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孔錫龜(KONG Seok-koo),琴京淑(토론자) 고구려발해학회 2004 고구려발해연구 Vol.18 No.-
Political chaos in China during the 4th and 5th centuries gave an obvious impetus to Chinese immigration to Koguryo. Kuguryo also captured Chinese by attacking adjacent towns. In this study, we collect archaeological data on the Chinese immigration to Koguryo. Archaeologically, we investigated tracks left by Chinese immigrants. In Jeonchukbun (tombs built with bricks), from some mural paintings in tombs, and Wadang (the end-most tiles of the eaves covered with roofing tiles), we saw several signs of Chinese immigrants. We were also able to check traces of Chinese immigration in Naklang and Daegangkun. After we confirmed the fact that Chinese were immigrated into Koguryo, we studied their movements. Chinese immigrants are divided into three groups. The first group is represented by people who were settled in Koguryo local areas by government officials. The second is the group of people who were arranged in the suburban areas of the capital of Koguryo. The third group of people is characterized by those who lived in Koguryo for some time and moved back to China later. We analyzed cases and the movements on Chinese who immigrated to Koguryo during the 4th and 5th centuries. Based on our current study, we may not deny that the Chinese immigrants contributed to the rapid development of Koguryo during these times. Some Chinese intellectuals who are familiar with a law-governed administration might play a role in paving the way for Koguryo's foundation.
李道學(LEE Do-hack),琴京淑(토론자) 고구려발해학회 2005 고구려발해연구 Vol.21 No.-
The confrontationbetween Koguryo and Paekche the two nations originated from Buyoe, was motivated by the growing power of Paekche aligned with Japan in southern pan of Korean Pennisula in the late 4<SUP>th</SUP>century. The war between two nations started from the attack by Koguryo on the year 369. As the war moved towards the phase of Koguryo from Paekche dominance, it became the hegemonic power. Later Koguryo incorporated Shilla to confront Paekche. On the year 400, Koguryo dispatched 50,000 soldiers to Nak-dong River, which turned out to be the biggest warfare between Koguryo, Shilla verses Paekche. Japan, and Huyeon(後燕) taken place in Gaya region of Northeast Asia. Japan aligned with Paekche actually succeeded in threatening Koguryo which aimed to extend its power to Shilla and Gaya. As the troops of Koguryo were sent to the warfare, Huyeon attacked from behind. This caused Koguryo to retrieve from Nak-dong area. The fact that the culture of Sun-bi(鮮卑) appears not only in Paekche but also in DaeGaya could be attributed to Paekche's effort to negotiate with Huyeon also related with beleaguering Koguryo. As Koguryo transferred its capital to Pyungyang, the military threat towards Paekche was even strengthened in order to secure its royal capital. On the year 475, Koguryoe took the Paekche's royal capital Hansung and killed king Gem of Paekche. Meanwhile Paekche and Japan applied a new diplomatic strategy to isolate Koguryo from China, which was not effective after all. Japan was shocked by Koguryo's subjugation of Paekche, and its feeling of hostility and insecurity against Koguryo was amplified. After the year 430, Paekche supported Shilla's breakaway from Kogutyo and established an alignment. Koguryo and Paekche transmittedadvanced culture including Buddhism. This was part of the effort to assimilate Japan to each of their sides. This reached climax in the 6<SUP>th</SUP> century in Paekche and in the 7<SUP>th</SUP>century in Koguryo. After mid 6thcentury, Paekche and shilla became rivals. Koguryo was confronting both Paekche and 5hilla and maintained dominance throughout Manchuria and Korean Peninsula. Since the mid 7<SUP>th</SUP>century the two nations cooperated as Tang intervened in Koguryo and Paekche issues. However the two nations were each defeated by Shill and Tang. The military alignment between Koguryo and Paekche lasted for only 20 years compared to their 300 years of confrontation. Despite political and economic cooperation, the two nations collapsed together.