직접메탄올연료전지 시스템에서의 수소이온고분자전해질막의 역할 및 현황

김혜경,Kim, Hae-Kyoung 한국전기화학회 2009 한국전기화학회지 Vol.12 No.3

Mobile devices in the next generation such as camera, cell phone, network, Note PC, etc. require higher power and energy sources due to convergences of various functions. Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) has been focused as an attractive power source, but there are critical issues involved in its commercialization with regard to the core technologies of materials, components, and system. The requirements of key technologies are differentiated from applications and fuel supply methods. Here, the roles of the proton-conducting membrane are discussed and the current status of DMFC systems is discussed in terms of proton conductivity, methanol permeability, and water management. Materials such as perfluorinated and partially fluorinated membranes, hydrocarbon membranes, composite membranes, and other modified ionomers have been studied. These would explain the critical issues of DMFC and the role of membranes for commercialization.

랫트 배양 신경교세포의 성장 및 분화에 대한 Cytokine의 효과

김혜경,윤용하,강신정,박찬웅,김용식,Kim, Hae-Kyoung,Youn, Yong-Ha,Kang, Shin-Chung,Park, Chan-Woong,Kim, Yong-Sik 대한약리학회 1996 대한약리학잡지 Vol.32 No.2

The effects of cytokines on the growth and differentiation of glial cells in culture were evaluated to confirm that cytokines could modify the number and function of glial cells. Proliferation of glial cells was determined by the $^3H-thymidine$ uptake and the double immunostain with anti-cell specific marker and anti-bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU) antibody. To check the effect on the differentiation of glial cells, the amount of glial fibrillar acidic protein(GFAP) and the activity of glutamine synthetase(GS) were measured in astrocytes. And also the amounts of myelin basic protein(MBP) and the activity of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase(CNPase) were measured in oligodendrocytes. Among the cytokines used, only interleukin-$1{\beta}(IL-1{\beta})$ stimulated the growth of type 1 and type 2 astrocyte as well as 0-2A precursor cell. When the functional changes in these glial cells by cytokines were tested, $IL-1{\beta}$ did not increase GFAP content in type 1 and type 2 astrocyte, but $IL-1{\beta}$ increased GS activity in type 1 astrocyte, and slightly decreased this enzyme activity in type 2 astrocyte. Also interleukin-2(IL-2) and $interferon-{\gamma}$ $(IFN-{\gamma})$ inhibited the activity of GS in type 1 and type 2 astrocyte. On the other hand, all cytokines used did not modify the growth and differentiation in oligodendrocytes. From these results we could suggest that $IL-1{\beta}$ increases the growth of type 1 and type 2 astrocyte and also promotes the development for 0-2A precursor cell to type 2 astrocyte.

