김북원(金北原)의 문학사적 복원과 해방기 활동 연구

김진희 ( Kim Jin-hee ) 한국문학연구학회 2019 현대문학의 연구 Vol.0 No.68

남북한 문학사에서 김북원에 대한 소개 및 평가는 해방 전 문학성과를 봉인한 채, 한국 전쟁기 이후의 성과에 집중되어 왔다. 이는 해당 작가의 자료를 남한과 북한이 비교 논의하지 않았기 때문이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 김북원의 해방 전 문단 활동이 비교적 일찍부터 시작되었음을 필명을 찾아 밝히고 창작의 영역이나 경향 역시 다양했음을 자료 발굴 및 제시를 통해 논의함으로써 김북원에 관한 전체적 연구의 토대 마련을 시도했다. 그간 남한의 아동문학사에서 『별나라』에 실린 아동소설 및 동시의 작가로 알려진 필명 ‘북원초인’이 김북원임을 북한의 아동문학사와 비교하고, 1930년대 김북원의 농업학교 재직 경험 등을 통해 밝혔다. 그리고 소설로 알려진 「완구」가 꽁트임을 밝혔고, 『삼천리』에 추천된 「유랑민」이라는 소설을 통해 김북원이 당대 노동자로 전락하는 농민의 삶을 핍진하게 그림으로써 이후 북한문단에서 농촌작가라는 평가의 단초를 읽을 수 있었다. 『신인문학』이나 『시인춘추』 등에 발표한 김북원의 시를 최초로 소개했고 1930년대 후반 『맥』과 1940년대 『시현실동인』으로서 초현실주의와 포르말리즘의 작품 창작 및 이론을 고찰함으로써 1930년대 초반 초현실주의 및 모더니즘을 이론적, 지역적으로 확장하여 만주모더니즘을 선도한 작가임을 밝혔다. 1943년까지 초현실주의 시의 창작방법론을 시도했던 김북원은 해방기에는 북한 문단의 정책과 변화하는 현실의 요구에 맞는 작품들을 창작했다. 김일성에 대한 찬양을 기본 골자로 하면서, 농촌의 토지개혁, 빨치산 전투에 참여한 영웅적 주인공, 노동 현장의 변화, 소련과의 친선 등 북한의 중요한 이슈들을 시화했다. 이상과 같은 논의를 통해 식민지 시기와 해방기 이후 김북원의 문학 활동의 연속성을 확보함으로써 남북한 문학사에서 김북원에 관한 전체적인 평가의 토대가 구축될 수 있었다. In the history of North and South Korean literature, the introduction and evaluation of Kim Buk-won has focused on the achievements after the Korean War, sealing the literary achievements before liberation. This is because both South Korea and North Korea did not discuss comparative resources of the author. In this study, research on Kim Buk-won was attempted for the first time by unveiling that Kim Buk-won’s preliberation literary activities had started relatively early by finding his pen name, and by discussing that his creative territory or tendency were also diverse through data supplement. This study uncovers that the author of children’s stories and poetry published in The Land of Stars (별나라 Byeolnara) in the history of children’s literature in South Korea, under the pen name “Buk-won-cho-in” was in fact Kim Buk-won by comparing Kim’s identity with the history of children’s literature in North Korea, and through Kim’s experience working in agricultural school in the 1930s. Moreover, I uncover that the work, Toy (Wan-gu) that was known as a novel, was in fact a conte (short story), and was able to read the start of the assessment of Kim Buk-won as an agricultural writer in the North Korean literary circle after depicting the lives of farmers turning into laborers in the novel Nomads (Yurangmin), which was nominated in The Land of Korea (삼천리 Samcheolli).Kim Buk-won’s poetry, which was published in New Face of Literature (신인문학 Sininmunhak) or Spring and Fall of Poets (시인춘추 Siin chunchu), was first introduced and discussed in this study. By reviewing the creation and theories of Maek in the late 1930s and ‘Poetry Reality Coterie’ in the 1940s, it became possible to evaluate that Kim was a writer led Manchurian Modernism, by theoretically and geographically expanding surrealism and modernism in the 1930s. Kim Buk-won, who tried to create surrealistic poetry creative methodology by 1943, created works that fit the policies of North Korean literary circles and the demands of changing reality. With the praise of Kim Il Sung as the basic framework, he has poeticized North Korea’s major issues such as land reform in rural areas, the heroic protagonist who participated in the battle of partizan, changes in the workplace, and goodwill with the Soviet Union. Through these discussions, I believe that securing of the continuity of Kim’s literary activities after the colonial period and the liberation period, and the complete description of the history of literature in North and South Korea became possible.

