포름알데히드에 의한 전통직물의 손상 특성

김명남,임보아,이선명,Kim, Myoung Nam,Lim, Bo A,Lee, Sun Myung 한국문화재보존과학회 2014 보존과학회지 Vol.30 No.4

포름알데히드는 전시 수장 공간에서 농도와 발생빈도가 높아 전통직물(천연염색)에 대한 손상 개연성이 있다. 본 연구는 견, 면, 모시, 삼베의 무염색, 천연염색(적색, 황색, 청색, 흑색) 시편을 대상으로 포름알데히드 0.5, 1, 10, 100, 500ppm 농도에서의 손상, 손상농도 500ppm에서 온습도 조건에 따른 손상과 열화상태에서의 손상을 광학적, 화학적, 물리적 측정방법으로 평가하였다. 이 결과, 포름알데히드 농도 500ppm에서 일부 직물의 색차, 변퇴색등급, 포름산이온 농도, pH가 변화하였으며, 고온 고습조건($30^{\circ}C$, 80%), 고습조건($25^{\circ}C$, 80%)에서는 색차, 변퇴색등급, 포름산이온 농도가 2배 가중되었다. 그러나, 열화직물은 열화정도, 열화 생성물질로 인해 포름알데히드에 의한 손상변화가 미미하였다. 이를 통해 포름알데히드에 의한 전통직물의 손상, 손상농도, 손상가중 조건, 열화상태에서의 손상을 확인하였으며, 포름알데히드는 적색직물의 황변, 열화직물의 황변 탈색, 포름산은 전체직물의 탈색에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. Formaldehyde(HCHO) may have a damage effect on Korean traditional textiles, because concentration is high and occurrence frequency is frequent at the exhibition room and storage area. Total 20 specimens were prepared using 4 different materials (silk, cotton, ramie, hemp) after dyeing with 5 colors (undyed, red, yellow, blue, black). The specimens were exposed to HCHO gas in the test chamber. The gas acceleration test was conducted to identify the deterioration of Korean traditional textiles according to HCHO concentration(0.5, 1, 10, 100, 500ppm), to temperature-humidity condition at HCHO 500ppm, and deterioration conditions at HCHO 500ppm. Optical, chemical, and physical evaluation was carried out after the exposure. The results, color difference, grey scale rating, formate($HCO_2{^-}$) of some textiles increased at 500ppm, while pH decreased at 500ppm. Also, color difference, grey scale rating, formate($HCO_2{^-}$) of some textiles increased double damage at high temperatures & humidity, high humidity condition. But, damages of accelerated degradation textiles were slight, because of degradation degree and degradation products. The results suggest that determined the damage to the korean traditional textile, damage level, damage-weighted condition, damage to accelerated degradation textiles. In addition, formaldehyde damaged to yellowing of red textiles, bleaching of accelerated degradation textiles, formic acid damaged to bleaching of total 20 specimens.

이산화질소(NO₂) 농도에 따른 전통직물의 손상 특성

김명남,임보아,김서진,이선명,Kim, Myoung Nam,Lim, Bo A,Kim, Seojin,Lee, Sun Myung 한국문화재보존과학회 2013 보존과학회지 Vol.29 No.3

The gas acceleration test was conducted to identify the deterioration of Korean traditional textiles caused by $NO_2$. Total 20 specimens were prepared using 4 different materials (silk, cotton, ramie, hemp) after dyeing with 5 colors (undyed, red, yellow, blue, black). The specimens were exposed to 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm $NO_2$ gas in the test chamber at $20^{\circ}C$, 50% RH for 1 day. Optical, chemical, and physical evaluation was carried out after the exposure. In the case of Korean traditional textile, color difference increased at 1 ppm/day, $NO_3{^-}$ concentration, carbonyl and C-$NO_2$ functional group increased while pH decreased at 10 ppm/day and tensile strength weakened at 100 ppm/day. when it comes to undyed textile, alteration of color difference on silk and hemp cloth, $NO_3{^-}$ concentration and tensile strength on hemp cloth was remarkable. In addition, color difference on blue and yellow textile, $NO_3{^-}$ concentration increase of yellow textile and tensile strength decrease of hemp cloth & ramie cloth were significant. The results suggest that critical $NO_2$ concentration of optical, chemical, and physical damage on Korean traditional textiles are 1ppm/day, 10 ppm/day, 100 ppm/day respectively. 이산화질소($NO_2$) 농도에 따른 전통직물의 손상특성을 정량적으로 확인하고자 가스 열화실험을 수행하였다. 견, 면, 모시, 삼베의 무염색직물 시편, 천연염색(적색, 황색, 청색, 흑색)직물 시편을 온도 $20^{\circ}C$, 습도 50%, 환기횟수 1/hr 조건의 가스부식시험기 챔버 내에서 $NO_2$ 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000 ppm 농도로 각각 1일 노출한 후 광학적, 화학적, 물리적 측정방법으로 손상도를 평가하였다. 이 결과, 전통직물은 $NO_2$ 1 ppm/day에서 색차 증가, 변퇴색등급 저하가 나타났고, 10 ppm/day에서 질산이온($NO_3{^-}$) 농도 증가, pH 감소, 카르보닐기 및 C-$NO_2$ 작용기 증가가 나타났으며, 100 ppm/day에서 인장강도 감소가 나타났다. 또한 무염색직물에서는 견, 삼베의 색차 증가, 삼베의 $NO_3{^-}$ 증가 및 인장강도 감소가 크게 나타났고, 염색직물에서는 청색, 황색직물의 색차 증가, 황색직물의 $NO_3{^-}$ 증가, 삼베, 모시의 인장강도 감소가 크게 나타났다. 이를 통해 $NO_2$에 의한 전통직물의 광학적, 화학적, 물리적 손상농도는 각각 1 ppm/day, 10 ppm/day, 100 ppm/day임을 도출하였다.