초등학교 도덕과 교육의 실행 원리에 대한 고찰 -인지적 접근과 정의적 접근을 중심으로-

김혜경 ( Hae Kyoung Kim ) 한국초등도덕교육학회 2012 초등도덕교육 Vol.0 No.38

제 7차교육과정에서 덕교육적 접근이 모색되고 있다. 덕교육적 접근은 인지적 접근을 넘어서 모색된다. 도덕과 실행원리 중 인지적 접근과 정의적 접근은 -인간의 본질에 근거한다면- 인간의 두 가지 소통의 전달방법이다. 인간은 보이는 세계와 보이지 않는 세계에 존재하기 때문에 두 세계와 소통을 하고 있다. 그 중 인지적 접근은 인간이 현실세계에서 소통하는 방법이고, 정의적 접근은 정신세계에서의 소통방법이다. 현실세계에서의 소통은 과학적인 방법으로 대상을 물질로 봄으로써 죽은 시각으로 보는 것이다. 반면에 보이지 않는 정신세계의 소통은 -대상을- 자신과 같은 생명을 가진 존재로 인식하는 시각이다. 구체적으로 두 시각의 예로 고추잠자리를 들면 다음과 같다. 먼저 인지적 접근은 과학적으로 분석하는 것이다. 즉 죽은 대상으로 보는 것이다. 정의적 접근은 고추잠자리의 아름다움과 경이로움을 본다. 이는 고추잠자리를 자신과 같은 존재-생명-로 인식할 때 볼 수 있는 시각이다. 현재 과학적인 패러다임 하에서 정신세계의 소통이 이루어지고 있지 않다. 인지적 접근이 강조되어 교육이 이루어지고 있는 것이다. 플라톤의 메논의 영혼의 상기가 전통적인 교육방법으로 정신세계의 소통이다. 정신세계의 소통 속성은 교사가 지식을 전달하는 것도 아니고, 학습자가 전달받는 것도 아니다(교사도 학습자도 정신세계의 지식-``덕``-을 원래 가지고 있기 때문이다). 도덕과 교육의 어려움은 덕의 획득이 정신세계의 소통으로 얻을 수 있는 지식이기 때문이다. 예컨대 도덕과 교육에서 덕을 전달한다 해도 학습자 입장에서는 스스로 덕을 회상하여 획득한 것이다. 또한 덕의 획득은 신성한 기운의 시여이므로 인간 능력의 밖이다. 이와 같은 정신세계 소통의 속성이 도덕과 교육에서 덕교육적 접근의 모색이 어려운 이유에 해당한다. 슈타이너의 인간 발달단계에 따르면 정신세계의 소통이 가능한 단계는 9-12세 사이이다. 이때에 공감교육을 함으로써 의지를 발현시킬 수가 있다고 한다. 의지가 발현된 이후에 사고교육이 이루어진다면, 학습자가 자신의 사고에 확신을 가지므로 실천으로 이어질 수 있다. 현실에서 보이지 않는 정신세계의 소통은 쉽지 않다. 특히 과학적인 패러다임 하에서는 더욱 그럴 것이다. 도덕과 교육에서 덕교육적 접근은 패러다임의 전환이 필요한 일이다. 앞으로의 세기에 요청되는 인간은 대상을 나와 같은 생명을 가진 존재로 보는 시각을 가진 인간이다. 인간의 본질에 근거하여 두 가지 접근이 서로 다른 소통방법임을 이해한다면 도덕과 교육에서 두 가지 접근이 이루어질 수 있다. The 7th National Curriculum emphasizes the importance of the virtues education. The pedagogy of the virtues education needs to be explored beyond the cognitive approach. With regard to the principles regarding the practice of the moral education, cognitive and affective approaches are - if assumed on the nature of human beings - the primary means of communication in education. Human beings exist in both visible and invisible worlds, which means we communicate with the two worlds. The cognitive approach is about our communication in the real world, while the affective approach is applied in our mental world. Thus, we communicate with the real world by means of reason or scientific approach, and this implies we view the world as an object. In contrast, our communication with the mental world assumes that the objects are alive. If we take a red dragonfly as an example, the cognitive approach analyzes it in a scientific way, while the affective approach focuses on its beauty and wonders. In other words, the affective approach assumes that the insect is a life or being. Under our contemporary scientific paradigm, the communication with the mental world tends to be neglected. Hence, our school education is dominated by the cognitive approach. Plato``s Meno or ``recall of soul`` represents the traditional mental communication. In the mental world, neither the teacher instructs the students nor the learners are instructed by the teacher, because it is presumed that both teacher and students have their own knowledge of the mental world or ``virtue.`` The moral education is difficult because the virtue can only be cultivated through the communication with the mental world. For example, if a teacher instructs the students about the virtue, the students recall the virtue and cultivate it for themselves. Furthermore, since the virtue can only be cultivated by means of a holy energy, it can hardly be cultivated by means of learning only. Hence, we moral educators cannot but feel difficult for the virtues education. According to Steiner``s stages of life, children can begin to communicate with their own mental world when they are as old as 9-12. At this stage, the sympathetic education or the affective approach would help them to develop their free will. When their free will has been developed more or less, the cognitive approach may well help them to be convinced of their thoughts, and then, they would be likely to practice what they have learned. In reality, however, it is not easy, particularly under the current scientific paradigm, to communicate with our mental world, and therefore, a paradigm shift is required for the virtues education. The human beings important in this age of knowledge and information are those who see the objects as alive as themselves. In all, if we apply the two moral education approaches properly, we can help our children to communicate with the two worlds and thereby, cultivate their virtue.