김억의 번역론 연구 : 근대문학의 장(場)과 번역자의 과제

김진희(Kim Jin-hee) 한국시학회 2010 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.28

In the beginning of the Korean modern literature since 1910's, Kim Eok played a crucial role as a translator for foreign literature and theory. During the acceptance of foreign literature, Kim realized the importance of translation and he is considered an intellectual who, as opposed to other contemporary translators, performed a bulk of translations from various countries. He was in the lead of balancing content and form, reforming he literary circles of translation in which there was abundance of arbitrary interpretations and content-concentrated translations. However, Kim Eok's translated works have been devalued by reason of erroneous and liberal translation of original works and inapt understanding. Researchers generally examine original and translated texts in tandem, after which they point out problems of the translations and attribute them to the translators' lack of capacity. The study of this paper presupposes that in-depth understanding of translated texts can be carried out only when the theory and practice of translation go in parallel. It argues that the negative evaluation for Kim's translations can be reconsidered through the study of theory. Kim argued for 'creative liberal translation,' and this paper investigates the formation and characteristics of this standpoint. This paper particularly looks into how symbolism, which Kim embraced, influenced Kim's view on translation. The acceptance of symbolism and the theory of translation are discussed in regard to the theory of translation maintained by Bejamin, a German literary critic who lived around the same time, in his book The Task of the Translator. The paper also examines Kim Eok's theory of translation in the sense that the act of translating foreign languages expands and deepens a mother tongue, which provides an opportunity to form and develop the self-identity. Kim's viewpoint on translation, which searches for the nature of poems, found modern poetic language for the Korean poetry, which was possible due to his exploration into language that represents this nature. Translating the western poems in the initial stage of modern literature implies admission and conveyance of heterogeneous culture, beyond simple written text, and creation of new culture. Kim Eok's translated works shows the creativity of cultural translation that is generated at the intersection of internal and external cultures. The literary world after 1920's, via translations, could realize the identity of modern literature by means of dialogue with others, i.e. dialogue between tradition and the West. Furthermore, it could have a foundation in creation of new culture. Along these lines of modern literature, Kim Eok's theory of translation presented ‘creative liberal translation’ and ‘creative translation’ as the task and direction for those who do the translation, including himself. It was an aspect of cultural action that Kim's theory evidently showed through translation.

