Electrochemical Characteristics of Home-Made Bipolar Plate and Its Relationship with Fuel Cell Performance

권영국,이재광,지덕진,이재영,Kwon, Young-Kook,Lee, Jae-Kwang,Ji, Duk-Jin,Lee, Jae-Young The Korean Electrochemical Society 2009 한국전기화학회지 Vol.12 No.1

본 연구에서는 탄소성형 분리판의 물리화학적, 전기화학적 특성을 분석하여 수소 및 개미산연료 전지의 성능에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 기존 기계가공 탄소분리판과 탄소복합소재 탄소성형 분리판의 접촉저항, 부식특성, 소수성을 비교 평가하였다. 특히, 현재 연구개발 중인 탄소복합소재 성형분리판의 경우 계면접촉저항이 기계가공 분리판보다 1.5배 높게 나타났으며, 내식성 실험에서는 산에 취약하여 분리판 표면이 거칠어지고 결정성이 감소하였다. 연료전지의 성능은 분리판의 계면접촉저항에 크게 영향을 받았으며, 계면저항이 적은 기계가공 분리판이 수소 및 개미산 연료 전지에서 높은 성능을 나타냈다. The effect of physico-electrochemical properties of carbon bipolar plate(BPP) on hydrogen and formic acid fuel cell performance has been investigated. BPP made of conventional graphite and carbon fiber composite were compared with the factors of interfacial contact resistance (ICR), corrosion behaviours, and hydrophobicity. Among them, the ICR of carbon fiber composite BPP has 50% higher than conventional graphite and the surface of carbon fiber composite BPP became rougher due to weaker corrosion resistance. Fuel cell performance was strongly dependent of ICR value of carbon bipolar plate.

디자인 전공자 대상 영어교육의 개선을 위한 제언 -ESP의 관점-

권영국 ( Kwon Young-kook ) 커뮤니케이션디자인학회(구 시각디자인학회) 2021 커뮤니케이션 디자인학연구 Vol.74 No.-

오늘날 국제사회의 실질적인 유일한 공용어로서 영어의 중요성은 더욱 커지고 있다. 우수한 영어구사능력을 갖춘 대학 졸업생이 글로벌 시대에서 상대적인 우위를 갖게 되며, 여기에는 디자인분야도 예외가 될 수는 없다. 그럼에도 불구하고 국내 대학의 디자인 계열 학과들의 교육과정에는 이러한 영어의 중요성이 반영되어 있지 못한 것이 현실이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 특수목적영어 (English for Specific Purpose)에 입각한 교양영어교육 프로그램이 디자인 전공자들을 위해 어떻게 마련되어야하는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 특수목적영어 커리큘럼 마련을 위한 필수적 단계인 요구분석 (needs analysis)을 디자인 전공 학생들과 디자인 분야 종사자들 (professionals)의 관점에서 알아보고, 이들의 서로 다른 관점들을 특수목적어로서의 디자인 영어교육 커리큘럼에 반영시켜야함을 강조하였다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 (디자인 계열) 학생들의 영어 듣기와 말하기 능력 배양을 위해 팟캐스트 (podcast)와 Zoom 등의 다양한 이러닝 (e-learning) 기술도구의 적극적인 사용을 추천하였으며, 블렌디드 러닝 (blended learning) 교수법의 일환으로 이러한 기술도구를 기존의 대면수업과 결합하여 수업에 활용할 것을 제안하였다. The current era of globalization urges learners to be able to communicate in English, the international lingua franca. The importance of being competent in English is commonly recognized in international fields as the key to success. Unfortunately, the importance of English is not reflected in the curriculum of the students' specialized field at Korean universities in general; design is hardly an exception. This study attempts to consider how an ESP-focused curriculum of the general English course should be prepared for the students in design. Focusing on the needs analysis, which is the primary step in ESP, this study looks into the needs and expectations of both students and professionals in design and emphasizes that their various, sometimes different, perspectives should be included in the curriculum development for the general English course. This study also proposes using e-learning technologies such as podcasts and Zoom as useful tools for helping students improve English listening and speaking skills. Thus, blended methodology consisting of face-to-face classroom activity and e-learning component may be an option to be more widely adopted in Korean universities.