임상연구 : 비뇨기과 수술에서 Bupivacaine 척추마취에 첨가한 Fentanyl의 효과

김혜경 ( Hae Kyoung Kim ),채영근 ( Young Keun Chae ),이정훈 ( Jung Hoon Lee ) 대한마취과학회 2003 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.45 No.1

예비유아교사의 음악에 대한 신념과 교육실습경험과의 관계

김혜경(Kim Hae Kyoung) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2015 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.15 No.12

본 연구는 예비유아교사들의 음악에 대한 신념과 실습경험에 따른 신념의 차이 및 관계를 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 서울, 경기, 전라도 지역에 재학중인 2-4 학년 유아교육과 학생 총 213명으로, Music Beliefs Questionnaire설문지와 심층 질 문지를 통하여 자료를 수집하여 분석하였다. 연구결과를 살펴보면 첫째, 예비유아교 사들은 음악의 중요성에 대해 대체적으로 높은 신념수준을 보여주었으며, 세 종류의 하위요인들에 대해서는 심미적 효능에 대한 신념이 가장 높게 나타났고, 이어서 사 회정서적 효능, 삶의 질 효능의 순서로 나타났다. 현장실습경험 유무에 따른 차이에 있어서 음악의 중요성에 대한 전체 신념에서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 음악의 심미적 효능에 대한 신념은 교생실습을 다녀오지 않은 예비교사들 에게 더 강하게 나타났다. 셋째, 음악에 대한 신념수준을 상위와 하위로 분류하여 이들의 현장실습에서의 음악관련 관찰경험 및 음악교수경험을 분석한 결과, 상위 신 념그룹의 경우, 담임교사의 다양하고 다각적인 음악활동을 관찰하였으며, 예비교사 교육 및 개인적인 음악교육경험이 긍정적인 음악교수경험과 관련이 있다고 나타났 다. 하위신념그룹의 예비교사들의 경우 교육실습시 제한적인 음악활동을 경험하였 으며 음악능력과 지식에 대한 부족으로 인해 음악활동에 낮은 자신감을 보였다. 연 구결과를 바탕으로 유아음악교육 및 교사교육을 위한 토론 및 제언이 제시되었다. The purpose of this study was to examine early childhood preservice teachers beliefs about the importance of music related to field experiences. Participants were early childhood preserivce teachers attending universities located in Seoul, Kyung-gi and Jeola-do areas. Data were collected based on the MBQ and theme writing. The results show that first, the overall beliefs about music of early childhood prospective educators are relatively strong. Regarding the beliefs about music benefits, preservice teachers possess stronger beliefs about aesthetic benefits than social-emotional and quality-of-life benefits. Second, there was a statistically significant difference in the beliefs about aesthetic benefits of music between teachers with field experience and those without field experiences. Third, the theme writing revealed a relationship between field experiences and beliefs about music. Teachers of stronger level belief group experienced more positive and developmentally appropriate music practice than those of weaker level belief group. Based on the results, discussions and further implications were suggested.

어머니 - 유아간 상호작용에서 나타난 전략과 질

김혜경(Hae Kyoung Kim),김희진(Hee Jin Kim) 한국아동학회 2001 兒童學會誌 Vol.22 No.2

This study used 2 coordination tasks to examine the strategy and quality of interactions between mothers and their children. Results were: (1) Most frequently employed strategies of mothers were feedback, orders, explanations followed by questions and opinions. Most frequently employed strategies of children were offering opinions followed by recognition and explanation. (2) In mother-initiated interactions, the mother`s-question/child`s-opinion sequence was most frequent, and child`s acceptance of mother`s order, explanation, suggestion, or opinion; child`s question to mother`s order, and child`s explanation were also frequent. In child-initiated interactions, child`s-opinion/mother`s-feedback occurred most frequently. Mothers` feedback to child`s explanation, acceptance, and question was also observed. (3) When mothers and children used strategies of low quality, such as rejection or reprimand, the interactions tended to be negative.