근대 문학의 장(場)과 김억의 상징주의 수용

김진희 ( Kim Jin-hee ) 한국문학이론과 비평학회 2004 한국문학이론과 비평 Vol.22 No.-

It was in 1910s of the history of Korean modern poetic literature that new contents and forms of poetry had begun to be explored and practiced, though traditional poems and songs had been yet enjoyed in those days. In this history of literature it is enough to be remarkable that Earck Kim had provided the symbolic poetics for a found of the Korean modern poetry in 1910s. Earck Kim's literary activities whose had received and created the symbolic poetics were particularly to be remarkable in the early new-literature. But with these fruits his literature has debated as limits about how he had preponderately received poetry of P. M. Verlaine, and had tended to a senumentality and an musicality. Contrary, his literature also has appraised that he had suggested rules of set-form so called the ‘rhythmical poetics’ in 1930s against a superficial understanding about the receiving symbolism. This study has seen these characters of Earck Kim not as a limit or a fault of the receiving it but as a speciality and a personality of it, and even has illuminated objective and subjective elements which had these characters of him. For this study has laid a comparative literary view by using a framework(or methodology) that those elements have determinated a character of the receiving it according as D. Durisin had suggested the progressive study of the receiving. If the objective elements are to be a whole literary situation of one state receiving it, then the subjective elements are to be personality, individuality, creativity, and like of the literator in the state. By the way theories of Pierre Bourdieu's the ‘literature champ' and the ‘habitus' have been used as scientific epistemology and methodology in order that this study has explained stricter and more dynamic relationships how the subjective elements of literary subjects have been involved in the objective situations, and how they have determinated a character of the receiving it. For it has been to be thought effective how the ‘litterature champ' has been used to explain the objective elements of the receiver contacting them, and how the 'habitus' to explain the subjective elements of the receiver-self. With these methodologies this study has first examine on building up the ‘litterature champ' in 1910s and its characters as the objective elements of the receiving. And this study has concretely inquired Earck Kim’s poetic tendency which had regarded importantly sentimentality and emotion of ones as the subjective elements, his experiences of learning in and out Korea, and contents of learning about symbolism in Japan. Second, this study has tried to rethink a bout Earck Kim's the receiving symbolism based on above results. Anyway, his preponderantly receiving Verlaine could have been issued not from the lack of his power of the receiving symbolism, but from that symbolism had been harmonized with Earck Kim's personal poetic taste. His groping for a modern from of poetry also has been generated in a reflective thought against the utility litterature champ in which had been fixed the literary topical consciousness. And the rhythmic poetics which had tried to seek for rules of our language in 1930s has been turned out to be an inheritance from his inquiry of poetic farms before. Finally, Earck Kim had opened the individuals eyes into their self-consciousness through stimulating their emotions when the utility ideology had been emphasized. Consequently, Earck Kim in 1910s had obviously shown a direction of future lyrics through his reflection on the literature of the day in terms that he had made a fixed directive point toward the excluding thoughts and meanings from his poetry and the seeking for musicality in it, and that he had enlightened new poets on lyricism as their poetic defect.

김억의 유행가 가사의 장르적 특성과 문학사적 위상 - 대중적 정서의 여성성을 중심으로

김진희(Kim Jinhee) 한국언어문학회 2008 한국언어문학 Vol.65 No.-

  Arguing that the lyrics of Eok Kim"s popular songs in the 1930s are based on the emotion and format that he pursued from the outset of his poems, this research examines whether these characteristics were further developed in the lyrics of popular songs. In addition, it investigates how the femininity excited by these sentiments functions in popular culture, and how significant these characteristics are in the history of modern poetry.<BR>  Kim considered "Gyeokjosi" (swing verse) to be the most appropriate for showing the sentiment of the Korean race, viz., Joseon sentiment. He thus writes popular songs based on this format. "Gyeokjosi" is the form fit into reciting and singing. It is one of the regular rules of versification which can effectively realize the ideal of poems that Kim thought of as songs. By dint of this, Kim hoped that the modern poems could be created which the whole nation could enjoy.<BR>  This paper approaches the lyrics of popular songs, i.e., ballad poems as a branch of popular literature. It can be conjectured that the lyrics of popular songs served as popular poems when popular novels, particularly lowbrow novels, were in vogue in the mid- and late-1930s. Therefore, the lyrics of popular songs in the 1930s showed the origin of the genre of popular poems, in which sense they can be evaluated to have expanded the field of modern poetry. What calls for attention, among others, is that Kim focuses on sadness, rather than gladness, and he gives elegiac feeling which awakens the femininity. These sensitivity and femininity are apt for the fundamental sentiment of popular songs, which can get supported by the populace.<BR>  Kim’s lyrics of popular songs in the 1930s plays a role of popular poems well enough in that they effectively reveal the public sentiment in those days, grounded upon the feelings of sorrows and pathos which Kim himself sought after. Furthermore, the femininity suggested by sorrow and grief plays an important part in appealingly expressing the sense of loss and helplessness felt by the general public who were living in the critical reality of colonial modern times.<BR>  These facts confirms that the role of contemporary poets was crucial in the process in which the femininity, sentimentalism, and elegiac sense were incorporated into the popular ballad poems of the literary circles where they had been estranged while the elite being in the main. In this light, Eok Kim and his works of popular song lyrics can called a significant trailblazer for the history of modern poetry.

