The Effect of Information Asymmetry on Commonality in Product Line Design

김길선 ( Kil Sun Kim ) 서강대학교 경영학연구원 2002 서강경영논총 Vol.13 No.2

수시공시의 항목별 정보효과에 대한 연구

황국재 ( Kook Jae Hwang ),김길선 ( Kil Sun Kim ),이아영 ( A Young Lee ),박성한 ( Sung Han Park ) 서강대학교 경영학연구원 2006 서강경영논총 Vol.17 No.1

지배적디자인 확보를 위한 공정기술혁신의 진화

이수(Su Lee),김길선(Kil Sun Kim),박진한(Jin Han Park) 한국경영학회 2014 經營學硏究 Vol.43 No.4

In this study, we examine the impact of process innovation on the determination of dominantdesign by using “The Model of Evolution of Process Technology Innovation” and establish the theoretical basis for the evolution of process innovation in three stages: the cost innovation stage, the process design innovation stage, and the conversion in innovation stage. Priorstudies on dominant design discussed issues limited to aspects of the product itself or product technology innovation. However, in this study we analyze patterns of process technology innovation generated in the course of creating dominant designs with the Model of Evolution of Process Technology Innovation to present a concept of dominant design that could be applied to the process and process technology behind the products. In process technology innovation, there is an evolution consisting of some characteristic stages occurring after the initial setup of the process system. These stages in the evolution of process technology innovation include: 1) the cost innovation stage, 2) the process design innovation stage, and 3) the conversion in innovation stage. Initial innovation of process technology consists mainly of innovations for cost reduction. The innovation of process design stage, that can divide or reconfigure the process, occurs after accumulating experience and understanding of the corresponding process. In this stage the capability to change process structure by employing the module concept, and the capability to conduct the integrated control of changing the whole process are required. Finally, the advanced capability of process technology innovation that can create a new product concept through integrating and/or fusing associated processes with the knowledge and capabilities of the original process can be implemented. In this study, using the process technology innovation in the shipbuilding industry enabled the collection of feasible data and information to examine and understand the progress of process technology innovation and analyze the relationship between process technology and dominant design. The Korean shipbuilding industry currently has the dominant position globally, along with its products embodying dominant designs, such as oil tankers (in the early days), bulkcarriers, container ships, LNG carriers, ultra large container ships, and the high value added offshore plants. Each product competed with products from other suppliers in Europe, Japan, and China. Based on its superior process technology, the Korean shipbuilding industry attained the largest portion of the global market. This allowed us quite pertinent data and information for the empirical analysis of the relationship between process technology and dominant design. The contributions of the ‘Model of Evolution of Process Technology Innovation’ presented in this study are as follows: First, it shows that the addition of the concept of process design to the concept of dominant design, which had previously been studied mainly in terms of productdesign, is valuable. Second, it provided us with the theoretical framework to explore processinnovation, which has been insufficiently studied when compared with product innovation. Italso complemented the limitations of the Product/Process Innovation Model presented by Utter back & Abernathy (1975) and Abernathy & Utter back (1978). The previous model of product/processinnovation assumed that process innovation followed product innovation. However, this study shows the basis for the model presented, and the product-process-product sequence that integrates and fuses the process innovations and associated process technologies that could lead to theintroduction of a new product. Finally, the capability of process technology innovation that enabled process re-design through a comprehensive understanding of products and production processes beyond cost competitiveness, and provided the integration/fusion of associated processes along with integrated

양면시장의 플랫폼기반 서비스혁신 전략에 관한 연구

이상현(Lee, Sang Hyun),김길선(Kim, Kil Sun) 한국서비스경영학회 2012 서비스경영학회지 Vol.13 No.4

The purpose of this study is to present the major strategic variables and to construct a theoretical basis for the concepts required for the preoccupancy of the dominant design position within an evolving TV market. In order to achieve this goal, it explains the issues in the Smart TV industry regarding the significance of platforms and the characteristics of a two-sided market. Furthermore, it presents factors of service innovation strategy for the diffusion of platforms and the expansion of two-sided markets from the perspective of dominant design. We suggests platform openness, platform compatibility, technological superiority of devices, availability of complementary market place, collaboration with suppliers of complementary goods as the major factors for a platform-based service innovation strategy. These major strategic variables will have an impact on the selection of a dominant design through the increase of Smart TV users and complementary goods which strengthens both the direct and indirect network effect of two-sided markets. The result of this case analysis is expected to provide a strategic guideline for decision makers of firms which have already entered the Smart TV market by expanding the concepts from the existing product perspective to a service innovation perspective in explaining the characteristics of Smart TV which will dominate the future TV market. Moreover, it is expected that it will contribute greatly to this field of study by presenting a new methodological alternative and encouraging the advancement of dominant design research by stimulating new empirical studies which has not been conducted due to lack of empirical data.