변형된 Uncut Roux 개선술식의 동물실험을 통한 조직학적 변화와 임상적 결과

김명남(Myung Nam Kim),이문수(Moon Soo Lee),김태윤(Tae Yun Kim),조규석(Gyu Seok Cho),채만규(Man Kyu Chae),김성용(Sung Yong Kim),백무준(Moo Jun Baek),박경규(Kyung Kyu Park),김창호(Chang Ho Kim),송옥평(Ok Pyung Song),조무식(Moo Sik Cho) 대한외과학회 2002 Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research(ASRT) Vol.63 No.3

납계열 안료의 대기환경에 따른 열화특성

박주현,이선명,김명남,Park, Ju Hyun,Lee, Sun Myung,Kim, Myoung Nam 대한자원환경지질학회 2022 자원환경지질 Vol.55 No.3

We examined degradation characteristics of lead based pigments(white lead, Red lead, Litharge) according to atmospheric environmet condition, for example atmospheric gas(CO₂, NO₂) and soluble salt. Painted samples not changed material compositions but were occured the color change(𝚫E 4~31) after exposed UV irradiation. All sample were not affected by CO₂ gas not only color but chemical composition. However, samples were remakably changed color exposed NO₂ gas and it was formed secondary product like as lead nitrate. Such as red lead and white lead samples' color difference were 𝚫E 2 and 𝚫 10 respectively and became dark, along with litharge became bright and color difference was 𝚫E 5 after react with NO₂ gas. It confirm that NO₂ was influential factor than CO₂ in the case of same concentration. Furthermore salt spray test was taken to figure out soluble salt influence in fine dust. The result showed noticeable color change and secondary product was formed on samples' surface. The glue film peeled off or hole, and color changed around the secondary products. After salt spray, XRD pattern showed decrease peak intensity and lower crystalinity. As a result of salt spray test, white lead was formed new product litharge and litharge was formed litharge and minium. According to the results, influential atmospheric factors for conservation of paint pigments were UV, NO₂, soluble salt, and litharge was most weakness throughout lead base pigments.

달팽이 점액 함유 크림의 항노화 효과

김범준 ( Beom Joon Kim ),노연아 ( Yeon A No ),이용희 ( Yonghee Lee ),김명남 ( Myung Nam Kim ),홍창권 ( Chang Kwon Hong ),유광호 ( Kwang Ho Yoo ),김용민 ( Yong Min Kim ),황정현 ( Jung Hyun Hwang ),공수연 ( Su Yeon Kong ) 대한피부과학회 2015 대한피부과학회지 Vol.53 No.6

Background: A cream made from mucus secreted by snails contains 80% mucin, as well as glycosaminoglycan, allantoin for skin rejuvenation, glycolic acid for keratin removal, and collagen and elastin, which are components of dermis. Objective: The goal of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of using cream containing mucus secreted by snails to reduce wrinkles, improve skin elasticity, restore dermal density, and lift the skin. Methods: Cream containing mucus secreted by snails was applied to the lateral epicanthal areas and the left cheek of 10 subjects for 4 weeks twice per day. Wrinkles, skin elasticity, dermal density, and skin tightening were evaluated at baseline and 2 and 4 weeks. A patient survey was conducted at 4 weeks. Results: There were statistically significant differences between baseline and 4 weeks after applying the cream in terms of wrinkles, skin elasticity, dermal density, and skin tightening (p<0.05). Conclusion: Use of cream containing mucus secreted by snails seems to be effective for anti-aging of the skin. Long term follow up studies, such as 3 or 6 months, to confirm the efficacy of the cream should be conducted involving a larger number of patients. (Korean J Dermatol 2015;53(6):430∼436)