기후학적 평년 표준편차 분포도의 상세화

김진희,김수옥,김대준,Kim, Jin-Hee,Kim, Soo-ock,Kim, Dae-jun 한국농림기상학회 2017 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.19 No.3

2011-2015년까지 경남 하동군 악양 집수역의 해발고도 8~1,073m 범위에 설치된 10개 무인기상관측기에서 0600, 1500 기온 관측값을 수집하여 월별 표준편차를 계산하고, 소기후모형으로부터 예측된 기온의 표준편차 결과를 함께 비교하여 미관측 지점의 추정기술에 실효성이 있는지 평가하였다. 소기후모형에 따른 예측값은 월별 0600, 1500 기온의 표준편차를 각각 88%, 86% 정도 설명할 수 있었지만, 전반적으로 과소추정하는 경향이었다. 겨울철과 여름철에 나타나는 낮은 고도 대비 해발고도가 높아질수록 변이가 작아지거나 커지는 방향성에 있어서 관측값과는 반대양상으로 나타나 당초 기대와는 다른 결과를 보였다. 또 다른방법으로 월별 기온 표준편차와 지형간의 관계를 정량화하여 임의지역의 지형특성과 종관규모 수준의 기온자료 만으로 표준편차 분포를 예측할 수 있을지 회귀분석을 수행하였다. 회귀모형은 해발고도편차에 따라 보정된 월별 기온 외에, 경사도와 경사향 등 기본적인 지형인자와 온난대효과와 냉기집적효과, 개방도 등의 기온과 관련된 변수들을 고려하여 월별로 표준편차를 가장 잘 설명할 수 있는 변수를 1~3개까지 선발하여 만들어졌으며, 월별 결정계수는 0.46부터 0.98 범위로 나타났다. 회귀모델을 이용해 기온이 관측되지 않는 임의지역의 표준편차를 지형변수의 최소-최대값 유효범위 내에서 월별로 예측한다면 70% 수준의 추정능력으로 공간변이 분포도를 나타낼 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. The distribution of inter-annual variation in temperature would help evaluate the likelihood of a climatic risk and assess suitable zones of crops under climate change. In this study, we evaluated two methods to estimate the standard deviation of temperature in the areas where weather information is limited. We calculated the monthly standard deviation of temperature by collecting temperature at 0600 and 1500 local standard time from 10 automated weather stations (AWS). These weather stations were installed in the range of 8 to 1,073m above sea level within a mountainous catchment for 2011-2015. The observed values were compared with estimates, which were calculated using a geospatial correction scheme to derive the site-specific temperature. Those estimates explained 88 and 86% of the temperature variations at 0600 and 1500 LST, respectively. However, it often underestimated the temperatures. In the spring and fall, it tended to had different variance (e.g., increasing or decreasing pattern) from lower to higher elevation with the observed values. A regression analysis was also conducted to quantify the relationship between the standard deviation in temperature and the topography. The regression equation explained a relatively large variation of the monthly standard deviation when lapse-rate corrected temperature, basic topographical variables (e.g., slope, and aspect) and topographical variables related to temperature (e.g., thermal belt, cold air drainage, and brightness index) were used. The coefficient of determination for the regression analysis ranged between 0.46 and 0.98. It was expected that the regression model could account for 70% of the spatial variation of the standard deviation when the monthly standard deviation was predicted by using the minimum-maximum effective range of topographical variables for the area.

