통속의 정치학

김경연(Kim, Kyuug-yeon) 중앙어문학회 2015 語文論集 Vol.62 No.-

이 글은 1960년대 후반 김승옥의 문학을 ‘통속의 정치학’이라는 문제설정 속에서 다시 읽어 보고자 하였다. 여기서 ‘통속(通俗)’이란 문학적 퇴행을 지시하는 부정적 의미에 국한되지 않으며, 자기세계로의 낭만적 칩거가 아닌 ‘적나라한 생활/현실과의 접속’을 포괄하는 의미가 된다. 다시 말해 김승옥 소설의 ‘통속’을 미학적 변화나 하락을 예상하거나 감수하면서도 ‘리얼리즘’에 대한 욕구를 일정하게 관철하고자 한 모험적 시도로 다시 읽고자 한 것이다. 이를 위해 본고는 1960년대 후반 오락적 주간지와 월간지에 실렸던 김승옥의 소설 ?60년대식?, ?야행(夜行)?, ?보통여자?를 텍스트로 삼았다. 이 글은 김승옥의 통속으로의 전향을 해석하는 종래의 시각(생활의 문제, 독자층의 변화 등)을 전면적으로 부정하거나 문학적 후퇴를 옹호하려기보다 그의 후기소설을 다층적 맥락에서 고찰하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 김승옥에게 ‘통속/리얼리즘’으로의 전향을 자극한 60년대 후반의 시대상을 탐사하였으며, 다음으로 ‘만보(漫步)’, ‘성(사적 욕망)’, 그리고 ‘여성’의 시좌(視座)를 통해서 김승옥이 ‘국가의 시대’와 ‘주간지 시대’가 절합된 1960년대 후반의 분열을 읽어내는 양상과 그 의미를 추적하였다. This article aims to reconsider Kim Seung-Oak"s literary works with a focus on the theme of “conventional politics.” Here, “convention” (通俗) is not limited to a negative definition of cultural regression or thoughtless conservatism of practice. It is rather deemed to be a “connection with explicit life/reality” and not a romantic seclusion in one’s own world. In other words, the paper attempts to reinterpret Kim Seung-Oak"s work while steadily observing the desire for “realism” of “conventions” in it, despite its expected aesthetic changes and decline. For this purpose, the author selected two of Kim’s novels from the 1960s, Nocturnal Travel (夜行), and Average Woman, which were published in weekly and monthly entertainment magazines. This article seeks to observe Kim’s late-period novels from multiple perspectives rather than to deny the current viewpoint about Kim Seung-Oak’s conversion to social conventions (due to his life problems and change in reader group). Nor does it argue for his literary degeneration as some previous studies have. The initial step for the review is to explore the conditions of the late 1960s that elicited an end to Kim’s “methodological skepticism” and his conversion to conventions/realism. The next part attempts look into the way Kim interprets the division of the late 1960s, when “the era of the nation” and “the era of the weekly magazine” had been articulated, and the meaning behind his interpretations. This is done by examining his “weekly-magazine like (conventional) manner,” and thus the social standpoints (視座) of “stroll” (漫步), “lust” (private desire), and the “female.”

일부 지역 주민들의 모발 수은 농도와 혈중 수은 농도와의 상관성

김경연,서정욱,김병권,김유미,김록범,김대선,김정만,김춘진,홍영습,Kim, Gyeong-Yeon,Seo, Jeong-Wook,Kim, Byoung-Gwon,Kim, Yu-Mi,Kim, Rock-Bum,Kim, Dae-Seon,Kim, Jung-Man,Kim, Choon-Jin,Hong, Young-Seoub 한국환경보건학회 2013 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.39 No.2

Background: This study was carried out for the purpose of comprehensively evaluating the mercury exposure level of residents in several areas and the correlation between hair mercury concentration and blood mercury concentration. Method: One thousand one hundred ninety seven subjects were sampled from 30 sites using random assignment sampling. We performed a questionnaire survey and measured the level of total mercury in hair and blood samples from all subjects. Results: The geometric mean concentrations of hair and blood mercury in all subjects were 1.27 mg/kg [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23-1.32 mg/kg] and 5.24 ${\mu}g/L$ [95% CI: 5.07-5.41 ${\mu}g/L$], respectively. Male (1.56 mg/kg in hair, 6.00 ${\mu}g/L$ in blood) was significantly higher than that of female (1.03 mg/kg in hair, 4.56 ${\mu}g/L$ in blood), and the concentrations were elevated as age increased up to the 50s. Education, smoking, alcohol drinking, and using of pesticides were also shown to influence mercury concentrations in hair and blood. The ratio of hair/ blood mercury concentration was 261.3. The total mercury concentration in hair was identified to be significantly related with total mercury concentration in blood (r=0.814, p<0.001). Conclusion: The geometric mean concentrations of hair and blood mercury were higher than the levels provided in international recommendations. The total mercury concentration in hair was positively correlated with the concentration in blood. The results of this study suggest that hair mercury be considered as a useful tool for the evaluation of mercury exposure.

