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김종규,김아혁,김중순,Kim, Jong-Gyu,Kim, A-Hyeok,Kim, Joong-Soon 한국환경보건학회 2014 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.40 No.4
Objectives: This study was performed to examine bioaerosols in indoor air in public restrooms, as well as to assess the effects of air temperature and relative humidity on bioaerosol levels. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was performed in ten male and ten female restrooms. An air sampler (Anderson type) was used for sampling total suspended bacteria (TSB), Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), Gram-positive bacteria (GPB), opportunistic bacteria (OP), Staphylococcus spp., and total suspended fungi (TSF). Results: The levels of TSB were $10-10^2CFU/m^3$ and TSF $10-10^2CFU/m^3$, respectively. The GNB level was $0-10CFU/m^3$, and GPB and OP levels were $10-10^2CFU/m^3$. Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were detected in 90% of the restrooms. The GPB level was higher in the female restrooms than in the male restrooms (p < 0.05). TSB, GNB, and TSF showed higher levels in restrooms in buildings over 30 years old (p < 0.01). The main effect of air temperature or relative humidity and interaction effect of the two factors on the TSB level were significant (p < 0.05), while the effect of relative humidity on the TSF level was significant (p < 0.001). Conclusions: These results indicate that there is a wide variation in the bioaerosol levels among different restrooms. The observed differences in bioaerosol levels reflect different building histories. The effects of air temperature and/or relative humidity reveal that bioaerosol levels may vary according to season or time of day. Future research is needed to further characterize the relation between the bioaerosol levels and surface contamination in restrooms.
DHPLC의 화학적 특성을 이용한 질병 유전자의 분석 시스템 개발
김종규,남윤형,박상범,이재식,강원,Kim, Jong-Gyu,Nam, Yun-Hyeong,Park, Sang-Beom,Lee, Jae-Sik,Gang, Won 대한화학회 2006 대한화학회지 Vol.50 No.2
종양억제유전자(tumor-suppressor gene)는 유방암종과 관련하여 높은 돌연변이 비율로 나타나고 있는 것으로 보고되어지고 있다. p53 유전자는 20kb의 크기를 갖는 유전자로써 인간 염색체의 17p13.1에 위치하고 있다. 본 실험에서는 유방암으로 진단 받고 수술한 환자의 조직 100개와 환자와 전혀 상관없는 정상 조직 103개를 대상으로 DNA를 추출하고 PCR-DHPLC(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing high performance liquid chromatography) 방법으로 단일 염기 다형성을 검출하였다. 또한 컬럼의 충진물질과 DNA의 결합에 의한 분리능을 확인하기 위해 충진물이 다른 컬럼의 단일 염기 다형성을 실험하였다. 그 결과 100개의 유방암 조직 중 exon 5에서 11개(11%)의 C/A, C/G genotype을, exon 8에서 42개(42%) T del genotype을 확인하였다. 103개의 정상 조직에서 exon 5에서 2개(2.9%), exon 8에서 9개(8.7%)의 polymorphism을 확인하였다. 컬럼의 분리능 실험에서는 PS-DVB(poly styrene - divinylbenzene)으로 충진된 컬럼이 C18으로 충진된 컬럼보다 더 좋은 분리능을 보였다. In this study we extracted DNA from 100 tissues of breast cancer patients and 103 normals. Then we confirmed single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) using PCR-DHPLC(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing high performance liquid chromatogrphy).Also, we studied SNP of samples using several columns to identify relation between packing materials of column and resolution.As a result, we identified 4 C/A, C/G genotypes(4%) in exon 5 and 37 T del genotypes(37%) in exon 8 among 100 breast cancer tissues and 2 in exon 5, 9 in exon 8 among 103 normal samples.In resolution test, we confirmed that PS-DVB(poly styrene-divinylbenzen) column is more efficient than C18 column.
김종규,김중순,Kim, Jong-Gyu,Kim, Joong-Soon 한국환경보건학회 2014 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.40 No.3
Objectives: This study was performed to investigate hand washing awareness of females and load of indicator bacteria on their hands. This study focused on the variation according to their age. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire survey and bacterial analysis of indicator bacteria were carried out for 100 Korean women in their age from 20 s to 60 s. Hand samples were collected through a modified glovejuice method. Results: In the survey, significant difference (p < 0.05) was found among the age groups in the use of hand washing agents. The levels of aerobic colony count (ACC) were the highest in both hands among the 20s (p < 0.05). The levels of Escherichia coli were higher in both hands in their 20s and 30s. No significant difference was found in the levels of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. However, the positive rates of S. aureus (left hand, 37.5~47.1%; right hand, 58.5~62.5%) and Salmonella spp. (left hand, 25.0~52.9%; right hand, 37.5~64.7%) were higher in the hands of the 20s and 30s, and then showed decreasing trend according to increase of age. The effect of hand washing frequency on the ACC level of hands was significant (p < 0.001). Conclusions: These results indicate that there was no remarkable difference of hand hygiene awareness among female age groups. The detection of S. aureus and Salmonella spp. on the hands of some females in each age group revealed poor hand hygiene practices. The significant effect of hand washing frequency on the ACC level suggests that frequent hand washing is helpful to reduce hand contamination.