김기림 문학론에 나타난 타자의 지형과 근대문학론의 역사성

김진희 ( Jin Hee Kim ) 우리어문학회 2008 우리어문연구 Vol.32 No.-

Breast Conserving Operation and Radiation Therapy in Early Breast Cancer : Interim Analysis

김진희,김옥배,김유사,Kim, Jin-Hee,Kim, Ok-Bae,Kim, You-Sah The Korean Society for Radiation Oncology 2001 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.19 No.1

목적 : 초기 유방암 (병기 I, II)에서는 유방 보존 수술과 방사선치료가 선호 받고 있는 치료법이다. 본원에서는 1992년부터 이러한 방법을 시행 중이며 실패양상과 미용효과 및 생존률을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1992년 1월부터 1997년 12월까지 계명대학교 동산의료원에서 유방 보존 수술과 방사선치료를 받은 초기 유방암환자 72명을 대상으로 하였다. 연령분포는 $25\~77$세(중앙값 43세)이었고 TNM 병기는 0기 5명, I기 33명, IIa기 25명, IIb기 9명이었다. 모든 환자는 유방의 부분절제술과 동측 액와림프절 곽청술을 시행하고 방사선치료를 하였다. 유방의 방사선치료는 동측 전체 유방에 6 MV 광자선으로 $50\~54\;Gy$를 5주에서 6주간에 조사하였고 원발병소에 추가 방사선은 전자선으로 $10\~16\;Gy$를 1주에서 2주간 조사하였다. 항암화학요법은 41명에서 방사선치료 전후에 시행하였다. 미용효과는 환자의 만족도를 매우좋음, 좋음, 만족할만함, 불만족의 4단계로 설문조사를 시행하였다. 추적관찰기간은 22개월에서 91개월로 중앙값이 40개월이었다. 결과 : 전체환자의 5년 무병생존률은 $95.8\%$ 이었다. 병기별로는 0기에는 $100\%$, I기에는 $96.9\%$, IIa기에는 $96\%$, IIb기에는 $88.9\%$이었다. 2명에서 원격전이가 있었으며 1명에서 동시재발이 있었다. 원격전이 환자 중 1명에서는 방사선 치료 후 14개월에 골, 간에 있었고 1명에서는 21개월에 폐와 양측 쇄골상 림프절에 전이되었다. 동시재발환자는 14개월에 동측 유방의 다른 사분역에 재발하여 유방전절제술과 항암화학요법을 시행하고 44개월에 뇌전이로 방사선치료와 항암화학요법을 시행하였으나 55개월 째 사망하였다. 부작용으로는 4명에서 무증상의 폐렴양 음영이 흉부 X선 촬영에서 보였고 1명에서 증상을 동반한 방사선폐렴이 있었고 4명$(5\%)$에서 경미한 정도의 손부종이나 팔 부종이 있었다. 미용결과는 설문에 응답한 59명중 51명$(86\%)$에서 좋음에서 매우 좋음으로 나타났다. 결론 : 이상의 결과로 초기 유방암에서 유방보존수술과 방사선치료는 안전한 치료방법이며 우수한 생존률과 미용 결과를 보인다고 생각되며 향후 장기추적관찰을 통해 예후 인자의 분석이 필요 할 것으로 사료된다. Purpose : To evaluate interim results in terms of failure, cosmetic results and survival after breast conserving operation and radiation therapy in early breast cancer. Material and Methods : From January 1992 through December 1997, seventy two patients with early stage 0, I and II breast cancer were treated with conservative surgery plus radiotherapy at Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center. Age distribution was 25 to 77 years old with median age of 43. According to TNM stage, five patients had stage 0, thirty three were stage I, twenty five were IIa, and nine were IIb. Most patients underwent excision of all gross tumor and ipsilateral axillary dissection. Breast was irradiated through medial and lateral tangential fields of 6 MV photons to 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions over 5.5 weeks. We delivered a boost irradiation dose of 10 to 16 Gy in 1 to 2 weeks to excision site. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in forty one patients with CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil) regimens of 6 cycles concurrently or before radiation. Cosmetic results were assessed by questionnaire to patients grading of excellent, good, fair, poor. Follow-up periods were 22 to 91 months with median 40 months. Results : Five year disease free survival rate (5YDFS) was $95.8\%$. According to stage, 5YDFS was $100\%,\;96.9\%,\;96\%\;and\;88.9\%$ in stage 0, I, IIa and IIb, respectively. Two patients had distant metastasis and one had local and distant failure. One patient with distant failure had bone and liver metastasis at 14 months after treatment and the other had lung and both supraclavicular metastasis at 21 months after treatment. Patient with local and distant failure had local recurrence on other quadrant in same breast and then salvaged with total mastectomy and chemotherapy but she died due to brain metastasis at 55 months. Complications were radiation pneumonitis in five patients (four patients of asymptomatic, one patients of symptomatic) and hand or arm edema(4 patients). Fifty nine patients answered our cosmetic result questionnaire and cosmetic results were good to excellent in fifty one patients $(86\%)$. Conclusion : We considered that conservative surgery and radiation for the treatment of early stage invasive breast cancer was safe and had excellent survival and cosmetic results. We need to assess about prognostic factors with longer follow up and with large number of patients.

