세계로 향한 숭산행원의 선사상

김종분(Jong-bun Kim) 원광대학교 마음인문학연구소 2021 마음공부 Vol.3 No.-

숭산행원(崇山行願, 1927-2004, 이하 숭산) 선사는 한국불교를 세계에 널리 포교하는 선구자적 역할을 하였다. 한국 선불교의 국제선원은 1966년 일본의 홍법원을 시작으로 홍콩 홍법원 건립, 그리고 1972년 미국으로 진출하면서 만공선사의 사상이기도 한 ‘세계일화(世界一花)’를 피우기 시작했다. 포교의 범위가 세계로 확장되면서 마침내 미국에서 ‘관음선종’ 을 창건하였으며, 이것이 기반이 되어 한국선불교가 전 세계로 뻗어나가게 되었다. 32개국에 120여개의 선원과 사원이 세워지고 많은 제자들과 5만이 넘는 신자들이 배출되었다. 숭산이 입적할 때까지 해외포교에 대한 업적은 실로 다양하다. 달라이라마와 더불어 세계 4대 생불(生佛)로 인정받아 세계적으로 추앙받았고 ‘오직 모를 뿐(only don’t know)’이라는 화두를 통한 깨달음을 지향했으며, 본래면목을 찾아 사고와 인식의 변화를 통해 인류가 정신을 새롭게 단장할 지표를 세워주었다. 숭산은 어떻게 외국인들의 마음을 움직여 한국불교에 동참하게 했을지가 가장 궁금한 점이다. 숭산의 해외포교는 그의 일상자체가 이미 포교였음을 알 수 있다. 그는 그들이 불교에 아직 물들지 않은 사람들이기에 더 쉬웠다고 말하기도 한다. 그러나 얼마나 많은 치열한 노력이 있었을지 짐작케 하기도 한다. 일본불교나 여타 불교에서는 스님들이 권위적인 면모가 있었다. 하지만 지역의 특성을 충분히 고려하면서 숭산은 수행과 일상의 분리로써 편안하고 자연스럽게 외지인들과 어우러지는 생활을 했다. 즉 수행 시에는 철저하고 엄격하게 예법과 규율을 지키지만, 일상생활에서는 나와 네가 동등하다는 생각을 갖도록 스스럼없이 먹고 자고 하는 일들을 함께했다. 이런 면에서 외지인들이 긴장하지 않고 좋아하며 따르게 되는 일면도 있었다. 그리고 명료한 질서와 보이는 틀이 없으면 안 되겠다는 생각으로 숭산은 『선의 나침반(The compass of zen)』이라는 책을 엮어서 외지인들에게 수행과 포교의 지침서로 삼았다. 숭산은 종교와 지역을 초월하여 후진을 양성하였으며 홍법포교에 진력하는 실천적 수행자로서의 삶을 살았다. 그는 회통적 성격을 가진 한국의 통합불교의 포교에 매우 적극적이었으며 수행방법의 현지화를 통해 한국불교가 서구문화에 융합되도록 하는 데 노력하였다. 숭산은 국경을 넘는 활발한 전법활동으로 기존 한국불교의 가치 변화에 지대한 공헌을 하며 한국 ‘선’의 세계화를 실현시켰다. 하지만 해외 활동 중에 시도한 수행과 신행의 방법에 대한 쟁점도 여전히 존재한다. 쟁점이 되는 문제들을 연구한다면 현재 한국 불교가 겪고 있는 어려운 난제들을 해결해 나가는 데 도움이 될 것으로 생각한다. Seon master Seung Sahn Haengwon(1927-2004) played a pioneering role in missioning Korean religion widely around the world. The International Seon Center of Seon Buddhism in Korea began opening to the whole world as a single flower. Starting with the Great Dharma House in Japan in 1966, the Hong Kong Great Dharma House was subsequently established, and then expanded to the United States in 1972, following the idea of Mangong Seon master. As the scope of missionary work expanded, Gwaneumseonjong was finally established in the United States, and this was the basis for the expansion of Korean Seon Buddhism around the world. More than 120 Seon centers and temples were built in 32 countries, resulting in 50,000 disciples and believers. By the time Seung Sahn entered nirvana, the achievements of overseas missionary work had become truly diverse. Along with the Dalai Lama, he was recognized as one of the world's most eminent four living Buddhas and was revered worldwide. He aimed for enlightenment through the topic of ‘only don't know’, and it can be said that it has established new mental indicators for humanity to refurbish its spirit through changes in thinking and perception. The most remarkable thing is how Seung Sahn moved the hearts of non-Koreans to join Korean Buddhism. It can be seen that Seung Sahn's overseas missionary work was already missionary in his daily life itself. Some say that it was easier because they were people who had not yet been stained with Buddhism However, it makes us guess how much fierce effort must have been made. In Japanese Buddhism and other Buddhism, rmnks were generally very authoritarian. However, while fully considering the characteristics of the local region, Seung Sahn lived a peaceful and natural life with others in a way that separates daily life from practice. In other words, when practicing, he thoroughly and strictly observed etiquette and discipline, but in everyday life, he ate, slept, and did things without hesitation so that I and you could think that we were equal. In this respect, there was also a side where people from other region liked and followed without being nervous. In addition, with the idea that there should be a precise order and a visible framework, Seung Sahn compiled a book called The Compass of Zen and used it as a guide for practice and missionary work. Seung Sahn cultivated the younger generation beyond religion and region of origin and lived a life as a practical practitioner who devoted himself to the mission of Great Dhatma. He was very active in missionary work of integrated Buddhism in Korea, which has a conventional character and tried to make Korean Buddhism more appropriate to Western culture through localization of the practice method. Seung Sahn has made a great contribution to the change in the value of existing Korean Buddhism through active Dharma propagation activities across borders, realizing the glooalization of Korea's ‘Seon.’ However, there are still issues about the Buddhist praaice and belief praaice attempted during overseas activities. I think progressively researching these issues will help solve the complex problems that Korean Buddhism is currently facing.