디자인 사고 활용을 위한 융복합 교육에 관한 연구 - 스탠포드 디스쿨 교육과정 적용을 중심으로 -

권영국 ( Kwon Young-kook ),임성택 ( Lim Seong-taek ) 커뮤니케이션디자인학회(구 시각디자인학회) 2017 커뮤니케이션 디자인학연구 Vol.60 No.-

문제 해결을 위해 사용되는 다양한 방법 중에서 디자이너들에게는 익숙한 디자인 사고를 통한 해결책이 최근 들어 많은 각광을 받고 있다. 특히 스탠포드에서 시작된 디자인 씽킹 프로그램은 공감, 문제정의, 아이디어화, 프로토타입 제작, 테스트라는 과정을 거치면서 실제로 완성도 높은 결과를 보여줄 수 있어, 대학교육에 활용가치가 높은 것으로 파악되고 있다. 그러나 각 국가의 특성과 대학의 차이로 인해 이러한 수업이 실제로 가능한지의 여부와 이로 인한 문제점의 분석을 통한 새로운 형태의 수업이 필요하다고 판단하였으며, 이를 위해 수업의 일부에서 디자인 씽킹을 도입하였을 경우의 문제점을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 수업에서 결과에 이르는 시간동안 학생들에게 인간에 대한 배려와 사랑을 기반으로 하게 되었으며, 본인의 생각과 아이디어에 대한 자신감을 몸소 느끼게 되었다. 수업 초반 가장 큰 불안요소였던 전공자의 다양성은 오히려 여러 아이디어를 접목할 수 있다는 점에서 가장 효율적인 방법으로 고려되었다. 다만, 국내 교육의 실정상 여러 전공의 교수가 수업을 위해 협업을 해야 하는 과정과 프로그램의 개발 등은 해결해야 할 문제로 지적되었다. Among the various methods employed to deal with problems, solutions through design thinking, which designers are familiar with, has been receiving a lot of attention in recent years. In particular, the design thinking program started at Stanford University has been proved to be highly effective for college education because it can show the results with high completeness through the process of empathy, problem definition, ideaization, prototyping, and testing. However, considering the characteristics of each country and the differences among universities, we decided to set up a new type of class environment to examine whether such an experimental teaching based on design thinking is actually possible and to analyze any problems with it. The design thinking approach provided some positive results: during the class it helped students express more of empathy and love for other students and feel more confident in their thoughts and ideas; the diversity of the majors, which had been the biggest uneasiness factor in the beginning of the class, turned out to be a very efficient way of combining various ideas. When the circumstances in college education of Korea are considered, however, it must be pointed out that the process of collaborating with the professors of various majors and the development of the teaching program based on design thinking remains a task to be pursued continually.

English let alone construction: A discourse-oriented nonderivational approach

권영국(Young-Kook Kwon),김종복(Jong-Bok Kim) 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2022 언어연구 Vol.39 No.3

The expression let alone, starting to be used as an NPI (negative polarity item) in the 1760s, displays peculiar syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic properties that are quite unpredictable from general grammar rules. This paper investigates these grammatical properties further while referring to the attested data extracted from corpora like COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English). It also discusses several challenges to the postulation of clausal sources and application of move-and-delete operations. The paper then sketches a discourse-oriented construction approach that could offer a more feasible account for its general as well as idiomatic properties. In particular, it shows how the construction in question is interrelated with other related constructions such as parenthetical subordinating clauses modifying a nonveridical situation as well as ellipsis constructions that require a parallelism condition between an ellipsis clause and its antecedent clause.

An optimality-theoretic account of ambisyllabicity in Old English

Young-Kook Kwon(권영국) 한국음운론학회 2007 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.13 No.1

  The present paper offers an Optimality-Theoretic analysis of the (ambi)syllabification of intervocalic consonants and consonant clusters in Old English. Assuming ambisyllabicity in Old English, we argue that the proposed Optimality-Theoretic (ambi)syllabification results from the interaction between syllable well-formedness and universal markedness constraints, whose motivation is derived from the syllable phonology of Old English The analysis offered below is to be considered a serious alternative to the traditional approaches to the word-internal (ambi)syllabification In Old English.