2005년 암의 경제적 비용부담 추계

김진희,함명일,박은철,박재현,박종혁,김성은,김성경,Kim, Jin-Hee,Hahm, Myung-Il,Park, Eun-Cheol,Park, Jae-Hyun,Park, Jong-Hyock,Kim, Sung-Eun,Kim, Sung-Gyeong 대한예방의학회 2009 예방의학회지 Vol.42 No.3

Objectives : The objective of this study is to estimate the economic costs of cancer on society. Methods : We estimated the economic burden of people with cancer in South Korea. To perform the analysis, we reviewed the records of people who were cancer patients and those who were newly diagnosed with cancer. The data was compiled from the National Health Insurance Corporation, which included the insurance claims database, a list of cancer patients, a database that records the cancer rates, the Korea Central Cancer Registry Center s cancer patient registry database and the Korea National Statistical Office s causes of death database. We classified the costs as related to cancer into direct costs and indirect costs, and we estimated each cost. Direct costs included both medical and non-medical care expenses and the indirect costs consisted of morbidity, mortality and the caregiver's time costs. Results : The total economic costs of cancer in South Korea stood at 14.1 trillion won in 2005. The largest amount of the cost 7.4 trillion won, was the mortality costs. Following this were the morbidity costs (3.2 trillion won), the medical care costs (2.2 trillion won), the non-medical care costs (1.1 trillion won) and the costs related to the caregiver's time (100 billion won). As a result, the economic cost of cancer to South Korea is estimated to be between 11.6 trillion won to 14.1 trillion won for the year 2005. Conclusions : We need to reduce the cancer burden through encouraging people to undergo early screening for cancer and curing it in the early stage of cancer, as well as implementing policies to actively prevent cancer.

평년 평균기후자료 기반 농업기후도의 신뢰도

김진희,김대준,김수옥,Kim, Jin-Hee,Kim, Dae-jun,Kim, Soo-ock 한국농림기상학회 2017 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.19 No.3

