The Application of Antisense RNA Technology for Plant Secondary Metabolism

김용경,서혜,김영선,김응휘,박상언,Kim, Yong-Kyung,Xu, Hui,Kim, Young-Seon,Kim, Eung-Hwi,Park, Sang-Un Institute of Agricultural Science 2007 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.34 No.1

유전자의 발현이 다양한 형태로 억제되는 것을 silencing이라고 한다. 유전자 발현억제 방법 중 antisense RNA는 자연 상태의 mRNA에 역상보적인 RNA 분자로서 형질전환된 세포에서 그 mRNA의 전이을 억제하는 데 이용된다. RNA분자에 대하여 상보적 염기배열을 갖는 RNA는 분자간 결합을 연결하여 RNA의 기능 발현에 억제적으로 작용한다고 생각된다. 미생물에 나타나는 유전자발현 제어기작으로서 어느 특정한 mRNA에 대하여 상보적인 RNA가 유전자 발현의 억제인자로서 작용하고 있는 예가 몇 가지 알려져 있다. 이러한 경우 antisense RNA는 mRNA 상의 전이개시영역과 상보적 배열을 하고 있고, 전이과정을 방해한다고 추정되고 있지만 작용기작의 상세한 내용은 아직 명확하지가 않다. 한편 안티센스RNA는 임의의 표적유전자에 대하여 인위적으로 제작할 수가 있기 때문에 인위적인 유전자발현제어의 한 방법으로 이용되고 있다. 특정한 유전자에 대한 antisense RNA를, 발현하는 유전자를 인위적으로 제작하여 세포내에 도입하면 표적유전자의 발현을 특이적으로 억제 제어할 수 있는 것이 기대되어, 다양한 생물체를 대상으로 하여 많은 시도가 이루어지고 있으며 몇 가지 성공적인 보고가 있다. 그 중 식물이차대사과정에 관련 유전자를 대상으로 antisense RNA 기법으로 유전자의 발현억제와 이차대사산물 생산조절에 관한 연구를 이 논문에서 조사하고 정리하였다.

The Application of Antisense RNA Technology for Plant Secondary Metabolism

Yong-Kyung Kim(김용경),Hui Xu(서혜),Young-Seon Kim(김영선),Eung-Hwi Kim(김응휘),Sang-Un Park(박상언) 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2007 농업과학연구 Vol.34 No.1

유전자의 발현이 다양한 형태로 억제되는 것을 silencing이라고 한다. 유전자 발현억제 방법 중 antisense RNA는 자연 상태의 mRNA에 역상보적인 RNA 분자로서 형질전환된 세포에서 그 mRNA의 전이을 억제하는 데 이용된다. RNA분자에 대하여 상보적 염기배열을 갖는 RNA는 분자간 결합을 연결하여 RNA의 기능 발현에 억제적으로 작용한다고 생각된다. 미생물에 나타나는 유전자발현 제어기작으로서 어느 특정한 mRNA에 대하여 상보적인 RNA가 유전자 발현의 억제인자로서 작용하고 있는 예가 몇 가지 알려져 있다. 이러한 경우 antisense RNA는 mRNA 상의 전이개시 영역과 상보적 배열을 하고 있고, 전이과정을 방해한다고 추정되고 있지만 작용기작의 상세한 내용은 아직 명확하지가 않다. 한편 안티센스RNA는 임의의 표적유전자에 대하여 인위적으로 제작할 수가 있기 때문에 인위적인 유전자발현제어의 한 방법으로 이용되고 있다. 특정한 유전자에 대한 antisense RNA를, 발현하는 유전자를 인위적으로 제작하여 세포내에 도입하면 표적유전자의 발현을 특이적으로 억제·제어할 수 있는 것이 기대되어, 다양한 생물체를 대상으로 하여 많은 시도가 이루어지고 있으며 몇 가지 성공적인 보고가 있다. 그 중 식물이차대사과정에 관련 유전자를 대상으로 antisense RNA 기법으로 유전자의 발현억제와 이차대사산물 생산조절에 관한 연구를 이 논문에서 조사하고 정리하였다.

문법범주를 활용한 한국어 문법 교육 방안 연구

김용경( Kim, Yong-Kyung) 한국사회언어학회 2011 사회언어학 Vol.19 No.2

This study was carried out under the premise that lack of grammatical education with overall emphasized fluency is not desirable and the grammatical education can function fully to improve the communicative competence. To support this, the studies that attempted comparative linguistics, universal language theories, and attempts of linguistic typology were examined. However, such efforts are limited in explaining the overall Korean grammatical education systematically. As a method to resolve such problems, a suggestion of actively utilizing grammatical categories were provided. The categorization by grammatical systems is quite familiar since it was applied to all languages for a long time and is a concept that can be usefully utilized in comparative linguistics or linguistic typology. In addition, the overall grammatical factors could be examined systematically. As the meanings, functions, and constraints of combinations among the grammatical factors are compared, which could not be done when examining the individual grammatical factor, the differences can be clearly recognized. This study provided an example of expressing negatives and also suggests the methods to use the grammatical categories for Korean educational grammatical system in the sites of Korean education in detail.

