National Biotechnology Innovation System in the United States

김기동,황용식,Kim, Ki-Dong,Hwang, Yong-Sik The Korean Society of Business Venturing 2010 벤처창업연구 Vol.5 No.2

Biotechnology has strategic importance related to the development of start-up companies, industries and nations in the near future. Therefore, many countries have promoted and developed biotechnology. The United States has led the world in promoting biotechnology. American biotechnology policies are diverse, and thus no comprehensive systematic studies have been done on it. In our paper, we will discuss American biotechnology policy in detail. For effective analysis, we will rely on the concept of a national innovation system, which emphasizes the institutional settings of innovation actors and their interaction. This paper deals with the American national innovation system for biotechnology. We will analyze the role of major actors, academia, public research institutes, and venture companies and their interactions. The American biotechnological innovation system is composed of diverse actors and numerous start-up companies in the biotechnology industry. In addition, there are many diverse policy programs for promoting biotechnology. Because of country-specific frame conditions, every country has different institutional settings and policies for promoting biotechnology. Our paper will render meaningful implications for various countries. We also think that this paper will be of interest for international readers.

활성탄소의 산 , 염기 특성에 관한 연구

김기동,박수진,이재락,송해영 ( Ki Dong Kim,Soo Jin Park,Jae Rock Lee,Hae Young Song ) 한국공업화학회 1997 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.1997 No.0

Design of Prestressed W-Shape Beams with a Separated Prestressing Cover Plate

김기동,안효일,한기장,Dong Seong Kim 한국강구조학회 2021 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.21 No.2

Prestressed steel beams with a prestressing cover plate (PBCP), which are expected to overcome the limitations of prestressed steel girders using tendons, were investigated in this study. Experiments and fi nite element analyses (FEA) were performed to present a design procedure. The maximum compressive force according to fl ange slenderness, which could be applied to steel beams subjected to bending moment due to ultimate load, was investigated for rolled W-shape beams. The fl exural capacity and elastic fl exural stiff ness of steel beams could be signifi cantly increased by using a cover plate attached at a fi xed distance from the bottom fl ange of a steel beam as a prestressing member. A PBCP with W920 × 1377 could achieve a maximum span of 72 m for a two-lane, single-span composite bridge with fi ve girders when the span-to-depth ratio is limited to around 38.0, whereas an ordinary composite beam with the same W-shape section, having a span-to-depth ratio of 36.0, could achieve a maximum span of around 50 m. The limitations of maximum bridge length, minimum steel amount and maximum span-to-depth ratio that rolled fl exural members can achieve were able to be effi ciently overcome by using the PBCP. The span-to-depth ratio of PBCPs was about 2.08 times larger on average than that of plate girders for bridge lengths of 50 m to 72 m. The PBCP could employ a smaller steel volume than plate girders for the same span-to-depth ratio. Therefore, it could be seen that the PBCP could be an alternative to plate girders for the limited span-to-depth ratio and even for the cost effi ciency.

Float 공법을 고려한 Plasma Display Panel용 기판유리 용융체의 특성

김기동,정우만,정현수,권성구,최세영,Kim, Ki-Dong,Jung, Woo-Man,Jung, Hyun-Su,Kwon, Sung-Ku,Choi, Se-Young 한국세라믹학회 2006 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.43 No.7

In order to examine the working condition of melts in tin bath of float process it was investigated Sn diffusion behavior and solidification rate of melts for alkali-alkaline earth-silica PDP substrate glasses such as commercial CaO rich CS-77 glass, commercial $Al_2O_3$ rich PD-200 glass and self developed $SiO_2$ rich T-series (T-2, T-4, T-6) glasses. In the case of Sn depth and concentration created in glass surface by ion exchange between Sn and alkali, T-series showed lower value than CS-77, especially T-2 is more excellent than PD-200. The solidification rate of melts expressed by cooling time between $log{\eta}=4\;and\;7.6dPa{\cdot}s$ was low for T-series comparing with CS-77 and PD-200. Therefore, it was concluded that T-series is desirable considering forming condition in the tin bath of the float process.