미국에서의 기술경영 논의의 진화: 한국에 대한 시사점을 중심으로

김병윤 ( Byoung Yoon Kim ),정철우 ( Chul Woo Jeong ),김길선 ( Kil Sun Kim ) 기술경영경제학회 2011 Journal of Technology Innovation Vol.19 No.2

본 연구는 미국에서의 기술경영 분야의 발전과정을 통해 기술경영의 정체성이란 무엇인가를 탐구한다. 미국에서 기술경영은 2차 대전 전후를 거치면서 현재까지 기술과 사회의 관계의 변화에 따라 내용을 달리해왔다. 본 연구에서는 (1) 2차 대전 전후의 ``R&D 관리`` 또는 ``프로젝트관리`` 단계, (2) 70-80년대 초반의 혁신에 대한 이론화 전개 단계, (3) 기술경영논의의 확대 및 기술경영교육의 확산 단계로 나누어 정리하였다. 이를 통해 기술경영의 개념 및 이해가 시대적 문제해결 과정에서 다양한 의미를 가지면서 진화해온 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 복수적 정체성은 그 자체가 병리적인 것이라기보다는 기술과 사회의 접점이 확대되고 있음을 보여주는 것이며, 기술경영교육의 측면에서는 다양한 접근이 필요하다는 함의를 제공해 준다. This paper investigates the identity of technology management by taking a look at the evolution of the field in the United States. The discipline was established since the World War II when the big research organization was firstly formed in the country. Its focus has varied according to the role of technology in a corporation and the relation of technology and society in general. We identify three distinct stages of the field: R&D management, or project management, theoretical understanding of innovation in the 70s and 80s, and the diffusion of technology management and its education. The recent discussion on a standard curriculum of technology management illustrates the lack of a coherent identity of the field, however this phenomenon should not be considered as pathological and it demonstrates the widened interfaces between technology and society. Furthermore, it implies the possibility and need of diverse approaches in technology management.

부품공급업체의 신제품 개발 프로젝트 참여에 대한 실증 연구

허대식(Dae Sik Hur),황선일(Sun Il Hwang),김길선(Kil Sun Kim),최정욱(Jeong-Wook Choi),Thomas Y. Choi 한국생산관리학회 2009 韓國生産管理學會誌 Vol.20 No.1

이 논문에서는 제조 기업이 부품업체가 보유하고 있는 지식자원을 제품개발에 활용하기 위해서, 부품업체를 신제품 개발 과정에 참여시킨다고 가정한다. 이러한 지식기반관점에서 부품업체 참여를 유발하는 요인으로 제조기업의 신제품 개발 시간경쟁, 모듈 디자인 전략, 부품업체 파트너십 전략을 제안하였다. 즉, 제조 기업이 신속한 제품개발을 통한 시장선점을 노리는 경우, 필요한 지식자원을 직접 획득, 학습하기 보다는 부품업체와의 제휴를 선호한다고 예상하였다. 그리고 모듈화의 표준화 된 인터페이스는 제조 기업과 부품업체와의 통합, 조정을 원활하게 하고, 제조기업의 부품업체 파트너십 전략은 두 기업 간의 지식교류를 촉진시키고 상호 공유되는 지식의 범위를 넓힘으로써 효과적으로 신제품을 공동 개발할 수 있는 토양을 만들어 준다고 예상하였다. 그리하여 제조 기업은 신제품개발 과정에서 필요한 지식획득 시간을 단축하며, 오류 및 실수를 조기에 발견하고, 비용절감을 설계 단계에서 실현하게 되어, 신제품의 시장경쟁력(품질, 원가, 출시/납기)을 향상 시킬 수 있다고 기대하였다. 본 연구에서는 한국, 미국, 일본 및 유럽 5개국에서 수집된 총 159개의 신제품개발 프로젝트 데이터를 이용하여 제안된 모형을 검증하였다. From a Knowledge Based View, we conceptualize supplier involvement in a buyer’s new product development (NPD) project as the buying firm’s efforts to gain access to the supplier’s knowledge resources. This study proposes three antecedents to supplier involvement: the buying firm’s time-based new product development competition strategy, modular design strategy, and partnership with suppliers. All three antecedents were expected to result in greater supplier involvement in NPD projects. Data were analyzed from the High Performance Manufacturing Round III, which comprises the joint data collection efforts of Korea, Japan, the U.S., Austria, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and Finland. By employing structural equation modeling, we empirically substantiated the validity of the proposed model of supplier involvement. Implications for academics and practicing managers areal so presented

