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16년간 단일기관에서 시행된 소아 간이식 후 세균 감염 합병증의 특징
김재춘,김수지,윤기욱,최은화,이남준,서경석,이광웅,이환종,Kim, Jae Choon,Kim, Su Ji,Yun, Ki Wook,Choi, Eun Hwa,Yi, Nam Joon,Suh, Kyung Suk,Lee, Kwang-Woong,Lee, Hoan Jong 대한소아감염학회 2018 Pediatric Infection and Vaccine Vol.25 No.2
Purpose: Survival after liver transplantation (LT) has improved over the years, but infection is still a major complication. We aimed to identify the characteristics of bacterial infections in pediatric LT recipients. Methods: This study is a retrospective review of 189 consecutive children undergoing LT between 2000 and 2015 at a single center. In this study, the incidence of infection was determined for the following periods: within 1 month, between 1-5 months, and between 6-12 months. Patients who underwent liver transplants more than once or multiple organ transplants were excluded. Results: All patients had received postoperative antibiotic for 3 days. Only the maintenance immunosuppression with oral tacrolimus and steroids were performed. As a result, 132 bacterial infections developed in 87 (46.0%) patients (0.70 events per person-year). Bacterial infections occurred most frequently within the first month (n=84, 63.6%) after LT. In the pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus (15.2%), Enterococcus species (15.2%), and Klebsiella species (13.6%) were most common. Regarding the organ infected, bloodstream was most common (n=39, 29.5%), followed by peritoneum (n=28, 21.2%), urinary tract (n=25, 18.9%), and lungs (n=20, 15.2%). We changed prophylactic antibiotics from ampicillin-sulbactam to piperacillin-tazobactam at 2011, October, there were no significant effects in the prevalence of antibiotics resistant bacterial infections. The 1-year mortality was 9.0% (n=17), in which 41.2% (n=7) was attributable to bacterial infection; septicemia (n=4), pneumonia (n=2), and peritonitis (n=1). Conclusions: The incidence and type of bacterial infectious complications after LT in pediatric patients were similar to those of previous studies. Bacterial complications affecting mortality occur within 6 months after transplantation, so proper prophylaxis and treatment in this period may improve the prognosis of LT.
김재춘,Kim, Jae-Chun 한국대학교육협의회 2007 大學敎育 Vol.149 No.-
다양성, 창의성 그리고 자율성이 강조되는 21세기에는 제도교육도 변화의 물살을 피해가기 어렵다. 조기졸업제란 성적이 우수한 학생들에게 정해진 기간보다 빨리 졸업할 수 있게 허용하는 제도이다. 교육과정 이수에 학생의 개별적 능력을 고려할 수 있으며, 학사운영에 있어 다양성과 창의성을 부여할 수 있는 등의 장점을 가진다. 그러나 실제 우리나라 조기졸업제는 많은 모순을 안고 있다. 여기에 우리나라 조기졸업제의 문제점을 짚어보고, 이를 활성화하기 위한 방안은 무엇인지 살펴보기로 하자.
김재춘(Jae Choon Kim),이용택(Yongtaek Lee),정진택(Jin Taek Chung),김용찬(Yongchan Kim),황인철(Inchul Hwang) 한국유체기계학회 2005 유체기계 연구개발 발표회 논문집 Vol.- No.-
In this paper, numerical analysis of hydrogen recycle system has been conducted in order to enhance the efficiency of automotive fuel cell. Generally, the excess hydrogen is provided in the automotive fuel cell. Since the non-reaction hydrogen reduces automotive fuel cell efficiency, reuse of the non-reaction hydrogen can be helpful to improve the fuel cell performance. In case of PEM FC, the water vapor is provided to hydrogen from the cathode so that the mixture experiences phase change depending on the changes of pressure and temperature. The internal flow of the mixture in the hydrogen recirculation system of fuel cell was investigated for real flow conditions. The variation of performance, properties and mass fractions of mixture, hydrogen and water-vapor were investigated. This study was performed based on 80KW level automotive fuel cell's recycling system.