오사카 세종학당의 한국어 교육 특성 연구

김용경 ( Yong Kyung Kim ) 한말연구학회 2011 한말연구 Vol.- No.28

As of December 2009, Osaka Sejonghakdang has 412 Korean language learners. The details can be broken down as following: 76 in Entry course, 169 in Beginner course, 125 in Intermediate course. and 42 in Advanced course. Most of the learners are women, and the number of men is relatively fewer than women. The ages of learners show an even distribution, and people in their forties occupy the largest age group. Though most of learners live in Osaka area, a few learners are from Nara, or Kobe. The majority answered their frist language is Japanese, though there is one person each whose first language is Korean and Chinese. The greatest reason that drives them to learn Korean language is the interests in Korean Culture, and in Korean entertainers. But male learners answer that they do not have any interest in Korean entertainers. More than half of the learners have learned Korean language for two to five years, and 10 of them have studied Korean language for more than five years. 62% of the learners answer they want to learn Korean language up to communicative level, and 37% will study Korean language until they become fluent. This shows that there is a fairly high demand for Korean language. The main reason to choose Sejonghakdang for their learning site is that the quality of education is relatively higher than other places, and the cheap tuition is also one of their considerations. The learners think themselves to be in higher level course than their actual Korean language competence. Learners also answer that they are confident at speaking and reading. On the other writing and speaking are the hardest part for them. The overall satisfaction about the class is relatively high, and women show higher satisfaction than men. Learners of Korean language have frequently visited and will visit Korea. The main purpose of the visit is general sightseeing and shopping. Learners also come to have more positive view on Korea and Korean culture by learning Korean language and think Korean people with more favorable attitude. The aim of this study is to identify the features of Korean language teaching in Japan by examining the tendency, motivation, and interests of the Korean language learners in Osaka Sejonghakdang. This study suggests what are needed to set up a better curriculum and to enhance the overall understanding on Korean language teaching in the overseas Korean language reaching facilities. An effective teaching method designed with the consideration of the learners` characteristics is required to teach Japanese learners in Japan. Especially, it is imperative that a consideration should be given in the selection of textbooks that can further the understanding on the Korean culture and society. A more careful design of the advanced course is required so that the learners who want to command a good Korean language may have a gradual progress toward the achievement of their goal.

현대독어 부가어에 관한 통사론적 연구

김용경 ( Yong Kyung Kim ) 한국독어독문학교육학회 1994 獨語敎育 Vol.12 No.-

따뜻하다류 형용사 연구

김용경 ( Yong Kyung Kim ) 한말연구학회 2001 한말연구 Vol.- No.8

Adjectives in Korean language have different meanings according to the fields where they are used. And this causes much confusion and often even disputes between the language users. This paper aims to explicate this problem in Korean language. Especially, in this paper the discussion will be focussed on the adjectives `t`at`ithada`, `poginhada`, `hunhunhada` and `onhwahada` These findings are summarized as following. 1) `t`at`ithada` is realize features of `[+warmth]`, `[+convenience]`, `[+intimacy]`, `[+softness]`, `[-inhumanness]` and `[+obedience]`. 2) `poginhada` is realize features of `[+warmth]`, `L+convenience]`, `[+intimacy]`, `[+softness]`, `[-inhumanness]` and `[+snugness]`. 3) `hunhunhada` is realize features of `[+warmth]`, `[+convenience]`, `[+intimacy]`, and `[-inhumanness]`. 4) `onhwahada` is realize features of `[+warmth]`, `[+convenience]`, `[+intimacy]`, `[+softness]`, `[-inhumanness]`, `[+obedience]` and `[+Peace]`. 5) The degree of closeness in the category t`at`ithada can be represented as following t`at`ithada > onhwahada > poginhada > hunhunhada

명안어서첩(明安御書帖) 소재 언간에 대하여

김용경 ( Yong Kyung Kim ) 한말연구학회 2001 한말연구 Vol.- No.9

There are some relics of Princess Myeongan which are designated as National Treasure No 1220 in the City Museum located in Ojukheon, Gangreung city. These relics are quite valuable materials which are helpful to study Korean language(Hangeul), calligraphy, economy, social structure and courtly lifestyle of those times. These relics include six letters written in Korean by King Hyeonjong, Princess Myeongan`s Naming Paper written by King Hyunjong himself and two lists of Novels, the King sent to the princess. And three letters of Empress Myeongseong, King Sukjong`s Korean letters and several letters cherished by 0 Taeju(the son in law of King Hyeonjong) family are also contained in the list. In this paper, the letters of King Hyeonjong, Empress Myeongseong and King Sukjong contained in Empress Myeongseong`s Royal letter collection are examined. It has been known that of the royal letter written by in Korean language were mainly sent to the princess who had been married. But this royal letter collection of Empress Myeongseong contains letters sent to the mother of the King. Thus this letter collection shows the characteristics of courtly language.

