사용자경험 중심의 카쉐어링 시스템 디자인 가이드 제안

김우림(Woo Lim Kim),김선철(Sun Chul Kim) 경희대학교 산학협력단 예술디자인연구원 2014 예술· 디자인학연구 Vol.17 No.1

조선시대 유자광 묘 여부 논란이 있는 남원 영광 류씨 선산 내 회곽묘 출토 인골에 대한 인류학적 조사

김이석(Yi-Suk Kim),오창석(Chang Seok Oh),이상섭(Sang-Seob Lee),김명주(Myeung Ju Kim),이숭덕(Soong Deok Lee),신명호(Myung Ho Shin),김우림(Woo Lim Kim),신동훈(Dong Hoon Shin) 대한체질인류학회 2011 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.24 No.2

조선시대의 기록에 의하면 유자광(1439~1512)은 사망 후 부관참시를 염려하여 자신의 묘에 봉분을 하지 않고 감추어 두도록 유언을 하였다고 한다. 이 후 유자광의 묘는 실전(失傳) 되어 해당 기록처럼 문중 묘역 내 어딘가에 유자광의 묘가 실재할 가능성이 계속 제기되었다. 1974년 남원의 영광 류씨 문중 묘역 공사 중 발견된 무덤에서는 잘 보존된 사람 뼈가 발견되었는데 해당 무덤이 실전 된 유자광의 평토한 무덤일지도 모른다는 주장이 향토사학계를 중심으로 제기되었다. 이에 본 연구진은 유자광 인골 여부를 확인하기 위하여 해당묘에 수습된 인골에 대한 인류학적 조사를 수행하였다. 무덤에서 나온 남성 피장자는 신장이 160.5±3.8 cm로 추정되며 아래턱 왼쪽 송곳니의 박리 절편을 제작하여 피장자 연령을 계산한 결과 58.6±5.2세 정도로 추정되었다. 아래턱 두 개 치아에서는 고도의 치아우식증(dental caries)이 확인되었고 아래턱 이틀뼈 일부에서 치주농양의 존재를 시사하는 고도의 골 소실이 관찰되었다. 피장자는 척추를 비롯한 여러 뼈에서 사망 전 미만성 특발성 골격성 과골화증(Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, DISH)를 앓고 있었던 것 같은 소견이 확인되었으므로 생전 영양상태가 좋았던 것으로 생각된다. 피장자에 대한 유전학적 검사에서는 증폭가능한 핵 DNA가 Quantifiler analysis 결과 확인되지 않아 피장자가 영광 류씨 집안의 사람인지 Y 염색체 분석에 의해 확인하는 것이 불가능하다고 판단하였다. 방사선연대측정의 결과, 피장자는 지금으로부터 730±50년 전에 생존하였던 것으로 추정되었다. 전체적으로 보아 수집된 몇 가지 자료가 유자광에 대한 역사적 기록과 일치하지 않으므로 해당 인골 신원에 대해 긍정적인 평가를 내리기 어렵다. 다만 앞으로 우리나라에서 시행될 역사적 인물에 대한 유사한 인류학적 사례에 대한 기초적인 선구적 자료로서 본 연구가 갖는 의미를 평가할 수 있겠다. Anthropological study on human skeletons from Joseon tomb, for confirming Ryu Ja-Gwang, a famous historical figure of medieval Korea. Ryu Ja-Gwang (??子光) was the famous figure of Joseon Dynasty who achieved great successes in royal court. According to the records in Joseon Dynasty, he tried to hide his own tomb after death under the apprehension that the political enemies might do harm to his corpse. In 1974, the descendants of Younggwang Ryu clan discovered a Joseon tomb that was lost for the past several hundred years. Since they suspected if the tomb might be their legendary ancestor’s, anthropological studies were asked to be done on the skeletons collected from the tomb. In our study, the estimated stature of a male from the tomb was 160.5±3.8 cm. The age at death was estimated to be 58.6±5.2. He seems to have been suffered from diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), the disease prevalent among the people taking high-caloric diets. Since nuclear DNA could not be amplified in this case, the personal identification of the dead person could not be successfully traced by molecular techniques. Taken together, we could not conclude that the skeletons were those of Ryu Ja-Gwang because the radiocarbon dating, age at death or height data could not be well matched with those described in historical documents. Even so, this study could be significant to the related researchers because it was one of the first trials to identify debatable historical figure using various anthropological techniques. Considering that the anthropological studies on famous historical people have been performed briskly, our study could be the basis for the similar studies in Korea, performed in near future.