평년의 기온분포도의 제작방법에 따라 이를 활용하여 산출되는 농업기후정보에 어느 정도의 오차를 유발하는지 평가하고자 하였다. 1983-2012 기간에 발생한 기온을 일별로 평균하여 배경기온(365일 ${\times}$ 1세트)을 준비하고, 여기에 소기후모형을 적용하여 평균된 일별 기온분포도('EST 평년' 기온)를 제작하였다. 또한 30년동안 발생한 매년, 매일의 배경기온(365일 ${\times}$ 30세트)으로부터 실황 추정용 소기후모형에 적용하여 30세트의 기온분포도를 제작한 후 일 단위로 다시 평균한 기온분포도('OBS 평년' 기온)를 참값으로 간주하여 비교하였다. 평년 기온분포도에 따라 '후지' 사과의 개화일과 종상일을 예측하고, 늦서리의 위험정도를 비교한 결과, 휴면에 진입하는 늦가을 이후부터 봄철까지의 기온을 온도시간단위로 환산하여 사용하는 개화일의 경우, 평균 2.9일의 오차를 보인 반면, 4월의 최저기온 분포를 2차방정식에 대입하여 산출한 종상일의 경우 평균 11.4일의 비교적 큰 오차가 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 늦서리의 위험을 판정하는 방법은 개화일과 종상일의 편차를 이용하는데 EST 평년 기온을 근거로 판정할 경우, 하동군 악양면의 12.5% 면적에 해당하는 농가는 종상일이 개화일과 같거나 늦게 출현하여 위험지역으로 분류되었지만, OBS 평년 기온에 따르면 악양면의 모든 지역에서 종상일이 개화일보다 늦게 나타나는 곳은 없었다. 차후 컴퓨터 자원과 구동시간에 큰 제약이 없다면 실황 추정기술에 따라 평년기간 30세트의 일별자료를 복원하여 기존 EST 평년 자료를 대체하는 것이 필요하다고 판단된다. The agroclimatic indices are produced by statistical analysis based on primary climate data (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and solar irradiance) or driving agronomic models. This study was carried out to evaluate how selection of daily temperature for a climate normal (1983-2012) affected the precision of the agroclimatic indices. As a first step, averaged daily 0600 and 1500 LST temperature for a climate normal were produced by geospatial schemes based on topo-climatology ($365days{\times}1$ set, EST normal year). For comparison, 30 years daily temperature data were generated by applying the same process ($365days{\times}30sets$), and calculated mean of daily temperature (OBS normal year). The flowering date of apple 'Fuji' cultivar, the last frost date, and the risk of late frost were estimated based on EST normal year data and compared with the results from OBS normal year. The results on flowering date showed 2.9 days of error on average. The last frost date was of 11.4 days of error on average, which was relatively large. Additionally, the risk of the late frost was determined by the difference between the flowering and the last frost date. When it was determined based on the temperature of EST normal year, Akyang was classified as a risk area because the results showed that the last frost date would be the same or later than the flowering date in the 12.5% of area. However, the temperature of OBS normal year indicated that the area did not have the risk of a late frost. The results of this study implied that it would be necessary to reduce the error by replacing the EST method with the OBS method in the future.

혁신 형 중소기업의 성공요인에 관한 사례연구

김진희,김대호,김홍,Kim, Jin-Hee,Kim, Dae-Ho,Kim, Hong 한국벤처창업학회 2008 벤처창업연구 Vol.3 No.2

To achieve the age of 30,000 dollars GNP, The business with speed will hold a more crucial point than the business with scale, and the mass consumption market will be transformed and changed into the niche market. Moreover, it will not be easy for the company without the peculiar and creative technology to survive in the severe competition. Under these circumstances, The innovative company which knows how to use this new paradigm will select the better position in the changing market. Innovation type SMEs are contributing in maintaining the international competitiveness of domestic economy by serving high-tech and the promotion of employment. Also, Innovation type SMEs have the most important economic leverage in our domestic economy. It's a source of the growth in domestic economy. Therefore, A lot of countries have been trying to support innovation type SMEs (with a small capital and high-tech). And many countries also try to protect and promote the innovation type SMEs. Especially the Korean government is also promoting innovation type SMEs in many ways, because the future of innovation type SMEs are not bright. This study explored the three innovative SEMs and studied 1) entrepreneur characteristics, 2) the industry environment, 3) competitive strategies, and 4) resources and capabilities of organization, which have been considered as the success factors for entrepreneurial firms. This study also holds that the characteristics of entrepreneurs is one of the most important factor to impact the success of innovative SMEs. Most of entrepreneurs have started their business with high education career and field experiences and have high intentions in developing new/high techonologies, challenging spirits, and clear vision and goals. The innovative SMEs with small kinds of products and services, narrow market, and small resources are more sensitively impacted by the environment especially. But the SMEs which entered into market early could have the comparative excellencies in their market to survive and grow in the future. They also have competitive advantages in the market using differentiation strategies by technology innovation. Technology innovation and differention strategies are one of the success factors in SMEs, They entered into the niche market using this weapons. The capabilities of changing organization to their changing environment, the open orgarnization culture, the continuous employment education, and the building the organic organization are also success factors of innovative SMEs. The SMEs with the simple organization structure can make fast decisions and operate with the autonomous and flexible ways. These only three cases will not shown successful factors of over 12,000 Innovation type SMEs in Korea and this study of Innovation type SMEs is insufficient from all aspects. But this study have many implications for the future research and the entrepreneurs ready for their business.