일반 논문 : 중소기업의 TQM 활동과 혁신성과: 조직 학습역량의 조절효과

박진한 ( Jin Han Park ),김진한 ( Jin Han Kim ),김길선 ( Kil Sun Kim ) 한국중소기업학회 2013 中小企業硏究 Vol.35 No.2

본 연구는 국내 중소기업들을 대상으로 TQM의 유기적 요소 (organic elements)와 기계적 요소 (mechanistic elements), 조직 학습역량 (organizational learning capability)의 역할을 명확히 함으로써 이 세 가지 요소들을 균형 있게 활용하는 것이 중요함을 제시하고, 이들 요소들이 혁신성과 창출에 미치는 영향을 이해하고자 하는 목적으로 진행되었다. 이를 위해 국내 중소기업들을 대상으로 하는 실증분석을 통하여 TQM 관행의 유기적 차원과 기계적 차원이 중소기업의 혁신성과에 미치는 영향을 규명함과 동시에 TQM 활동과 혁신성과의 관계에서 조직 학습역량의 조절효과를 확인하였다. 100개의 표본을 근거로 분석한 결과 TQM의 유기적 요소와 기계적 요소 각각은 중소기업의 혁신성과 창출에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 조직 학습역량의 조절효과는 유기적 TQM 관행의 실행에서만 발견할 수 있으며 유기적 TQM 관행과 조직 학습역량은 혁신성과의 창출에서 조절효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 기계적 TQM 관행은 조직 학습역량과의 상호관계에서 유의한 조절효과를 갖지 않는 것으로 나타나 중소기업이 전사적 품질경영을 수행함에 있어 유기적 요소와 기계적 요소를 위한 균형 잡힌 시스템을 보유하지 못하고 있음을 유추할 수 있다. The purpose of current study is to clarify the roles of organic and mechanistic elements of TQM and organizational learning capability (OLC) for domestic small and medium size enterprises (SMEs), and to provide a framework in which these three factors are interrelated with organizational innovation performance. To that end, we conduct a survey of SMEs in Korea to find out main effects of organic and mechanistic dimensions of TQM practices on SMEs` innovative performance, and a moderating effect of organizational learning capability between organic and mechanical elements of TQM practices and innovation performance. Using the samples of 100 firms, we found that the organic and mechanistic elements have positive direct effects on organizational innovation performance. But the only moderating effect we found is the one between organic elements and OLC on organizational performance, which indicates that SMEs should invest more efforts to build a balanced system for organic and mechanistic practices of TQM.

와해성 혁신과정에서 핵심기술과 비즈니스모델 간의 관계와 보완기술의 중요성 분석: 인터넷 쇼핑몰 사례를 중심으로

이수 ( Su Lee ),이상현 ( Sang Hyun Lee ),김길선 ( Kil Sun Kim ) 기술경영경제학회 2011 Journal of Technology Innovation Vol.19 No.1