증례보고 : 전신 마취하 방광 요관 재문합술 후 발생한 자발성 피하 기종 및 종격동 기종 -증례보고-

김종분 ( Jong Bun Kim ),이재명 ( Jae Myeong Lee ),임경실 ( Kyung Sil Im ),김대영 ( Dae Young Kim ),홍상현 ( Sang Hyun Hong ),정현주 ( Hyun Ju Jung ) 대한마취과학회 2006 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.51 No.1

증례보고 : 과용량의 Risperidone 투여로 발생한 신경이완성 악성 증후군

김종분 ( Jong Bun Kim ),임경실 ( Kyung Sil Im ),이재명 ( Jae Myeong Lee ),정현주 ( Hyun Ju Jung ),김대영 ( Dae Young Kim ),홍상현 ( Sang Hyun Hong ) 대한마취과학회 2006 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.51 No.2

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare, but potentially fatal idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptics characterized by muscle rigidity, fever, altered consciousness, autonomic instability, leukocytosis and elevated creatinine phosphokinase level suggesting muscle injury. The incidence of NMS is estimated to be between 0.07 and 2.2% among patients receiving neuroleptics, with a motality of 11%. Although the pathophysiology of NMS is not completely understood, reduced dopaminergic activity secondary to antipsychotic induced dopamine receptor blockage is considered to be the best explanation to date. We experienced NMS in a 22-year-old male with antipsychotic drug intoxication who underwent primary closure of dual, self-inflicted wrist laceration. We recognized as NMS about 30 minutes after induction of general anesthesia. All anesthetics were stopped, and supportive care was performed with management of hyperthermia and fluid. Also, Dantrolene sodium and bromocriptine were administered. The patient recovered without any complication. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2006; 51: 261~6)

전신마취 중에 발생한 악성고열증에 의한 급성신부전증

김미경 ( Kim Mi Gyeong ),권호 ( Kwon Ho ),김종분 ( Kim Jong Bun ),강귀영 ( Kang Gwi Yeong ),김원철 ( Kim Won Cheol ),김영수 ( Kim Yeong Su ),윤선애 ( Yun Seon Ae ),김관형 ( Kim Gwan Hyeong ),김영옥 ( Kim Yeong Og ) 대한신장학회 2003 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.22 No.6