고려전기 군정ㆍ군령기구의 정비

권영국(Kwon Young-kook) 한국역사연구회 2009 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.73

In the beginning of the Goryeo Dynasty, the affairs of the military command and the affairs of the military administration were separated. The former was taken over by Sunkunbu and the latter was taken over by the Ministry of the military affairs. During the period of King Sungjong, the Ministry of the military affairs was organized as the one part of the Six Departments under the Secretariat of State Affairs with the adoption of the Three Ministries and Six Departments System of the Tang Dynasty. In the beginning of the Goryeo Dynasty, the rankings among Guangpeungsung, Naebongsung, Kunbu and the Ministry of the military affairs were existed, but the vertical relations among them weren't existed. After the period of King Sungjong, however, the Chancellery for State Affairs as the office of the policy affairs and the Secretariat for State Affairs as the office of the political affairs were separated. And the Ministry of the military affairs was organized under the Secretariat of State Affairs. After the unification, the offices of the military administration around the Ministry of the military affairs were organized. Around the seventh year of King Sungjong′s reign, Cheh-chung-fu was established. And the military service system which was similar to the Fuping system of the Tang Dynasty was operated. In other words, the objects of military service who had financial means beyond a fixed level were conscripted. And their offerings had to take over military service. After the Khetan invasion in the period of King Hyunjong, the military service system was reorganized. To increase the number of soldiers, the government conscripted the objects who had not ability to take over the military service and provided the soldier′s land to them. This system was called as the Allotment of Land to Chosen Soldiers. Therefore, the new office called Seonkun took charge of the affairs of conscription which had been taken over by the Ministry of the military affairs. The offices of the military command were also organized. Sungunbu which was reorganized into Kunbu in the period of King Kwangjong continued to exist until the period of King Kyungjong. After the period of King Sungjong, however, the existence of Kunbu was not found any more. With the adoption of the Three Ministries and Six Departments System, the former government organizations were reorganized under the Three Ministries and Six Departments, but Sunkunbu could not be accepted within it. As a result, the function of Sunkunbu was moved to the Royal Secretariat which was modeled after Chumilwon of the Song Dynasty. The Royal Secretariat occupied the important position and was called as Jaechu Yangbu(Two Directorates) with the Chancellery for State Affairs from the beginning. The reason is that the Royal Secretariat as a machinery around a king took charge of not only the receipts and disbursements of the royal command, but also the affairs of the military command related to the confidential duties. In the 8th year of King Sungjong′s reign, the Military Commanders were established in the Two Frontiers. In the Two Frontiers, the accidents in which prompt military actions against the invaders should be taken happened frequently. Therefore, the rights to mobilize an army within the governing area were given to the Military Commanders. The central government built up the various systems to prevent the Military Commanders from abusing their military power and placed them under the command of the central government.

고려전기 상서 6부의 판사ㆍ지사제

권영국(Kwon Young-kook) 한국역사연구회 2010 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.76

