 0.43 in air dried wood, and 0.35 in oven dried wood. The bulk density of green and oven dried wood were measured 233±26 and 348±16 respactably. The water adsorption of the wood was estimated 0.08g/㎠ in both radial and tangential section, and 0.32g/㎠ in cross section. Water adsorption in all directions was estimated 0.0071g/㎠ at relative humidity of 75 per cent and 0.0090g/㎠ at RH 90per cent. Partial water adsorption was not significantly different in either radial or tangential sections at the two different relative humdiity conditions, but the water adsorption in cross section was increased up to 2.4 per cent compared to the other sections. The shrinkage of green wood in radial, tangential and cross sections were estimated as 28, 69 and 3 per cent, respectively and those of oven dried wood were 36, 59 and 5 per cent, respectively. 7. In relation to the mechnical properties, Abies Korena Wilson showed considerably lower stength compared to the wood of other needle leaf trees, of which endwise compressive strength was measured 291kg/㎠, the sidewise compressive strength 34.5kg/㎠ and the partial compressive strength 34kg/㎠, showing the ratio of endwise compressive strength to side wise compressive strength was ca. 8:1. The endwise tensile strength was three times higher than the sidewise tensile strength as measured 622kg/㎠ and 205kg/㎠, respectively. The endwise compressive strength was less than half the endwise tensile strength. The cleavage strength of tangential section was measured 76kg/㎠ and that of radial section was 68kg/㎠. The bendign strength was measured 550kg/㎠ in average. The shear strengths in tangential and radial section were 20.7kg/㎠ and 21.2kg/㎠, respectively and the impact bending absorved energy was estimated 0.61kg/㎠. The relationship between the impact bending absorved energy and the specipic gravity of the air dried wood was shown as μ=3.17μ² Where μ stands for the impact bending absorved energy, and γμ for the specific gravity of the dried wood.. The hardness of the wood was measured 10.7kg/㎠ in radial section 13.6kg/㎠ in tagential section and 47.9kg/㎠ in cross section of which was four times higher than those of two previous. The nail withdrawal resistance was measured 15.9kg/㎠ radial section, 15.3kg/㎠ in tangential section and 8.1kg/㎠ in cross section, in which the resistance of tangential and radial section were two times higher than that of cross section, 8. For the chemical properties of the wood, this wood showed ash content 0.56 per cent, cold water extractives 8.76 per cent, hot water extractives 10.16 per cent, 1% NaOH extractives 14.63 per cent, alcohol-benzol extractives 4.23 per cent, holocellulose 76.49 per cent, lignin 25.08 per cent and pentosan 10.44 per cent in averages. In conclusion, ash content is comparable to the other needle leaf trees. It has 76.49% in holocellulose content which is comparable value to the pinus densiflora's. It has lower value than pinus densiflora in pentosan and lignin content. Having not resin cannal in xylem and long tracheid, this wood could be usable industrial material.

樹木類 闊葉의 形態變異 및 그 Sample size 推定의 몇가지 方法

文昌國 慶尙大學校 1976 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

1.闊葉의 形態變異의 경향을 가장 잘 나타내는 統計量은 標準誤差이다. 2. 葉變異에 따른 標準誤差量의 分布경향을 가장 잘 나타내는 實驗式은 α(x+β) (단, α·β는상수 x는 Sample size)모형이며 어떤 目的이 있어 e指數曲線을 쓰고자 할때는 ??(a,b는 상수x는 Sample size)형식이 가장 바람직함. 3. 標準오차량에 따라 滑葉의 形態變異에 대한 Sample size를 推定코져 할때는 實驗曲線의 積分差에 依한 方法이 가장 合理的이며 結果는 Table 7과 같다. (1) The most expressive statistic value of broard leaves' variations is standard error. (2) Empirical formular's pattern in order to comprehend the distributions of leaves' variations is α(X+β). Sometimes, on purpose ?? index curve may be usefu. (3) The most rational way to estimate leaves' variations and their sample size is the method by the integral difference.