실버 나노분말을 이용한 메탈메쉬용 페이스트의 충전 및 와이핑 특성

김기동,남현민,양상선,박이순,남수용,Kim, Gi-Dong,Nam, Hyun-Min,Yang, Sangsun,Park, Lee-Soon,Nam, Su-Yong 한국분말야금학회 2017 한국분말재료학회지 (KPMI) Vol.24 No.6

A metal mesh TCE film is fabricated using a series of processes such as UV imprinting of a transparent trench pattern (with a width of $2-5{\mu}m$) onto a PET film, filling it with silver paste, wiping of the surface, and heat-curing the silver paste. In this work nanosized (40-50 nm) silver particles are synthesized and mixed with submicron (250-300 nm)-sized silver particles to prepare silver paste for the fabrication of metal mesh-type TCE films. The filling of these silver pastes into the patterned trench layer is examined using a specially designed filling machine and the rheological testing of the silver pastes. The wiping of the trench layer surface to remove any residual silver paste or particles is tested with various mixture solvents, and ethyl cellosolve acetate (ECA):DI water = 90:10 wt% is found to give the best result. The silver paste with 40-50 nm Ag:250-300 nm Ag in a 10:90 wt% mixture gives the highest electrical conductance. The metal mesh TCE film obtained with this silver paste in an optimized process exhibits a light transmittance of 90.4% and haze at 1.2%, which is suitable for TSP application.

16종 다용한약재의 산지별 As, Cd, Pb, Co, Cr 농도 및 특성고찰 -한국과 중국산의 평균농도, 최소-최대농도와 법적 허용농도초과비율을 중심으로-

김기동,박해모,서용찬,이선동,Kim, Kee-Dong,Park, Hae-Mo,Seo, Yong-Chan,Lee, Sun-Dong 대한예방한의학회 2012 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.16 No.3

Objective : Average, lowest, highest concentration and exceeding value of legal allowance of As, Cd, Pb, Co, Cr in frequently using 16 oriental herbal medicines in korea(Astragali Radix, Ginseng, Citri Unshii Pericarpium, Aurantii Fructus Immaturus, Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, Zingiberis Rhizoma Crudus, Zizyphi Fructus, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Hoelen, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Corni Fructus, Schisandrae Fructus, Lycii Fructus) was evaluated according to their origines (korea, china) and property was also discussed according to the medicinally active part and individuals regardless origines. Method : Korean and Chinese herbal medicines were evenly sampled from corresponding country nationwide. Pre-treatment was executed according to the KFDA(Korea Food and Drug Administration) regulation and analysis was performed according to the Korean Environmental Analysis QA/QC. Result : Not much difference was observed according to their origines. However, lowest, highest and percent exceeding value of legal allowance was showed some consistent differences according to the medicinally active part and individuals. Co and Cr was can not be evaluated since their legal regulation was not established yet. Conclusion : The average concentration of As, Cd, Pb, Co, Cr in frequently using 16 oriental herbal medicines in korea showed no noticeable difference according to their origines. Regardless the origin, some consistent differences were observed according to the individuals and medicinally active parts.

다섯 가지 다용한약처방의 전탕 전후 유해 중금속 이행률 조사

김기동,Kim, Kee Dong 대한예방한의학회 2015 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.19 No.3

Objective : Five most generally adopting basic oriental prescriptions (yookmijihwangtang, ojeoksan, sipjeondaebotang, samultang, bojoongikgitang) samples were collected from 10 oriental hospitals nationwide and the transferring ratio to aqueous phase (TRAP) were calculated. Method : The samples are grounded evenly and the decocted at $120^{\circ}C$ for 12 min on hot plate and then filtered. The concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr and Pb in before and after decoction were measure by ICP/MS and the TRAPs were calculated. Results : The concentrations of As, Cr and Pb in the ground samples before decoction were all below criteria level, and TRAP values were also very low (<10%). For Cd, although some ground samples before decoction showed relatively high concentration level compare to the criteria level, because of their low TRAP (~3%), the actual concentrations in the decoction were quite low compare the criteria level. The Co's concentrations in the ground samples before decoction were all relatively low level. However, the TRAP of Co was astonishingly high value of around 40% average. Conclusion : The toxic heavy metal concentrations in the decoction were very low compare to the criteria level. The TRAPs are less than <10% except Co. The toxic heavy metals in the prescriptions are mainly remained in the residue and the only very small fraction may transferred to the decoctions. Therefore the toxicity of the oriental herbal medicine about the toxic heavy metal may be overstressed. The Co's TRAP turned out to be quite high value (40% average). Since the criteria level wes not established yet, the safety of decoctions according to Co was not fully confirmed.