김치의 숙성 및 발효중 오염지표미생물과 유산균의 변화-제1보
김종규,윤준식,Kim, Jong-Gyu,Yoon, Joon-Sik 한국환경보건학회 2005 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.31 No.1
This study was undertaken to investigate the changes of index microorganisms and lactic acid bacteria of traditional Korean fermented vegetables (kimchi) during the ripening and fermentation period. A type of kimchi, baechoo-kimchi, was prepared and stored at $10^{\circ}C$ for 8 days. The numbers of the total aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophilic bacteria, coliform bacteria, and Escherichia coli in the kimchi and also in raw materials of the kimchi (Chinese cabbage, green onion, ginger, garlic, and red pepper) were counted using appropriate media. The highest number of aerobic bacteria was detected from ginger, then red pepper, then garlic, then Chinese cabbage, and lowest number from green onion. The highest number of psychrotrophilic bacteria was detected from red pepper, then Chinese cabbage, then garlic, then ginger, and the lowest number from green onion. Coliforms and E. coli were not detected from all of the raw materials of kimchi. Total aerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria of the kimchi showed gradually increasing during ripening and fermentation. The number of psychrotrophilic bacteria showed a similar level in the kimchi. Coliform bacteria were detected at the 3rd, 4th, and 5th day of the kimchi fermentation period, although they were not detected from the raw materials of the kimchi. However, the bacteria were not detected in the kimchi after 6 days. E. coli was not detected in all kimchi samples. The pH value of the kimchi gradually decreased, and acidity increased over fermentation period. This study indicates that there was contamination of coliform bacteria during the process of kimchi preparation, and lactic acid bacteria proliferated in the kimchi during fermentation inhibited the growth of coliforms. More research is needed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of each raw materials of kimchi.
김종규,박정영,김중순,Kim, Jong-Gyu,Park, Jeong-Young,Kim, Joong-Soon 한국환경보건학회 2009 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.35 No.1
Hand-washing has been recognized as a critical factor in controlling infection and cross-contamination. This study was performed to investigate hygienic behavior of male university students focusing on awareness of hand-washing, their hand washing practices, and the difference between their awareness and practices. Both a self-administered questionnaire survey and a separate direct observation in restrooms were carried out at a university campus over a four week period. In the survey, 93.6% of the responded students claimed to wash their hands after using toilet. However, just 16.9% of the observed students actually did so, according to a separate and unnoticed observational study. Among the observed students who washed their hands, 25.0% of them used soap, only 5.0% of them washed four parts of their hands, and 15.0% of them washed their hands for more than 10 seconds. Paper towel was the most common hand drying method in the direct observation and also in the survey. Significant differences between the questionnaire survey and the direct observation (p<0.0l) were found in hand-washing practices, duration of hand-washing, using soap, washing parts of the hand, and hand-drying method after using the toilet. This study indicates that there is a remarkable difference between the male university students' awareness of hand-washing and their hand-washing practices. This study reveals that there is the need for programs or campaigns to increase hand-washing practices of male university students.
김종규,김중순,Kim, Jong-Gyu,Kim, Joong-Soon 한국환경보건학회 2014 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.40 No.1
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of indicator organisms in essential sanitary ware in public restrooms. Methods: Twelve public restrooms were randomly selected. Samples at three locations (toilet seat, toilet flush handle/lever, and faucet handle) in the restrooms were collected with moistened-sterile cotton swabs and applied to media in order to determine aerobic colony count (ACC), total coliforms, and Escherichia coli. Results: Most of the samples taken in summer showed a higher level of ACC than those taken in winter (p<0.05). Female restrooms showed higher ACC levels on faucet handles and male restrooms on toilet flush handles/levers (p<0.05). Overall, faucet handles contained the greatest level of ACC, followed by toilet seats, whereas the least load was found on toilet flush handles/levers. The ACC level of samples in the restrooms in public parks, subway stations, and educational institutions varied. Total coliforms were identified in about 20% of toilet seats and faucet handles in male restrooms and faucet handles in female restrooms in summer. These locations were also the sites of positive results of E. coli isolation. Conclusions: The public restrooms were significantly more contaminated in summer than in winter. Overall, the most contaminated locations in the restrooms were toilet seats in male restrooms, and faucet handles in female restrooms. Poor hygienic status was indicated by the positive results of total coliforms and E. coli on samples from some sites. Therefore, sanitary control of restrooms should be improved. These results should be confirmed in a larger study that includes more public restrooms.
김종규,Kim, Jong-Gyu,Schubert, E. Fred 한국광학회 2010 광학과 기술 Vol.14 No.3
발광 다이오드가 처음 만들어진 것은 100년 전으로 거슬러 올라간다. 이 글은 100년 전 발광 다이오드가 우연히 발견된 이후부터 현재 없어서는 안될 귀중한 고출력/고효율 대체 조명용 광원으로 인식되기까지의 역사를 돌아보고자 한다. 또한 앞으로 기대되는 발광 다이오드의 발전가능성과 응용성에 대해서도 다루고자 한다.