Christensen(1997)은 혁신자의 딜레마(innovator`s dilemma)에서 디스크드라이브(disk drive) 시장을 사례분석한 뒤, 성공기업들이 후발자들에게 추월당하는 이유를 와해성 기술(disruptive technology) 때문이라고 주장하였다. 그러나 기술에 초점을 맞췄던 그의 초기 이론은 시간이 지남에 따라 모든 종류의 혁신들을 설명하는데 적용되었으며, 이 과정에서 그는 기술(technology)과 비즈니스 모델(business model)을 개념적으로 구분하지 않고 초기 와해성 이론을 광범위하게 적용하였다(Markides, 2006). 또한 그의 이론은 시장과 산업의 변화를 체계적으로 설명하기 위한 이론적 모형으로서 설명력이 떨어지며, 이론적 모형으로서의 명료함을 높일 수 있는 추가 작업들이 필요하다는 지적이 있었다(Danneels, 2004). 본 연구에서는 C.M. Christensen에 대한 기존 연구들의 지적들을 바탕으로 와해성 이론의 설명력을 높이기 위해서는 와해성 혁신을 하나의 프로세스로 이해하는 것이 필요하며, 이 프로세스를 보다 명료히 이해하기 위해 기술의 혁신과정(phase of technology innovation)과 비즈니스 모델의 혁신과정(phase of business model innovation)으로 나누어 구분하고자 한다. 또한 이 과정에서 기술과 비즈니스 모델을 연결하는 개념으로서 보완기술(enabling technology)의 역할을 강조하고자 한다. 본 연구가 제안하는 개념적 틀의 타당성을 인터넷 쇼핑몰의 성장과정에 적용하여 검증하고자 한다. 그 결과 첫째, Christensen이 와해성 혁신이라고 주장한 인터넷 관련 비즈니스 모델은 성장과정에 있어 기술적 성장과 비즈니스 모델의 성장으로 구분이 가능한 과정이었다. 둘째, 와해성 혁신 단계에 도달하기 위해서는 핵심 기술(core technology)과 비즈니스 모델 사이에 보완기술이 존재하며 보완 기술의 성숙 정도에 따라 비즈니스 모델의 완성도가 결정되어, 혁신의 시장성과가 결정됨을 확인하였다. 따라서, Christensen이 언급한 와해성 혁신은 기술의 혁신과 비즈니스 모델의 혁신으로 구분할 때 보다 명료한 이해가 가능하며, 보완기술이 존재할 경우 비즈니스 모델의 시장성과는 핵심 기술이 와해성 기술로 인정받은 직후보다는 보완기술들이 성숙된 이후에 더욱 확연히 드러남을 증명하였다. In his highly cited book, Innovator`s Dilemma (1997), Christensen introduced a notion of disruptive technology that is based on the observations from disk-drive industry and used it as an explanatory variable through which new entrants outperform incumbents in the industry. In explaining his later observations of disruptive innovations in other industries, however, his early theory based on disruptive technology has been applied to all cases without careful distinction between the notions of technology and business model (Markides, 2006). Furthermore, it has been criticized that his model suffers from lack of enough explanatory power and other important factors that are necessary to fully explain the observed phenomena in various cases (Danneels, 2004). Motivated by the critics in literature, the current study carefully distinguishes between innovation of technology and innovation of business model in the process of disruptive innovation, and apply our framework to the case of internet shopping mall business. Our study yields two main results. First, the internet-related business model which Christensen argued as an example of disruptive innovation is accomplished through two distinctive and separable growth phases: a period of technology growth and a period of business model growth. Second, in the process of disruptive innovation, the notion of enabling technology plays an important bridging role that connects core technology and business model. Furthermore, we confirm that the success of business model innovation depends on the degree of maturity of the enabling technologies. In conclusion, Christensen`s notion of disruptive innovation can be further detailed in terms of technology innovation and business model innovation, and if there exist enabling technologies, the chance of success of the business model is higher when the enabling technology is matured rather than when the core technology is merely acknowledged as a disruptive technology.

디스플레이 시장에서 기술특성이 지배적 디자인 결정에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