The Pansa and Jisa system of the Six Ministries in the Goreyo Dynasty was accepted the system in the Song dynasty. Compared with the system in the Song dynasty, however, it had difference in the method of operation and the function. That is, in the Song dynasty, Sangseo of the Six Ministries existed only in name. Actually the government official who had a different post carried out the business of Sangseo as an additional office. When the government official was higher than Sangseo in the official rank, he was called as Pansa, When the government official was lower than Sangseo, he was called as Jisa. In the Goreyo Dynasty, however, both the Six Ministries and Sangseos, the ministers, carried out their original function. Pansa or Jisa was not appointed instead of Sangseo, but was appointed as the upper or lower post independently of Sangseo. Also, Pansa or Jisa didn't substitute for the function of Sangseo, but took charge of the business of the ministry in company with Sangseo. The Pansa and Jisa system of the Six Ministries was operated from the period of King Sungjong. It was related to the policy to strengthen the royal authority. Pansa or Jisa was added to Sangseo, a minister, to check it. It had a purpose to keep Sangseo from being the sole lead in the ministry and to attempt the stability of the royal authority So far, it has been understood that all of the three posts were appointed together: Sangseo, Pansa taken charge of by the upper post, Jaesin, and Jisa taken charge of by the lower post. Actually, however, all of the three posts had never been appointed together. There were just two cases. One case is that just two posts, Pansa and Sangseo or Sangseo and Jisa, were appointed. The other case is that only two Sangseos were appointed. Therefore, Pansas of the Six Ministries were taken charged of as an additional post by the other officials that were higher than Sangseos in the third rank. Pansas of Six Ministries were held as an additional office by Jaesin and Sangseojoiwobokyha etc. who were in the higher rank. Meanwhile, there were a small number of the cases that Jisass of the Six Ministries were appointed. It is thought that Pansa who was higher than Sangseo was appointed much to check the power of Sangseo Jisa was taken charge of as an additional office by the official who was from Jung3pum(in the third rank) to Jong4pum (in the fourth rank) who was lower than Sangseo. The function of Pansa took the overall responsibility for major business with Sangseo. The function of Jisa took the same responsibility as that of Pansa But Pansa or Jisa didn't carry out the same business that Sangseo, a minister, carried out because Pansa or Jisa were the additional offices. That is to say, Sangseo took charge of all business of the ministry as a minister. However, it is thought that Pansa or Jisa carried out a part of the business which was demanded to check the power of Sangseo because Pansa or Jisa took charge of the different post primarily. Like this, The Pansa and Jisa system of the Six Ministries had a function that it held Sangseo in check to prevent Sangseo from having a concentrated power and to result in the stability of the royal authority.

고려전기의 戶部와 三司

權寧國(Kwon Young-Kook) 역사학회 2005 역사학보 Vol.0 No.188

Both Taxation Commission (戶部) and Financial Commission (三司) were the organizations which were established in Goryeo, accepting the system of Tang and Song separately. Taxation Commission succeeded to the former Ministry of disbursements (倉部) when three Ministries and six Departments (3省6部) of Tang were introduced into Goryeo. They were the system of the centralized political administration which were made for the nation to govern the people directly on the base of the Confucian political idea. Financial Commission was also established, accepting the system of Sung in the process of readjusting the system at the beginning of the founding of the nation. However its appearance had a different background as compared with that of Financial Commission of Song. Financial Commission of Song was the organization which combined the former Taxation Commission with the new Ministry of Salt and Iron (鹽鐵部) and Ministry of Finance (度支部), to strengthen the faculty of Taxation Commission at the latter of Tang. Financial Commission of Song only strengthened the faculty more than Taxation Commission. Its character was basically the same of that of the former Taxation Commission. Thus Taxation Commission and Financial Commission were established in the different period in China because they were the economic and financial organizations of the same character. At the beginning of Song, Financial Commission and Taxation Commission had ever existed in the same period. But Taxation Commission was not a independent organization but a department under Financial Commission at that time. However these two organizations of Goryeo were established independently in the same period and they carried out the different faculties. Even though Taxation Commission and Financial Commission of Goryeo had the same tides as those of Tang and Song, they were much different from those of Tang and Song in the essential contents such as structures, faculties, etc. That is to say, Taxation Commission of Goryeo shared the business that the headquarters of Taxation Commission of Tang took charge of and Financial Commission shared the business that Ministry of Finance (度支), Ministry of Grain Storehouse (倉部) and Ministry of Goods Storehouse (金部) took charge of. It suggests a lot of things that the time when the three belonged Ministry (屬司) of Taxation Commission at the beginning of Goryeo disappeared corresponded with the time when Financial Commission appeared. Though both Taxation Commission and Financial Commission of Goryeo accepted the system of Tang and Song separately, their structure and administration were different from those of Tang and Song. That's because the characteristic of Goryeo different from China in economic and financial scale such as population, territory, resources, etc. was reflected in establishment and adminstration of the financial organization.