조정 확장 칼만 필터를 이용한 동적 전기 임피던스 단층촬영법

김경연,김봉석,강숙인,김민찬,이정훈,이윤준,Kim, Kyung-Youn,Kim, Bong-Seok,Kang, Suk-In,Kim, Min-Chan,Lee, Jung-Hoon,Lee, Yoon-Joon 대한전자공학회 2001 電子工學會論文誌-SC (System and control) Vol.38 No.5

전기 임피던스 단층촬영법은 표적의 경계면에서 여러 개의 전극을 통하여 전류를 주입하고 저항률의 함수로써 경계면에 유기되는 전압을 구하고, 경계면에 유기된 전압 값으로부터 표적 내부의 저항률 분포를 추정하여 표적의 영상을 복원하는 비교적 새로운 영상복원법이다. 본 논문에서는, 상태방정식과 측정방정식으로 구성되는 동적 모델에 기초하여, 시간에 따라 변하는 저항률 분포를 온라인으로 추정하기 위해 확장 칼만 필터를 이용한 전기 임피던스 단층촬영법의 영상복원 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 또한, Tikhonov 조정 기법에 근거한 제약조건을 비용함수에 추가하여 역문제의 부정치성을 완화시켰다. 제안된 영상복원 알고리즘의 성능을 검증하기 위해 16 채널에 대한 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 수행하였으며, 시간에 따른 표적의 저항률 분포의 변화가 심한 경우에도 비교적 양호한 복원성능을 나타내었다. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a relatively new imaging modality in which the resistivity (conductivity) distribution of the unknown object is estimated based on the known sets of injected currents and measured voltages on the surface of the object. In this paper, we propose a dynamical EIT reconstruction algorithm based on the regularized extended Kalman filter(EKF). The EIT inverse problem is formulated as dynamic equation which consists of the slate equation and the observation equation, and the unknown state(resistivity) is estimated recursively with the aid of the EKF. In doing so, the generalized Tikhonov regularization technique is employed in the cost functional to mitigate the ill-posedness characteristics of the inverse problem. Computer simulations for the 16-channel synthetic data are provided to illustrate the reconstruction performance of the proposed algorithm.

피크노제놀을 함유한 화장품이 40~50대 한국 여성의 피부에 미치는 영향 - 피부임상학적 접근

김경연,구정은,Kim, Kyung-Yun,Ku, Jung-Eun 한국융합학회 2021 한국융합학회논문지 Vol.12 No.8

Pycnogenol extracted from pine bark is a component with great antibacterial activity and antioxidant effect. It is applied as a natural anti-inflammatory agent with various medical effects including anti-inflammatory effects, regulation of blood pressure, regulation of the immune system, and inhibition of cancer cell growth. However, research related to cosmetics is limited. Therefore, in this study, the effect of Pycnogenol on the skin was studied through a clinical approach. Changes in skin condition were observed after using cosmetics with Pycnogenol and without Pycnogenol for 6 weeks for 10 clinicians in each group. We observed the effect of pore reduction, wrinkle reduction around eyes, a decrease of the number and angle of loose pores, and reduction of pigmentation. Therefore, cosmetics containing Pycnogenol have the effect of improving skin problems of aging skin. 소나무 수피에서 추출한 Pycnogenol은 항균활성과 항산화 효과가 뛰어난 성분으로 항염, 혈압조절기능, 면역조절, 암세포 성장억제 등 다양한 의학적 효능과 함께 천연 소염제로 응용되고 있지만 화장품 관련 연구는 미비한 상황이므로 본 연구는 Pycnogenol 성분이 피부에 미치는 효과를 임상학적 접근한 연구이다. Pycnogenol 성분 첨가, 무첨가한 화장품을 각 각 10명의 임상자가 6주간 사용하게 한 후 피부 상태 변화를 살펴보았으며 모공의 감소, 눈가주름의 감소, 처진모공의 개수와 각도의 감소, 색소침착이 감소하는 효과가 있었다. 그러므로 Pycnogenol 성분을 함유한 화장품은 노화피부에서 나타나는 피부 문제를 개선하는 효과가 있다.