이수(Su Lee),이상현(Sang Hyun Lee),김길선(Kil Sun Kim) 한국경영학회 2012 經營學硏究 Vol.41 No.2

Dominant design refers to a de-facto standard technology or product that performs a standard role in a market while it is not officially or legally considered an industry standard. Dominant design emerges within markets and reasons for that include the learning effect by firms and consumers, economies of scale through increased production of related parts and components, and the positive network externality effect through an enlarged consumer base. Furthermore, firms can enjoy the greater possibility of technological collaboration among firms sharing the dominant technology through which they can design shared platforms enabling the design of more diverse products, leading to even greater network externality through a network of producers regarding complementary goods. On the other hand, however, technologies and products that are not selected as a dominant design gradually lose their base in the market and will be in a difficult position as they are not able to recover their investment in R&D, installation of manufacturing process, and next generation of technology. Therefore, it is important to pay close attention and place effort towards placing the development or selection of technology in a position of dominant design. Extant research on dominant design approaches the issue from a perspective of management strategy and focuses on the strategic decision making process. For example, they have identified the difference in firms` capability to manage external and internal factors such as ability to form an inter-firm collaboration, ability to understand and react to market and consumers, ability to ramp-up production, ability to form a strategic alliance with producers of complementary goods, and the ability to exercise a proper licensing strategy as key factors which influence the selection process of dominant design within a given market. The extant researches have made important contributions toward the formation of corporate and marketing strategies but did not provide sufficient analyses on the technology per se that becomes a dominant design. In other words, the extant researches didn`t address the inherent characteristics concerning technologies as an influential reason that influences the competition for dominant design. Rather, they normatively assume that technology offering improved product functionality is in a superior position to be a dominant design, and thus focus more on strategic aspects regarding competition. Of course, if there is little difference between technologies in terms of product performance, a more meaningful study can be done by focusing on the factors outside of the technology. For example, if a product with better technology at the onset fails to maintain a meaningful gap with a competing technology, or if non-technology related factors such as: ability for marketing and distributing products, ability to form a strategic alliance, ability for large-scale production, availability of complementary products, and firm`s R&D ability, become more important than the perceived difference between technologies, then the initial technological advantage becomes less important throughout competition concerning the dominant design. A closely related example would be the case of Sony and JVC who participated in a competition regarding standards within VTR product categories. In this instance, an analysis of the case from a business strategy can provide very useful information. However, if a deciding force in the competition process lies in the technology itself, then excluding it and focusing only on strategic aspects of competition would lead to a distorted conclusion. The current study considers technology itself as a main factor in the process of competition for dominant design. We claim that inherent characteristics of a technology plays a fundamental and pervasive role in the process of competition, and the primary difference among characteristics between competing technologies is not something that can

재무제표를 활용한 사이클 타임 측정방안에 관한 연구

권성현(Sung Hyun Kwon),황국재(Kook Jae Hwang),김길선(Kil Sun Kim) 한국경영학회 2004 經營學硏究 Vol.33 No.6

As manufacturing firms in today’s environment have involved more and more in time- based competition, an ability to manage and allocate cycle time efficiently becomes one of core competencies for the firms. However the absence of appropriate measurement and evaluation tools for cycle time prevents firms from actively utilizing the notion of cycle time as a performance measure. Furthermore, since no extant research provides sound explanation of factors that systematically influence the measured cycle time, it is important to identify and understand the factors to make sound managerial judgments on inter- and intra-firm comparisons and consequent improvement of cycle time.The purposes of present study are to develop a model of cycle time measurement using publicly available financial data and to identify non-operational factors that systematically influence the measure cycle time, which enables managers performance evaluation, competitive benchmarking, and effective managerial decision making processes with respect to cycle time performance. In the current study, we have utilized a panel of financial data for domestic manufacturing firms through the periods of 1981-2002, and generated the following results. First, a model of cycle time measurement using financial data is proposed. Second, we identify non-operational factors such as gross margin ratio, capital intensity, and input-output ratio that systematically influence the measured cycle time, and show that the proposed model per se has some inherent limits to be used as a sound operational measure of cycle time. Third, we also propose an adjusted measure of cycle time which takes into account of the effect of the factors on cycle time measurement, and show through case analyses how the adjusted measure can be used to make within-firm analyses and between-firms comparisons of cycle time. Our results show that the overall cycle time performance is deteriorating over the past 20 years, which is consistent with the results from other researches: Kekre and Srinivasan (199), Rajagopalan and Malhotra (2001), Gaur et al. (2004), and Ginter and La Londe (2004). Reasons include increased product variety, shorter product life cycle, increasing degree of global outsourcing that leads to longer manufacturing cycle time, and the increased degree of complexity in supply chain network.Some of the limits encountered during the course of the current study include the methodological limits that are known to exist in panel data analyses, reliability and consistency of accounting policies across firms, the use of fixed effect model that prevents us from understanding variance that could possibly be explained by the time and firm specific variables, and lack of more detail analyses to understand the differences across industry sectors.Based the limits addressed, the current study shed some lights on the directions for the future research. First, to make our model more useful in practice, it is necessary to verify the directional consistency between the results from the model and the observations from the industry in terms of actual cycle time. The theoretically verified consistency will provide more concrete support for the use of the model. Second, using the model, one can study how the operational improvements and changes initiated by managers can be linked to actual improvement of cycle time. Thus, one can systematically track the effectiveness of cycle time improvement programs using financial data. Third, while the current study employed time and firm specific effects as fixed effects in the model, one can study the factors that influence the changes in firm and time specific effects. Furthermore, one can identify other significant non-operational factors to be included in the model that influence the cycle time performance. Last, similar studies can be done to understand the differences among industry sectors, and can also be extended to non-manufacturing sectors such as distribution and re