고려전기의 행직(行職)과 수직(守職)

권영국(Kwon, Young-kook) 한국역사연구회 2012 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.86

The so-called Haeng/Su-je(行守制) system was a method of indicating the "discrepancy" between one"s rank(a) and the grade of one"s post(b). Either the letter "Haeng(行)" or "Su(守)" was added to the title of one"s post(b) to suggest such discrepancy. In China, the San"gwan institution first appeared in the Dang dynasty period, and continued through the Seon"hwa period of the Sung dynasty. But the Haeng/Su-je system employed by the Goryeo government was very much different from its Chinese counterparts, in terms of its nature and its functions. In Goryeo, with the San"jik("honorary") institution in place, officials were bestowed with either titular "Geom"gyo-jik/檢校職" or "Dong"jeong-jik/同正職" posts, and in cases they were given the honorary titular posts and substantially functional ones both at the same time, either "Haeng" and "Su" letters were added to the front of the latter, in order to differentiate one from the other. The "Haeng" was also used in cases in which the recipient originally had honorary W(a)e-Myeong"bu/外命婦 titles or honorary San"jik posts and were provided with an additional title or post in the same vein. In these cases, the letter "Haeng" was added to the front of the "original" San"jik post or W(a)e-Myeong"bu title. These Haeng"jik and Su"jik examples appear more frequently in "in-grave" epitaphs and census data, than in the official governmental records of history. The former types of materials tended to document the entire career of the buried person or the lineage of the family head with great details, and also included the honorary and hereditary titles of the father, grandfather and even great-grandfather of the person in question as well. In the early days of the San"jik-je institution, the number of Su"jik posts" appearances and the number of Haeng"jik posts" appearances were relatively the same. But with the passage of time, the number of the former dropped substantially, and only the Haeng"jik posts continued to appear. There seems to have been a couple of reasons. Since the reign of King Hyeonjong, Su"jik posts for the "3 Elders and 3 Masters("3師3公")," which were different figures from the "ordinary" Su"jik posts of the earlier periods, heavily appeared. And after the Mongols" arrival, Su"jik posts with a new meaning of "associate(副)" appeared as well. So, it seems like in order to avoid confusion with all these new usages of the "Su," the Su"jik posts in general were practically avoided as a whole and were not that much used any longer. If there was a working standard or rule for these Haeng"jik and Su"jik posts, then they would have remained in active usage till the end of the dynasty, but there were none, so they did not. As we can see, the Haeng"jik and Su"jik posts in Goryeo were originally imported from the Dang and Sung dynasties, where the Haeng"jik and Su"jik posts were used to indicate the discrepancy between the rank and the grade of the title, but in reality it was used in a completely different fashion, for the Goryeo governmental officials.

고려 초 徇軍部의 설치와 기능의 변화

권영국(Kwon Young-Kook) 한국사연구회 2006 한국사연구 Vol.135 No.-

Sungunbu was established about the time when the name of the country was converted into Taebong dynasty. At that time the territory was expanded and local gentries submitting to King Gungyee were increased. In the beginning time, Gungyee had influence over a part of Gangwon Province. But he advanced a part of Gyeongsang Province after that time. So his governing territory was greatly expanded. As the local gentries were included in the governing area of Goryeo Dynasty, the control of their military strength in this area became an important problem. Under this situation, military affairs which the ministry of military affairs took charge of was divided into two parts : affairs of military command and military administration. Sungunbu was the organization to have charge of affairs of military command. It was established in the process of differentiating military affairs after all. That brought the efficiency in the accomplishment of military affairs and the development in the military supreme command system. The most important business of Sungunbu was conscription affair. That was to receive king's command and mobilize the troops under local gentry's command. Sungunbu also carried out the affairs going the round of the provinces and supervising military strength of local gentries. Sungunbu was reorganized into Gunbu in the period of King Gwangjong. After the unification the military power was concentrated to the central government. So the affairs which Sungunbu took charge of was not needed : going the round of the provinces and supervising military strength of local gentries. After that time, even the existence of Gunbu did not appear any more. It is supposed that Royal Secretariat established in the period of King Sungjong was substituted for the function of Gunbu.