차량 속도-시간 이력을 이용한 고규격 종방향 연성 배리어 설계

김기동,고만기,김동성,주재웅,장대영,Kim. Kee Dong,Ko. Man Gi,Kim. Dong Seong,Joo. Jae Woong,Jang. Dae Young 한국방재학회 2012 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.12 No.3

기존의 국내/외 충돌조건보다 상향된 충돌조건(900 kg의 승용차가 120 km/h의 속도와 <TEX>$20^{\circ}$</TEX>의 각도로 충돌하는 조건과 14 ton의 트럭이 85 km/h의 속도와 <TEX>$15^{\circ}$</TEX>의 각도로 충돌하는 조건, 그리고 13 ton의 버스가 90 km/h의 속도와 <TEX>$15^{\circ}$</TEX>의 각도로 충돌하는 조건)에 대하여 효과적으로 종방향 연성 배리어를 개발하기 위해서 차량 속도-시간 이력이 이용되었다. 차량 종방향 속도-시간이력 곡선과 횡방향 속도-시간 이력 곡선의 기울기가 충돌초기의 전반 부분에서 가능한 증가되고 THIV 발생시간 전후의 시간구간인 후반 부분에서 감소될 수 있도록 설계가 이루어 질 때 연성 배리어의 설계를 주로 좌우하는 THIV가 효과적으로 감소될 수 있었다. 이러한 이상적인 차량 속도-시간 이력을 발생시킬 가능성이 있는 다양한 예비설계가 수행되었고 LS-DYNA 프로그램을 이용한 유한요소해석을 통하여 적합한 설계가 결정되었다. 최종설계에 대한 실물차량 충돌시험을 통하여 고규격 종방향 연성 배리어의 개발이 성공적으로 이루어졌다. Vehicle velocity-time histories were used to develop efficiently longitudinal a flexible barrier for the impact condition which is more severe than the existing domestic and foreign impact conditions(a passenger car of 900kg impacts with the velocity of 120km/h and the angle of <TEX>$20^{\circ}$</TEX>, a truck of 14ton impacts with the velocity of 85km/h and the angle of <TEX>$15^{\circ}$</TEX>, and a bus of 13 ton impacts with the velocity of 90 km/h and the angle of <TEX>$15^{\circ}$</TEX>). When the design of longitudinal barriers was implemented such that the initial slopes of vehicle longitudinal and transverse velocity-time history curves were increased as far as possible and the post slopes for the fore and hind portions of the time at which THIV was determined were reduced, THIV which mainly governed the design of longitudinal barriers could be effectively reduced. Various preliminary designs, which had the possibility of producing the above ideal vehicle velocity-time histories, were conducted and the final design of a longitudinal flexible barrier was determined by finite element analyses using LS-DYNA program. The development of a high-performance longitudinal flexible barrier was successfully completed by conducting full scale vehicle crash tests for the final design.