Malignant hyperthermia is an inherited hypermetabolic syndrome, characterized by temperature elevation, muscle destruction, muscle rigidity, high oxygen consumption, and metabolic acidosis. It is usually triggered by anesthetic agents and neuromuscular relaxants. We present a case of malignant hyperthermia who developed rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy following an apparently uneventful general anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental sodium and succinylcholine. He was successfully treated with dantrolene along with cardiopulmonary resuscitation and hemodialysis. (Korean J Nephrol 2003;22(6):753-756)

임상연구 : 전신마취 및 진정 시 EEG-entropy와 BIS의 측정값 비교

최진우 ( Jin Woo Choi ),김종분 ( Jong Bun Kim ),정현주 ( Hyun Ju Jung ),황미연 ( Mi Yeon Hwang ),김대우 ( Dae Woo Kim ) 대한마취과학회 2006 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.50 No.5

Background: The bispectral index (BIS) has been used as a monitor measuring hypnotic level of anesthesia or sedation. Recently EEG-entropy (M-Entropy(TM), S/5(TM) Entropy Module) has been provided and started to use domestically. This study was designed to compare the measured values between EEG-entropy and BIS monitor on general anesthesia and sedation. Methods: Thirty patients undergoing total hysterectomy were anesthetized with propofol target controlled infusion (TCI), fentanyl, rocuronium and BIS, RE (response entropy), SE (state entropy), and hemodynamic variables were measured at the effect site concentration of 1.5-10.0μg/ml (P15-P100). On the other hand, fifteen patients undergoing breast biopsy were sedated with propfol TCI and BIS, RE and SE were measured at 0.9-2.3μg/ml (P09-P23). Results: During general anesthesia, SE values were significantly lower than BIS or RE at baseline. But RE alone at P15, RE and SE at P20 were significantly higher than BIS. During sedation, SE values were significantly lower than BIS or RE at baseline-P09 and significantly lower than RE alone at P10-P15, and RE were significantly higher than BIS at P13-P20. After P21, RE and SE values fell abruptly and approached to BIS. Conclusions: EEG-entropy reflected hypnotic level well equal to BIS during general anesthesia. However, EEG-entropy did less reflected the hypnotic level than BIS during sedation. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2006; 50: 501~5)

뇌혈관 연축 치료를 위한 뇌실 내 Sodium Nitroprusside 투여의 마취 경험 1예 -증례 보고-

정현주 ( Hyun Ju Jung ),김종분 ( Jong Bun Kim ),유시현 ( Sie Hyun You ),권진형 ( Jin Hyung Kwon ),전영 ( Young Jeon ) 대한마취과학회 2003 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.44 No.4

임상연구 : 제왕절개술 초기 Isoflurane의 투여 방법이 Bispectral Index 수치에 미치는 영향: 과압을 이용한 호기말 또는 기화기 농도에 비교

이해진 ( Hae Jin Lee ),김종분 ( Jong Bun Kim ),최혜진 ( He Jin Choi ) 대한마취과학회 2007 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.52 No.2

Background: Patients undergoing a cesarean section under general anesthesia are at risk of intraoperative awareness due to the use of low concentration of volatile anesthetics used. This study investigated the effect of different methods for administering isoflurane on the anesthetic adequacy using bispectral index (BIS) in the early period of cesarean section. Methods: Eighty-two parturients undergoing a cesarean section were randomly assigned to receive 1 vol% isoflurane (Group EQ), 1.5 vol% isoflurane for the first 5 minutes and 1 vol% for the next 5 minutes (Group CO), 0.6 vol% end-tidal isoflurane immediately after intubation (Group ET). Thiopental 4 mg/kg was used to induce anesthesia. The bispectral index value, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, heart rate and end-tidal concentration of isoflurane were recorded every minute for 10 minutes after intubation. Results: There were no significant differences in the systolic and diastolic pressure, and heart rate between the groups. The BIS values from 1 to 8 minutes after intubation were significantly lower in the ET group than in the EQ group. BIS values from 4 to 8 minutes after intubation were significantly lower in the CO group than in the EQ group. Conclusions: The administration of volatile anesthetics using the end-tidal concentration after thiopental induction shows the best anesthetic efficacy in the early period of cesarean section. This method may further reduce the level of intraoperative awareness. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2007; 52: 143~9)