Regularized Modified Newton-Raphson Algorithm for Electrical Impedance Tomography Based on the Exponentially Weighted Least Square Criterion

김경연,김봉석,Kim, Kyung-Youn,Kim, Bong-Seok Institute of Korean Electrical and Electronics Eng 2000 전기전자학회논문지 Vol.4 No.2

전기 임피던스 단층촬영에서는, 각기 다른 주입 전류패턴에 의해 유기된 경계면의 전압 값을 이용하여 다양한 복원 알고리즘에 의해 물체의 내부 저항률(전도율) 분포를 추정한다. 본 논문에서는, 부가적인 사전 정보를 soft 제약조건으로 비용함수에 추가하고, 비용함수의 가중행렬을 지수적으로 가중된 최소자승법에 근거하여 선택하는 수정된 조정 Newton-Raphson(mNR) 법을 제안한다. 32채널에 대한 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션 결과, 제안된 방법은 기존의 조정 mNR 법에 비해 계산부담은 약간 증가하지만 복원성능이 개선됨을 보인다. In EIT(electrical impedance tomography), the internal resistivity(or conductivity) distribution of the unknown object is estimated using the boundary voltage data induced by different current patterns using various reconstruction algorithms. In this paper, we present a regularized modified Newton-Raphson(mNR) scheme which employs additional a priori information in the cost functional as soft constraint and the weighting matrices in the cost functional are selected based on the exponentially weighted least square criterion. The computer simulation for the 32 channels synthetic data shows that the reconstruction performance of the proposed scheme is improved compared to that of the conventional regularized mNR at the expense of slightly increased computational burden.

비압축성 나비어-스톡스 방정식의 완전 내재적 분리 방법

김경연,백승진,성형진,Kim, Kyoung-Youn,Baek, Seung-Jin,Sung, Hyung-Jin 대한기계학회 2000 大韓機械學會論文集B Vol.24 No.10

A new efficient numerical method for computing three-dimensional, unsteady, incompressible flows is presented. To eliminate the restriction of CFL condition, a fully-implicit time advancement in which the Crank-Nicolson method is used for both the diffusion and convection terms, is adopted. Based on an approximate block LU decomposition method, the velocity -pressure decoupling is achieved. The additional decoupling of the intermediate velocity components in the convection term is made for the fully -implicit time advancement scheme. Since the iterative procedures for the momentum equations are not required, the velocity components decouplings bring forth the reduction of computational cost. The second-order accuracy in time of the present numerical algorithm is ascertained by computing decaying vortices. The present decoupling method is applied to minimal channel flow unit with DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation).

작동 조건에 따른 고온 고분자 전해질 연료전지의 성능 변화에 대한 전산해석 연구

김경연,손영준,김민진,양태현,Kim, Kyoung-Youn,Sohn, Young-Jun,Kim, Min-Jin,Yang, Tae-Hyun 한국전기화학회 2010 한국전기화학회지 Vol.13 No.4

2차원 전산 해석 모델을 사용하여 고온 고분자 전해질 연료전지의 전산해석을 수행하였다. 해석 모델은 기존의 실험데이터와의 비교를 통해 검증하였으며, 다양한 작동 조건이 연료전지의 성능에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 일련의 전산해석을 수행하였다. 본 전산해석의 결과를 통해 교환전류밀도, 이온전도도, 공급유량 및 작동압력이 증가할수록 연료전지의 성능이 향상됨을 확인하였다. 또한, 기체 확산층의 기공율이 높을수록 기체의 확산이 향상되어 연료전지의 성능이 향상되었으며, 양극 기체 확산층의 기공율에 의한 효과가 음극에 비해 더 두드러지게 나타났다. A two-dimensional isothermal model has been employed for numerical simulations of a high temperature hydrogen fuel cell with proton exchange membrane. The model is validated with existing experimental data and used for examination on the effects of various operating conditions on the fuel cell performance. The present numerical results show that the cell performance increases with increasing exchange current density, ion conductivity of the membrane, inlet gas flow rate as well as operating pressure. Also, higher porosity of gas diffusion layer (GDL) results in higher cell performance due to enhancement of the diffusion through the GDL, where the cathode GDL porosity more influences on the performance as compared with the anode one.