유아의 또래상호작용 촉진전략에 대한 유아교사의 신념과 전략사용실제와의 관계

김혜경(Kim, Hae Kyoung) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2017 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.17 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 유아의 상호작용을 촉진하는 전략들에 대한 유아교사들의 수용도와 적용가능성 및 현재사용도를 알아보고 교육경력, 학력과 전략의 수용도, 적용 가능성과 현재사용도와의 관계를 파악하는데 있다. 연구대상은 서울, 경기, 충청 지역의 총 142명의 유아교사들로 약 한 달간 기관 방문과 우편을 통하여 SIPPY 설문조사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료를 바탕으로 SPSS 21와 Amos21를 활용하여 기술통계, 상관분석과 경로분석을 통해 변인들의 직간접효과를 분석하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 유아교사들은 또래상호작용 촉진을 위한 전략에 대하여 대체적으로 수용가능하고, 자신의 교실에서 실제 적용할 수 있다고 판단하였다. 전략의 종류 중 환경구성 전략과 일상생활 전략에 비해 중점전략에 대해서는 덜 수용적이며 덜 적용가능하다고 판단하였다. 둘째, 변인간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 유아교사들의 경력은 전략의 수용도와 정적 상관을 보였으며, 학력은 전략의 수용도, 실제적용가능성, 현재사용도와 부적 상관을 보였다. 또한 교사들이 전략을 수용할만하며 실제 적용가능하다고 판단할 경우, 현재사용도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 경로분석을 통하여 경력과 학력, 수용도가 실제적용가능성을 매개로 전략의 현재사용도에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 경력과 학력이 실제적용가능성에 미치는 영향에서 수용도의 매개효과가 유의하게 나타났다. 결과를 바탕으로 또래 상호작용 촉진의 전략사용을 위한 제언이 제시되었다. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among early childhood teachers teaching experiences, education degree, social practices and beliefs about the importance of social interaction by judging the acceptability and feasibility of strategies for promoting the development of young children s social competence using path analysis. SIPPY questionnaire was administered to 142 early childhood teachers in South Korea and descriptive analysis, correlation and path analysis were used. Results showed, first, teachers in this study relatively hold strong beliefs about the importance of social interaction of young children. Among the three strategies, they believed environment arrangement and natural activity strategies are most acceptable and feasible. Then, they viewed intensive strategies are less acceptable and feasible. Second, there was a statistically significant relationship among teaching experiences, education degree, social practices and beliefs about the importance of social interaction. More they judge strategies as acceptable and feasible, more they use often the strategies. Third, regarding the structured relationship among the variables, there was an indirect effect of teaching experiences and education years on acceptability and feasibility of strategies. Also, it was found that feasibility of strategies was medium variable on current use. Implications were discussed for future research.

임상연구 : Desflurane 흡입 마취가 Sevoflurane과 달리 수술 후 장관 기능의 회복을 지연시키는가?

김덕경 ( Duk Kyung Kim ),김혜경 ( Hae Kyoung Kim ),우남식 ( Nam Sik Woo ),김태엽 ( Tae Yop Kim ),권원경 ( Won Kyoung Kwon ),김양렬 ( Yang Lyoul Kim ) 대한마취과학회 2007 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.52 No.6