龍仁지역 墳墓에 나타난 석물의 특징

金右臨 龍仁大學校 傳統文化硏究所 2001 丹豪文化硏究 Vol.- No.6

Yongin is a far region within the Gyeonggi region compared with Yangju(楊洲), Goyang(高揚), Namyangju(南楊州), center around Hanyang in the joseon dynasty, and not many tombs or upper class tombs are found in this area. Nebertheless, Yongin has been geographically recognized important according to geomancy(風水). It seems that people misunderstood the old sphorism, 'Reside in Jincheon when living, and rest in Yongin when dead.' The characteristics of the stone figures in the Yongin region differ from each other, but generally, they are as follows. When studying the arrangement of the stone figures, we can see that the Myobi(墓碑: tomb stone), the Honyuseok(魂遊石: stone for the spirit to come), the Sangseok(床石: ritual table stone), and the Hyangnoseok(香爐石: stone for incense burner), stand densely in front of the tomb. There is also the Jangmyeongdeung (長明燈: stone lantern) in the middle of tomb area in front of the Sangseok(床石). Each pair of Mangjuseok(望柱石: stone post) and Muninseok(文人石: scholar official stone figure) is arranged widely on the right and left side centering around the Sangseok (床石) and the Jangmyeongdeung (長明燈). Along this, a pair of Dongjaseok (동자석: boy attendant figure) near the Sangseok(床石), stand on the right and left. The alter is constructed with rectangular stones called Gyecheseok(계체석) placed on the right and left side of the Sangseok(床石). The tomb area is divided into Gyejeol(階節) on the upper alter and Baegyejeol(拜階節) on the lower alter by the Gyecbeseok(계체석). In contrast, when a royal tomb is planned, it is divided into theree areas; the upper, the middle, and the lower. Generally speaking, the main tomb is arranged in the upper area, the Muninseok(文人石) in the middel area, and the Muinseok(武人石: military official stone figure) and the various animal figures in the lower area. The Gyecbeseok(계체석) served as the base in arranging the various stones sculptures constructed around the tomb. and also provided a deeper sense of stability. Sindobi(神道碑) is a guide stone that stands in front of the tomb entrance recording for posterity the life and achievements of the tomb entrance recording for posterity the life and achievements of the deceased. Literally, Sindo (神道) means 'the way of the spirit' or 'the way the people are led to the spirit'. Sindo(神道) is in the southeast according to geomancy. Thus, many Sindobi(神道碑) stand on the southeast of the entrances of tombs. Shindobi(神道碑) stand on the southeast of the entrances of tombs. Sindobi leads the sprit of the tomb, and lets the passegers see that a tomb is on the northwest. The tomb is classified into single tomb and double tomb. Dandokjang (單獨葬) is when only one dead body is buried. Hapjang (合葬) is when more than one dead body is buried in one tomb or when two tombs are constructed side by side. Hapjang(合葬) is employed for one husband and for one or more of his wives. Thus, the double tomb is a Hapjangmyo (合葬募) without a doubt. However, it is difficult to distinguish Dandokjang(單獨葬) from Hapjangmyo(合葬募) by just looking at the tomb. Thus, the tombstone that stands in front of the tomb provides information on the tomb. Generally, man is buried on the right and the wonan is buried on the left of the tomb. When the tomb employs the expression, 'Bujang(附葬)', it implies that the wife ifs buried on the left of the husband. In addition, the Hoseok(護石: stone slabs placed around the tomb mound) and the Saseong (莎城: low stone wall built behind the tomb) are important in understanding the overall tomb structure. The Hoseok(護石) is made of stone to protect the globular tomb mound. On this Hoseok(護石), Sibjangsaengs(十二支像; twelve zodiacal figures) were carved at times for protection and for decoration. In Goryeo dynasty, the shape of the tomb was rectangular because the Hoseok(護石) was placed on one or many steps and was shaped rectangular. In the early Joseon dynasty, the shape of th tomb succeeded that of Goryeo dynasty. However, the Hoseok(護石) disappeared gradually, and tombs changed into round shapes. Saseong(莎城) was a structure whih didn't exist in Goryeo and early Joseon dynasty tombs. But it appeared in late Joseon dynasty and became extremely fashionable. This trend reflects that people were eager to find good places for tombs according to geomancy, and that the people believed in Bibo (裨補) which literally meant, 'grooming good site'. Thus, people made much effort in forming the tomb in a shape of 'blue dragon on the left side and white tiger on the right side' following geomancy. This paper has analyzed the significance, characteristics, and stylistic changes of the various tomb structures including Sindobi, Myobi, Jangmyeongdeung, scholar official figures, military official figures and boy attendant figures.