전통 단청안료 표면의 물리적 특성 변화 모니터링

김지선,정혜영,변두진,유민재,김명남,이선명,Kim, Ji Sun,Jeong, Hye Young,Byun, Doo-Jin,Yoo, Min Jae,Kim, Myoung Nam,Lee, Sun Myung 한국문화재보존과학회 2020 보존과학회지 Vol.36 No.6

석간주, 진사, 황토, 자황, 웅황, 석록, 뇌록, 석청 및 백토 등 천연 무기안료 9종의 성능과 수명을 평가하고자 실내 촉진내후성과 옥외폭로 시험을 수행하였다. 실내 촉진내후성 시험법은 국내 기후 특성 및 단청의 위치 환경을 반영하여 설계하였고 필드 재현성을 확인하기 위해 서울 숭례문과 대전 연구소 등 2개소에서 옥외폭로 시험을 병행하였다. 또한 누적 자외선량을 기준으로 안료 표면의 물리적 특성 변화를 모니터링하였다. 이 결과, 석간주와 백토는 초기에 미세균열이 발생하지만 안정화된 반면 진사와 석록은 균열이 지속적으로 확대되었다. 황토와 뇌록은 수분 및 송진에 의한 얼룩이 두드러졌고 자황, 웅황 및 석청은 입자의 광택 저하가 나타났다. 각 시험별 안료의 색 변화는 절대적인 수치 차이가 있을 뿐 색도 변화 양상은 유사하였다. 백토와 뇌록의 색차(𝚫E) 값이 5 이하로 가장 작고 진사는 28 이상으로 컸다. 안료 표면의 물리적 변화는 실내 촉진내후성 시험보다는 옥외폭로 시험이, 옥외폭로 시험에서는 대전 연구소보다 서울 숭례문에서 가중되었다. 이는 옥외폭로 시험이 큰 폭의 온·습도 변화, 분진 침적에 따른 오염 등 다양한 환경에 노출되고, 특히 서울 숭례문은 총 누적 자외선량(334 MJ/m²)에 도달하는 데까지 오랜 시간이 소요되어 노출 기간이 장기화되었기 때문이다. This study aimed to assess the performance and life of nine natural mineral dancheong pigments: Seokganju, Jinsa, Hwangto, Jahwang, Wunghwang, Seokrok, Noerok, Seokcheong, and Baekto. The design of the accelerated weathering test considered the domestic climate characteristics and the location of Dancheong. Outdoor weathering tests were conducted at the Research Institute in Daejeon and the Sungnyemun Gate in Seoul to confirm the field reproducibility of the accelerated weathering test. Monitoring of the physical changes in pigments through accelerated and outdoor weathering tests are based on ultraviolet exposure dose. Despite small cracks at the beginning of the tests, the monitoring showed that Seokganju and Baekto had no marked physical changes, but the surface cracks of Jinsa and Seorok continue to expand. Hwangto and Noerok were marked with water or were resin stained, and the particles of Jahwang, Wunghwang, and Seokcheong had lost their luster. Despite the absolute difference in color change in each test, the final chromaticity change patterns of pigments were similar in that the color difference between Baekto and Noerok was below five, and Jina was above 28. The physical and surface color pigment changes were more concentrated in outdoor weathering tests than in accelerated tests, and the Seoul site was more intense than the Daejeon site. This is because outdoor weathering tests are exposed to severe variations of temperature and moisture or deposition of dust particles and, in the case of Seoul, the site is more exposed to the external environment than the Daejeon site.

동록안료의 재료과학적 특성 및 대기환경 영향 평가

박주현 ( Ju Hyun Park ),김명남 ( Myoung Nam Kim ),박세린 ( Se Rin Park ),유지아 ( Ji A Yu ),김수경 ( Su Kyoung Kim ),이선명 ( Sun Myung Lee ) 한국암석학회·(사)한국광물학회 2020 광물과 암석 (J.Miner.Soc.Korea) Vol.33 No.4