사이버 소설에 나타난 언어적 특성 연구

김용경 ( Yong Kyung Kim ) 한말연구학회 2004 한말연구 Vol.- No.14

서울시 강남구 도로명의 의미 연구

김용경(Yong Kyung Kim) 한국어의미학회 1999 한국어 의미학 Vol.5 No.-

This thesis is about the meaning of the street names in the Gangnam-gu. It`s purpose is to find out the motivational background from which these street names were created, and to find out the relationship between the street names and the distinctive consciousness or structural characteristics of the regional inhabitants. The results are as follows. First, there are a total of 604 street names in the Ganging-gu. When these names are divided into categories according to motives, it is as follows (1) position (157), (2) shape (6), (3) historical relics and monuments (100), (4) animal (19), (5) plants (45), (5) tradition (0), (7) person (14), (8) nature (12), (9) idea (169), (10) the rest natural things (59), (11) the others (23). Second, there exists several differences between the names of lands that have been names of streets that are in an urban region. The street names, as tribes do, are not named after a shape. On the contrary they are named after ideas or historical relics and monuments. Third, there are many names, especially the ones named after an idea, that the wishes or intentions of the person naming. Fourth, many street names connotation repetitious meanings reflect the consciousness of modern people living in cities.

독일어 문장 이해와 기능에 학습: 독일 신문기사의 어휘 사용에 관한 코퍼스분석을 기반으로

김용경 ( Yong Kyung Kim ) 부산대학교 과학교육연구소 2011 교사교육연구 Vol.50 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 독일 신문기사에 사용된 고빈도 어휘를 중심으로 기능어의 사용을 분석하고, 독일어 문장 이해를 위해서 선행되어야하는 학습내용을 고찰하는 것이다. 고빈도 어휘를 분석하기 위하여 3개 매체에 서 정치, 경제, 문화, 스포츠 4개 분야의 기사를 각각 2개씩 선정하여 총 24개의 기사로 구축된 코퍼스를 사용하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면. 신문기사에 빈번하게 등장하는 어휘는 ``DER`` 와 ``DIE `` 부류의 어휘 (정관 사. 관계대명사. 지시대명사). 전치사 (분리 전철 포함). 접속사 ``UND ``. 숫자, 핵심 내용어 순으로 나타났으며, 무엇보다도 기능어의 사용이 두드러쳤다. 기능에 중에서 ``DER`` 와 ``DIE `` 부류의 어휘와 전치사구는 형태 및 의미적 측면에서 외국인 학습자들이 어렵게 느끼는 내용이다. ``DER`` 와 ``DIE `` 부류의 어휘의 경우 유사한 형태와 상이한 기능에 대한 학습이 선행되어야한다. ``DER`` 와 "DIE `` 부류의 어휘 가운데 관계대명 사가 이끄는 관계문과 전치사의 경우 중의성과 같은 의미적 측면에서 학습이 중요하다. 관계대명사는 두 개 이상의 관련에 후보군과 관계문의 제한적·비제한적 용법에 따라, 전치사구는 분리된 관련어와 두 개 이상 의 전치사구가 나란히 올 경우 이들의 관계 (병렬·종속)에 따라 중의성 이야기된다. 의미적 측면에서 중의 성 문제는 문장의 심층구조를 파악하여 해소할 수 있다. The purpose of this study is to analyze function words based on high frequency vocabularies used in German newspaper articles, and to consider learning contents that must take precedence over any other content in order to understand German sentences. Corpus built by a total of 24 newspaper articles (2 articles per section - politics, economy, culture, sports) is used in this study. The analysis showed that the high frequency vocabularies are a) definite articles, relative pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns b) prepositions c) coordinate conjunctions such as ``und`` d) numbers e) content words, The use of function words stood out most clearly, Many foreign readers have difficulties with inserting function words in a sentence, The definite article is the most frequent vocabulary and are very similar with the relative pronoun and the demonstrative pronoun in form but different in function. In the relative pronoun and the preposition phrase, it is important to learn ambiguity in order to understand the meaning of a sentence clearly. Relative sentences are ambiguous because of two or three antecedent candidates and two usages (restrictive non-restrictive). Prepositional phrases are difficult to understand because it is separated with words modified by it. It is also ambiguous because when two or three prepositional phrases are written together, they have different meanings according to their relation (subordinate co-ordinate). Readers must understand their clear meanings through the contexts of the sentences.