중앙-채널 이중게이트 MOSFET의 양자역학적 모델링 및 시뮬레이션 연구

김기동,원태영,Kim, Ki-Dong,Won, Tae-Young 대한전자공학회 2005 電子工學會論文誌-SD (Semiconductor and devices) Vol.42 No.7

본 논문에서는 결합된 슈뢰딩거-푸아송 방정식과 전류연속방정식을 셀프-컨시스턴트하게 계산함으로써, 나노-스케일 center-channel (CC) double-gate (DG) MOSFET 디바이스의 전기적 특성 및 구조해석에 관한 연구를 시행하였다. 10-80 nm 게이트 길이의 조건에서 수행한 CC-NMOS의 시뮬레이션 결과를 DG-NMOS 구조에서 시행한 시뮬레이션 결과와의 비교를 통하여 CC-NMOS 구조에서 나타나는 CC 동작특성 메커니즘과, 이로 인한 전류 및 G$_{m}$의 상승을 확인하였다. 문턱 전압 이하 기울기, 문턱 전압 롤-오프, 드레인 유기 장벽 감소의 파라미터를 통하여 단채널 효과를 최소화하기 위한 디바이스 최적화를 수행하였다. 본 나노-스케일 전계 효과 트랜지스터를 위한 2차원 양자역학적 수치해석의 관한 연구를 통하여, CC-NMOS를 포함한 DG-MOSFET 구조가 40나노미터급 이하 MOSFET 소자의 물리적 한계를 극복하기 위한 이상적인 구조이며, 이와 같은 나노-스케일 소자의 해석에 있어서 양자역학적 모델링 및 시뮬레이션이 필수적임을 알 수 있었다. The device performance of nano-scale center-channel (CC) double-gate (DG) MOSFET structure was investigated by numerically solving coupled Schr$\"{o}$dinger-Poisson and current continuity equations in a self-consistent manner. The CC operation and corresponding enhancement of current drive and transconductance of CC-NMOS are confirmed by comparing with the results of DG-NMOS which are performed under the condition of 10-80 nm gate length. Device optimization was theoretically performed in order to minimize the short-channel effects in terms of subthreshold swing, threshold voltage roll-off, and drain-induced barrier lowering. The simulation results indicate that DG-MOSFET structure including CC-NMOS is a promising candidates and quantum-mechanical modeling and simulation calculating the coupled Schr$\"{o}$dinger-Poisson and current continuity equations self-consistently are necessary for the application to sub-40 nm MOSFET technology.

향토문화축제 관광자원 활성화: 허균.허난설헌 축제를 중심으로

김기동,Kim, Gi-Dong 한국산학경영학회 2009 산학경영연구 Vol.22 No.1

본 연구는 강릉지역의 대표적인 향토문화관광축제인 허 균 허난설헌 문화제를 대상으로 독특한 정체성과 향토성이 축제관광 프로그램 개발의 질적 향상을 가져다주며, 지역의 특성 및 관광자원을 활용한 프로그램 개발과 지역 활성화의 관점에서 고찰하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 허 균 허난설헌 문화제에 대하여 참가자들의 정보는 대부분 옥외 광고물이나 구전 혹은 친지나 동료들에게 들어 참가한 것으로 조사되었다. 둘째, 연령에 따른 만족도에서는 화장실과 편의시설 등의 시설성과 강릉시 이미지 고양 그리고 가족, 친지와의 친목도모 등의 효과성에 만족도의 차이를 보이고 있다. 셋째, 각종 행사에 참여한 사람들은 행사의 종류에 따라 만족도에 차이를 보이고 있다. 넷째, 강릉지역에서 개최되는 지역축제에 대하여 미리 인지하고 참여한 참가자는 인지하지 못하고 참여한 참가자보다 대부분 만족도가 높았다. The purposes of this study are the analysis by content of satisfaction level of participants in the event for the systematic, efficient event tourism program. For this analysis, it was researched if there was any difference in satisfaction level of participants in event by demographic characteristics, participation level and content of program. The results of this analysis are as follows: There was a difference in satisfaction level by participants characteristics in the event tourism. There was the more recognition, the higher participation level. There was higher participation and satisfaction level in participational and special program than exhibitory program. This study has a limit that can"ft grasp the foreign visitors"f recognition for the event tourism in Gangnueng district. But, it is very important to analyze the voluntary participation and interest of local residents and it may be the fruit of this study to of a new program and suggestion point through the analysis of satisfaction level for the Heo-kyun & Heo_Nan_Sul_Hun Cultural Festival.