전통 회화 및 단청용 채색 안료 중 녹색을 표현하기 위해 사용된 동록안료의 재료과학적 특성 및 안정성을 알아보기 위하여 염화동(Atacamite), 초산동(Verdigris) 2종의 안료를 이용하여 평가를 진행하였다. 구성광물 분석 결과, K-AA는 아타카마이트(Atacamite)가 주요 구성광물로 천연 광물성 재료로 확인되고 K-VA는 호가나이트(Hoganite)로 확인되었다. 동록안료의 안정성을 저해하는 요인을 찾고자 UV 노출, CO₂/NO₂ 가스부식 및 염수분사 시험 등의 분석을 실시하였다. 색상 안정성을 가장 크게 저해하는 요인은 두 안료 모두 염수분사 시험으로 시료 표면에 염생성물이 생성되어 변질되는 등 손상이 가중되었다. 또한 대기오염물질인 NO₂의 영향도 두 안료 모두 육안으로 인지될 정도로 색이 변하여 주요 손상 요인으로 작용되는 것으로 판단된다. 특히 K-VA의 경우 K-AA와는 달리 UV 노출 평가 후 녹색에서 흑색으로 변하면서 본래의 색상을 완전히 잃어리는 것으로 K-VA의 주성분인 Hoganite가 UV 노출 후 Tenorite로 물질이 변했기 때문으로 판단된다. 두 안료의 대기환경 영향 평가 결과, K-AA에 비해 K-VA이 대기환경 영향에 상대적으로 취약한 모습을 보였다. Atacamite and Verdigris were studied material scientific properties and durability that are used for traditional green pigment in traditional art painting work and Dancheong. As a result of ingrediant analysis, K-AA and K-VA identified Atacamite and Hoganite (or Verdigris) respectively. In order to find a factor of depressing the stability of pigment, we examined UV radiant exposure test, CO₂/NO₂ gas corrosion test and salt spray test. Salt spray test damaged both samples which were formed salt particle on the surface of the samples and it makes color disability. Furthermore, the results of gas corrosion test that both pigments change color enough to be perceived by the naked eyes showed that an air pollutant NO₂ gas is also considered to be a major damage factor. In the case of K-VA, Hoganite that is main component of sample changes Tenorite with turn black after accelerated UV radiant exposure test. The consequences of the atmospheric environment effect test of the two pigments, K-VA showed relatetively weaker than K-AA.

극장 형태에 따른 무대조명 디자인 기법에 관한 연구

이장원(Jang-Weon Lee),김명남(Myung-Nam Kim) 한국조명·전기설비학회 2009 한국조명·전기설비학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.5월

A Study on the Stage Lighting Design by the Type of Performance Hall. The purpose of this study is to inquire into the practice of lighting design which is changed by type of stage: Proscenium Stage, Thrust Stage, Arena Stage, and Flexible Stage, which have originated from ancient Greek theatre and are still used in contemporary theatre. This studt takes a good at the practical application of lighting design to different types of stage, through which it is expected to improve the understanding of lighting as a part of performing arts and to develop the quality of stage arts. The way of lighting design by type of stage can be acstracted as the following. This is expected to be of a great help to stage arts as well as different lighting designs for each type of stage. The methodology of lighting design might have limits in its application to practice in the current war ld where theatre structures and lighting equipments are fast-developing and ever-changing. However, lighting design can develop based on the basic design concepts as the researches of all fields can develop by applying their basic theories.

무수정체성 동공봉쇄 녹내장에 대한 Chandler 씨 수술 치험 1례

김재호(Jae Ho Kim),이찬주(Chan Joo Lee),김명남(Myung Nam Kim) 대한안과학회 1981 대한안과학회지 Vol.22 No.3

전두 및 범발성 탈모증의 임상적 고찰

최홍렬(Heung Ryeol Choi),김명남(Myung Nam Kim),홍창권(Chang Kwun Hong),노병인(Byung In Ro) 대한피부과학회 1993 大韓皮膚科學會誌 Vol.31 No.3

Background : Alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis are uncomman and developed from 5-10% of the patients with alopecia areata. Objective : The authors perfcirmed a study for clinical obervations and the effects of treatments of alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis in order that this study may cointribute to further studies and treatments of them. Methods : The author performed a clinical study of 42 patients with alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis retrospectively in order to evaluate the clinical manifestation. and the effects of treatments from January 1984 to March 1992 at the department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung Ang University. Results : 1. The incidence of alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis was 6.7% (42/623) among the alopecia patients who were occtipied 1.4% (623/44,839) among the all new dermatologic out patients. 2. The age distributions at the onset of disease showed a peak incidenced an age of less than 15 years (52.4%, 22/42) and the average age was 19.7 years. 3. The laboratory fi ndings showed decreased total T cell count in 1 case(1/10), inversed T/T ratio in 6 cases(6/10), poisitive anti-thyroglobulin anti-body in 3 cases(3/11), and abnormal serum levels of testosterone, esradiol and progesterone in 5 cases(5/22), 2 cases(2/14) and 8 cases(8/13), respectively. 4. The effects in the group treated with topical immunotherapy with DPCP(2,3-diphenylcyclopropenone) or DI CB(2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene) revealed no significant difference from those in the group treated with an intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide. 5. The response rates to treatment were make ily higher in the patients with alopecia totalis than alopecia uriiversalis, in cases where the duration of disease was less than 5 years, and in the patients associated with psychologic stress. Conclusion : These results suggested that alopecia totalis and alopepia aniversalis frequently occur in children, and some of them we eassociated with cell mediated immunity defects, autoantibody and endocrine factors. The patients with alopecia totalis, with short duration if disease and associated with emotional stress showed better therapeutic responses. (Kor J Dermatol 1993; 31(3): 341-348)