김재춘(Jae Choon Kim),정진택(Jin Taek Chung),이용택(Yongteak Lee),김용찬(Yongchan Kim),박용선(Yongsun Park) 한국자동차공학회 2006 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-
Numerical analysis of hydrogen recirculation system has been conducted in order to enhance the efficiency of automotive fuel cell in this paper. Generally, excess hydrogen is provided in the automotive fuel cell and the excess hydrogen causes non-reaction hydrogen reducing automotive fuel cell efficiency. Reuse of the non-reaction hydrogen can be helpful to improve the fuel cell performance. The mixture from PEMFC cathode contains not only the hydrogen but also water and water liquid because humidification is applied to the inlets of the anode due to the electrochemical reaction. In recirculation system, the changes in pressure and temperature affect the mixture's phase change of mixture. The internal two-phase flow of the mixture in the hydrogen recirculation system of fuel cell was investigated with real boundary conditions. The variations of performance, properties, mass fraction, two-phase flow characteristic of mixture were investigated. This study was performed based on the recycling system of 80KW lever automotive fuel cell.
김재춘(J C. Kim),남기서(G S Nam),조혁규(H.G. Cho) 한국정보과학회 1991 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.18 No.1
본 논문은 해군 함정 MTU 엔진 정비 수리 메뉴얼의 기계번역 시스템 구현에 관한 연구이다. 이 시스템의 기계번역 방식은 변환방식을 중심으로 처리한다. 특히 영 한 번역에 사용되는 제반 해석 정보를 규칙 기반으로 구성하여 번역에 활용함으로써 필요시 규칙의 추가로 융통성 있는 시스템 운용이 가능토록 하였다. 또한 번역 처리를 단순화하기 위해 영어 구문 해석 트리만을 이용하여 제반 해석 정보로 생성하여 한국어로 번역하였다. 또한 명사구나 명령문(동사구)도 정상적으로 구문 해석 가능하도록 구현하였다.
국내 비상장기업의 감사인교체에 관한 실증연구 : 감사의견의 종류 및 원인별 분석
김용식(Kim, Yong Shik),김재춘(Kim, Jai-Choon) 한국회계정보학회 2017 한국회계정보학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2017 No.2
본 연구는 2005년부터 2016년까지 국내 외부감사 대상 비상장 제조기업의 연도별 60,338개 자료를 표본으로 전기 비적정의견 기업의 감사인교체 경향을 분석하였다. 기존의 연구와는 달리 감사의견의 종류와 원인별로 세분하여 감사인 교체경향 및 감사인 교체를 통한 감사의견 개선실태를 분석한 결과, 전기 비적정의견 기업은 감사인 교체를 추구한다는 사실을 확인하였다. 감사의견별로는 의견의 정도가 심각할수록 그 경향이 강하고 감사의견의 원인별 분석에서도 감사인의 주관적 판단요소가 개입되고 외부투자자나 채권기관이 보다 엄중하게 생각하는 요인인 계속기업가정의 불확실성에 기인한 경우 그 이외의 원인에 비해 감사인 교체경향이 뚜렷함을 보였다. 한편 피감사기업은 감사인 교체를 통해 전체적으로는 감사의견 개선목적을 달성하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 피감사기업 입장과는 달리 감사인은 기업의 감사구매 요청에 응할 경우 따르는 소송 등 법적 및 평판 리스크 등을 고려하기 때문에 감사의견 및 그 원인의 심각도에 따라 그 반응이 혼재된 결과이며, 세부적인 분석결과 심각도가 높은 경우 감사의견 개선이 어렵고 반대의 경우 용이한 것으로 나타났다. 추가연구를 통해 전기에 비적정의견 기업이 감사인을 교체시 감사품질이 떨어지는 non-Big4를 선호해 국내 비상장 제조기업도 감사의견 구매경향이 있다는 점을 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과가 제시하는 시사점은 다음과 같다. 우리나라 회계감사시장은 자유수임제의 영향 등으로 감사의견 구매압력에 매우 취약하므로 이에 대한 정책적 대응이 필요하다. 감사의견의 종류 및 그 원인의 심각도에 따라 감사인교체 및 그에 따른 감사인의 반응이 다르므로 감사인 부당교체에 대한 감리업무 등 회계감독 정책 수립시 한정된 자원을 감사의견 구매 취약부분에 집중할 수 있는 근거를 제시하고 있다. 특히 비상장기업의 경우 기업 지배구조의 투명성이 낮고 재무건전성도 취약해 감사의견 구매 수요가 더 강하므로 비상장기업에도 자유수임제의 폐단을 보완할 부분적인 감사인지정제도 도입과 함께 회계감독을 보다 강화할 필요가 있다. This study analyses 60,338 annual data(from 2005 to 2016) on Korea’s non-listed manufacturing firms subject to the external audit requirement with a focus on whether firms that have received a non-unqualified opinion tend to change their external auditor. Unlike previous studies, it looks into the trends behind the replacement of external auditors with a focus on the types of the auditor’s opinions and rationale behind them, as well as whether the replacement of the auditor leads to any improvement in the auditor’s opinion, and