김응수의 에세이 영화 분석

김경연(Kyeongyeon Kim) 동의대학교 영화·트랜스미디어연구소 2020 디스포지티프 Vol.7 No.-

One of Korea's representative essay film makers is Kim Eungsu. He has made essay films since the mid-2000s, building his own independent world of films. Hence, this study examines Kim Eungsu's film world, and reviews specific ways in which the director's subjective thoughts were embodied, revolving around his representative essay films, Oh, Love, The Real, Mountain Lily, and Death of Narcissus. Further, this study analyzes how “embodiment of thought,” “textuality,” “formal experiment,” “self-reflexivity,” and “transtextuality,” which are the major features of essay films, were applied to and are concretely revealed in Kim Eungsu's essay films. The results of analysis are as follows: First, the texts of Kim Eungsu's essay films are uttered in two ways of subtitles and narration, which are clearly distinguished from each other by the feature of ‘contemporaneity.' Second, diverse and bold formal experiments are prominent in Kim Eungsu's essay films. The formal experiment is used as a means of embodying a creator's subjective thought, and this type was selected by him because it was most suitable for expressing his films. Third, Kim Eungsu's essay films show self-reflexivity mostly by actively using voice over narration, subtitles, and sound. This self-reflexivity acts as driving force that makes audience think about his film continuously, and constantly creates the relations of tension between reality and illusion. Fourth, Kim Eungsu's essay films create effective inter-textual interactions by quoting texts from literary works or films. Kim Eungsu's essay films reinterpret and reconstruct recorded images, revolving around subjective thoughts and contemplation, thereby creating new meanings. For this, voice over narration or subtitles are used, or diverse formal experiments are attempted. And it is found that a distinct tendency and peculiarities inherent in Kim Eungsu's films are revealed through these.