예상하지 못한 어려운 기관내 삽관 후 발생한 후인두강 농양(증례보고)

임경실 ( Kyung Sil Im ),이재명 ( Jae Myeong Lee ),김종분 ( Jong Bun Kim ),이민혜 ( Min Hye Lee ),김덕자 ( Duk Ja Kim ),정현주 ( Hyun Ju Jung ) 대한마취과학회 2008 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.54 No.3

증례보고 : 대퇴골 간부 골절 고정술 후 발생한 반대 측 좌골 신경 손상 -증례보고-

임경실 ( Kyung Sil Im ),권용순 ( Yong Soon Kwon ),정현주 ( Hyun Ju Jung ),김종분 ( Jong Bun Kim ),이재명 ( Jae Myeong Lee ),이민혜 ( Min Hye Lee ) 대한마취과학회 2007 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.52 No.6

A sciatic nerve injury as a complication of the position appears to be rare. There are several reports on sciatic nerve injuries that occurred as complications of the lithotomy position. We present two cases of an opposite sciatic nerve injury after the fixation of a femur shaft fracture. Two patients complained of hyperesthesia of the right foot and a foot drop after surgery. Nerve conduction and electromyographic studies were performed, which revealed a sciatic nerve injury. The patients were treated with physiotherapy and an ankle-foot orthotic. In the case 1, patient had completely recovered ten months after surgery. However, in case 2, the patient still had residual hyperesthesia and weakness two months after surgery when he was lost to follow-up. The mechanism of nerve injury in these patients was a stretching of the nerve. Tension was placed on the nerve as a result of the external rotation of the thigh with the hip and knee joints flexed. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2007; 52: 707~11)

임상연구 : 흉부 척추옆블록시 적절한 바늘거치를 위한 해부학적 고찰

유시현 ( Sie Hyeon Yoo ),서환주 ( Hwan Joo Seo ),김천숙 ( Chun Sook Kim ),안기량 ( Ki Ryang Ahn ),강규식 ( Kyu Sik Kang ),정진헌 ( Jin Hun Jung ),천경아 ( Kyung Ah Chun ),김종분 ( Jong Bun Kim ) 대한마취과학회 2007 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.53 No.2

Background: Thoracic paravertebral blockade (TPVB) can be effective in many clinical settings. However, many clinicians are reluctant to use this technique due to its adverse effects such as pneumothorax. The aim of this study was estimate the appropriate depth and width for safe needle positioning. Methods: The depth from skin to the paravertebral space (PVS) and the width from the spinous process (SP) to the PVS and the lateral tip of the transverse process (LTTP) were measured in all available sections from 84 patients examined by chest computed tomography (CT). The correlation between age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and each measured value was analyzed. Results: All 828 sections from the 84 patients aged between 19 and 65 years old were evaluated. The minimum and maximum values of the mean depth from the skin to PVS were 40.3-52.4 mm in men and 41.2-55.9 mm in women. The minimum and maximum values of the mean width from the SP to LTTP were 29.2-34.6 mm in men and 23.7-31.0 mm in women. At every thoracic level, the depth to PVS was similar in both genders but the width from the SP to the NEP in men was significantly higher than in women. Weight significantly influenced the width from the SP to LTTP in men but height and BMI did not. Also weight and BMI significantly influenced the depth from skin to PVS in almost all of the thoracic region at both sex, but height did not influence the depth from skin to PVS in both sex. Conclusions: We report clinically useful estimates that may be used to help avoid side effects such as pneumothorax and achieve a successful thoracic paravertebral blockade. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2007; 53: 188~93)