has found that firms that have received a non-unqualified opinion during the previous period tend to replace their external auditor. The more likely the firms are to replace their external auditor, the worse their auditor’s opinion is. This was also found to be the case, if the auditor’s opinion is based on uncertainties on the going concern assumption, which involves the auditor’s subjective judgment and are often taken more seriously by external investors or creditors. In addition, in general, the firms have been found to fail to improve their auditor’s opinion by replacing the auditor. There are many factors at play, such as legal and reputational risks that auditors may be exposed to as a result of accepting firms’ opinion shopping, as well as the type of their opinions and the severity of rationale behind them. The more severe such rationale is, the less likely the auditor’s opinion is to improve, and vice versa. Firms that have received a non-unqualified opinion during the previous year tend to prefer a non-Big Four firm as a new auditor whose quality of service does not tend to outperform that of Big Four firms. Korea’s non-listed manufacturing firms have also exhibited such opinion shopping trend. This study suggests the following lessons. Firms are likely vulnerable to engage in opinion shopping in Korea, as the choice of auditor is up to the discretion of firms, as a rule. As such, policy responses are needed to act on this. As the type of the auditor’s opinions and the severity of rationale behind them affect the replacement of auditor, as well as how the auditor responds to it, this study provides a basis for the audit supervisory authority to rely on when focusing its limited resources on vulnerabilities from opinion shopping. In particular, non-listed firms tend to have less transparent governance and be less healthy in financial terms, and this may make them opt for opinion shopping. As such, it may be worth considering the designation of auditors for some of non-listed firms in an effort to ensure more effective audit supervision.
초등학교 과학교과서에 제시된 현장학습내용의 교육과정 변천에 따른 분석
김효남 ( Hyo Nam Kim ),김재춘 ( Jae Chun Kim ) 한국교원대학교 초등교육연구소 2013 초등교과교육연구 Vol.17 No.-
This study is to analyze the contents of field trip activities presented in elementary school science textbooks according to changes in elementary school national curriculum from the fourth to the 2007 revised. To analyze the contents of field trip activities in textbooks, 42 elementary science textbooks were investigated by class hour. The frequency of field trip activities were counted by grade and content areas, and place, purpose, and approaching method of field trip. The average frequency of field trip per semester was 5.78. The frequency of field trips was decreased as the national curricula were revised. The most frequently presented content areas were life and earth. The places of field trip were within school and material resources in the local community. Human resources in local communities were not mentioned in elementary science textbook in terms of field trip activities. Field trip activities were implemented mainly to acquire new scientific knowledge. The approaching method was changed from activity-based field trip to acquire new scientific knowledge according to changes of national elementary curricula. Science related career was not presented as a field trip theme.