노년여성의 귀환과 탈가부장제의 징후들

김경연 ( Kim Kyung-yeon ) 민족어문학회 2018 어문논집 Vol.- No.82

이 글은 청년을 인간의 표준으로 결정하고 미개인, 광인, 여성과 더불어 노인을 비인간으로 축출한 근대 휴머니즘의 폭력적 메커니즘에 주목하면서, 젠더적 관점에서 노년을 재독하고자 했다. 젠더·인종·계층/계급에 따라 노년을 살아가는 경험은 다르며, 때문에 이러한 차이를 간과한 노년 연구란 부분적이며 추상적일 수밖에 없다. 노년을 젠더의 관점에서 읽어야 하는 이유도 여기에 있다. 가부장적 자본주의 체제를 살아온/가는 노년여성들의 삶이 남성노년들과 같을 수 없으며, 중산층 여성노인과 가난한 박카스 할머니의 현실이, 혹은 칠십의 나이에 일본군 위안부였다는 사실을 증언한 김학순이나 밀양 송전탑 투쟁의 최전선에 서는 여든 일곱 김말해의 노년이 침묵하는 노년여성들의 삶과 같을 수는 없다. 이 같은 복수의 노년여성들의 실존을 상기하면서 본고는 노년의 여성들을 재현하는 여성서사에 주목했다. 남성중심적인 문학의 주변부에서 거대/주류 서사가 누락하거나 은폐한 여성/타자들의 삶을 미시적으로 천착한/하고자한 것이 여성문학이라면, 노년여성의 억압, 침묵, 분투를 가시화한 여성서사를 통해 가부장적 자본주의 체제를 이반하는 노년여성의 재현 가능성을 탐사해 보는 일은 유의미할 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 노년여성들의 삶을 기록/재현한 서사물의 계보들, 특히 청년의 시대였던 근대의 여성문학 속에서 여성노인들이 재현되는 양상에 주목하였다 전통적인 가부장제와 대결하면서. 새로운 집의 발명을 열망했던 근대 청년여자들의 서사는 근대가 배제하거나 누락한 노년여성의 삶을 가시화하는 한편, 전근대 가부장들이 상상한 ‘헌신적인 어머니’와 근대 청년들이 매도한 ‘혐오스러운 노파’와는 변별되는 이질적인 어머니/할머니들을 조형했다. 그러나 이 차별화된 재현에도 불구하고, 문학을 통한 근대적 가치의 전파가 신여성 작가들의 욕망이자 사명인 이상 노년여성들의 삶을 부조한 경우는 드물었으며, 더구나 어머니/할머니라는 젠더 역할을 국한되지 않는 개별적 욕구를 지닌 인간으로서 노년여성의 삶을 천착한 경우는 거의 부재했다. 그렇다면 근대의 황혼이 도래하고 전지구적 노후의 시간을 살고 있는 지금 이곳의 여성작가들은 다시 노년과 젠더의 문제를 어떻게 사유하고 있을까. 이 글은 근대 청년여자의 서사에 이어 신경숙, 김숨, 권여선 등 87년 이후 집의 혁명을 추동하고 자본주의 가부장제의전복을 열망했던 이른바386세대 계보의 여성작가들의 소설 속에서 노년여성의 삶이 재현되는 양상을 살폈다. 그들이 다시 쓰는 늙은 여자들의 이야기 속에서 가부장제가 발명한 숭고한 어머니/할머니는 더 이상 매끄럽게 관철되지 않는다. 어머니/할머니가 아닌 단지 ‘이모’로 늙어가는 「이모」 (권여선)의 ‘윤경호’는 물론이고, 어머니/할머니라는 젠더호명에 복종하며 살아왔던 『엄마를 부탁해』 (신경숙)의 ‘박소녀『’나 여인들과 진화하는 적들』 (김숨)의 ‘정순자’ 역시 더 이상 “길들여진 좌절의 협조자”로 남지 않는다. 실종을 빌어 가부장의 집으로부터 탈주하고(박소녀), 자기를 멸함으로써 모성으로부터 해방되고자 하며(정순자), 가족/세상과 절연하고 고유한 ‘나’로 말년을 살아가는(윤경호) 그들은 세상과 화해하기보다 불화하며 가부장제가 가공한 사랑과 행복의 집에 은폐되었던 폭력과 슬픔을 적발하는 불길하고 불온한 모성/여성이 된다. 집/친밀성의 오랜 수호자였던 이들 늙어가는 여자들을 통해서 아이러니하게도 친밀성의 판타지는 내파되는 것이다. This paper aimed to reperuse the elderly life from gender perspective, while paying attention to the violent mechanism of modern humanism that defined youth as the human standard and inhumanely ousted the elderly in the same way as barbarians, madmen and women. The experience of the elderly life varies among different genders, ethnicities and social classes. For this reason, studies on the elderly life that overlook such differences are partial and abstract. This is the very reason why the elderly life must be interpreted from gender perspective. Lives of elderly women who lived or are living in patriarchal capitalism cannot be identical to lives of elderly men. The reality of an elderly middle class woman cannot be the same as the reality faced by a poor elderly prostitute. Recalling the existence of such diverse lives of elderly women, this paper focused on the female narratives reproducing elderly women. If women’s literature attempted to inquire microscopic lives of women or the others either omitted or concealed by the major or mainstream narratives in the peripherals of the male-centered literary world, it would be a meaningful effort to explore the reproducibility of elderly women deserting from the patriarchal capitalism through the female narratives that visualize the oppression, silence and struggle of elderly women. As a part of such effort, the author of this study examined the genealogy of narrative works that recorded or reproduced lives of elderly women, especially the ways in which elderly women were reproduced in modern women’s literature from the era of youth. Narratives of young modern women who longed for new finding of home and confronted the traditional patriarchy visualized lives of elderly women either excluded or omitted by the modern world, while on the other hand shaping new mothers and grandmothers who are differentiated from ‘devoted mothers’ imagined by the pre-modern patriarchs and ‘hateful old women’ denounced by modern youths. Despite such differentiated reproduction, it was rare to find works that depicted lives of elderly women because the desire and mission of modern female authors were to spread modern values through literature. Furthermore, there was almost complete absence of works that viewed lives of elderly women as human beings with their own needs instead of constraining them to the gender role of a mother or grandmother. As the entire world is welcoming the dusk of the modern era with global aging, how are female authors of the contemporary world dealing with the elderly and gender issues? This paper examined the ways in which lives of elderly women were reproduced in novels written by female authors of the so-called 386 generation who drove household revolution and wished for overturn of the patriarchal capitalism since 1987, such as Kyung-sook Shin, Soom Kim and Yeo-sun Kwon. In the midst of their stories about old women, the noble mothers and grandmothers invented by patriarchy are no longer found to be a matter of course. ‘Gyeong-ho Yoon’ in “Aunt” (Yeo-sun Kwon) simply grows old as an aunt instead of a mother or grandmother. ‘So-nyeo Park’ in “Please Look After Mon” (Kyung-sook Shin) yields to the gender-bound nicknames like mother and grandmother. ‘Soon-ja Jeong’ in “Women and Their Evolving Enemies” (Soom Kim) no longer remains to be a tamed helper of frustration. She runs away from patriarchal home as if she has gone missing (So-nyeo Park), she tries to be freed from maternity by destroying her existence (Soon-ja Jeong) and she lives an independent elderly life isolated from her family and the world (Gyeong-ho Yoon). These figures become unfortunate and rebellious mothers or women who confront the world instead of reconciling with it, revealing the violence and sorrow concealed underneath fake love and happiness created by patriarchy. The fantasy of intimacy is ironically imploded by these aging women, who have long been the guardians of their home and intimacy.

해머 사용자에서 발생한 양쪽 주관절 골관절염

김경연(Kyeong Yeon Kim),김경한(Kyung Han Kim),구정완(Jung-Wan Koo),김용규(Yong-Kyu Kim) 대한직업환경의학회 2010 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.22 No.1