Background: Sympathetic nervous hyperactivity presents in response to surgical stress has been implicated as an important component of postoperative ileus. Because desflurane induces sympathetic activation, the effects of desflurane and sevoflurane on the recovery of bowel function were compared. Methods: Forty patients undergoing a laparoscopic appendectomy were randomly assigned to receive either sevoflurane (Group S, n = 20) or desflurane (Group D, n = 20). The anesthetic, operative, and postoperative pain managements were standardized. The CRP (C-reactive protein), total leukocyte count, and ratio of the neutrophil to leukocyte counts were measured preoperatively and 12 hours postoperatively. The mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), heart rate, and end-tidal anesthetic concentration were measured at 10-min intervals during the surgery. The degree of postoperative pain, 11-graded surgical difficulty score, time to the first passage of flatus and first oral intake of clear fluid, as well as the postoperative hospital stay were also evaluated. Results: Finally, 16 and 17 subjects in Groups S and D were included the analyses. There were no significant differences in the MABP, heart rate, and end-tidal anesthetic concentration between the two groups. The clinical and laboratory parameters related to the severities of inflammation and surgical trauma were similar in both groups. There were no significant differences in the times to the first passage of flatus and first oral intake of clear fluid and the postoperative hospital stay between the two groups. Conclusions: Although desflurane induces sympathetic activation, unlike sevoflurane, it does not delay the return of bowel function following a laparoscopic appendectomy. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2007; 52: 630~6)

증례보고 : 개심술 마취에서 동맥압 파형분석을 이용한 심박출량과 중심정맥 산소포화도

김태엽 ( Tae Yop Kim ),권원경 ( Won Kyoung Kwon ),윤창룡 ( Chang Yong Yoon ),김혜경 ( Hae Kyoung Kim ),김준석 ( Jun Seok Kim ),지현근 ( Hyun Keun Chee ) 대한마취과학회 2007 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.53 No.1

The determination of arterial pressure wave-derived cardiac output (APCO) and central venous O2 saturation (ScvO2) has been introduced as a less invasive procedure for monitoring cardiac function and oxygen delivery. We have used an APCO sensor (FloTrac(TM)) and a monitor for ScvO2 (Vigileo(TM)) in two cases of cardiac valve surgery, where placement of pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) was not applicable due to unfavorable cardiac structure (case 1) and was contraindicated due to an unstable cardiac conduction disorder and arrhythmia (case 2). In case 1, monitoring of APCO was started from the beginning of anesthesia induction and a ScvO2 monitoring central venous catheter was inserted just after anesthesia induction. APCO, ScvO2 and other hemodyanamic information such as arterial BP, CVP, and data obtained from transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) during the pre-cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) period were measured. APCO and ScvO2 during the post-CPB period showed a reliable correspondence with continuous cardiac output (CCO) and mixed venous O2 saturation (SvO2) as measured by PAC at the end of CPB. In case 2, APCO and ScvO2 were monitored instead of CCO and SvO2. The values of APCO showed a good correlation to intraoperative COs indirectly calculated by the velocity-time integral of the aortic outflow determined in the TEE examination. We experienced that monitoring APCO and ScvO2 is useful for anesthesia management in cardiac valve surgery and can be an alternative to CCO and SvO2 if the placement of PAC and the thermodilution method are not applicable. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2007; 53: 109~14)

증례보고 : 원발성 신부전이 동반된 간부전 환자의 간이식술의 마취 관리

김덕경 ( Duk Kyung Kim ),김혜경 ( Hae Kyoung Kim ),김태엽 ( Tae Yop Kim ),임정애 ( Jeong Ae Lim ),김양렬 ( Yang Lyoul Kim ),장성환 ( Sung Whan Jang ) 대한마취과학회 2007 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.53 No.4

Renal failure frequently accompanies advanced hepatic failure. Even if adequate renal function is not considered as a prerequisite for transplant candidacy, impaired renal function prior to liver transplantation has been regarded as an independent risk factor of graft dysfunction and mortality. Liver transplantation in such a patient also presents a number of challenges to the anesthesiologists. Optimal fluid therapy, prompt and aggressive correction of electrolytes and metabolic disturbances, careful selection of anesthetic techniques and agents, and close monitoring of cardio-respiratory function help reduce the graft failure and perioperative mortality. In such cases, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is used with increasing frequency during or after the surgery. So, anesthesiologists need to understand the basic principles, potential applications, and anesthetic implications of several CRRT options. We therefore present the anesthetic experience in a patient with hepatic failure combined with primary renal failure, successfully managed during or after liver transplantation. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2007; 53: 547∼553)