참나무 톱밥배지의 살균 및 배양온도가 표고 균사생장에 미치는 영향

구창덕 ( Chang Duck Koo ),이화용 ( Hwa Yong Lee ),이귀용 ( Gwi Yong Lee ) 한국산림과학회 2012 한국산림과학회지 Vol.101 No.1

Sterilization of oak sawdust at 65oC for Lentinula edodes bed cultivation can be efficient in sterilization facility cost, but its effect on the mushroom production is uncertain due to high contamination probability. The effective conditions for L. edodes hyphal growth in the low temperature sterilized oak sawdust were investigated with combinations of three sterilization temperatures (65oC, 100oC and 121oC) and four cultivation temperatures (15oC, 20oC, 25oC, and 30oC). L. edodes inoculation density effect was also tested with 1 cm, 2 cm, and 4 cm distance in the sawdust (4%, 11% and 25% inoculation rate by surface area). L. edodes hyphal growth in the sawdust sterilized at 65oC was as much as at those 100oC and 121oC when the fungus cultured below 25oC, but it was greatly reduced when cultured at 30oC. And the sawdust medium with 1cm distance inoculation density was fully occupied with L. edodes hyphae, but those with 2~4 cm distance inoculation were contaminated by 14~33%. Therefore, we conclude that low temperature sterilized oak sawdust needs to be cultured under 25oC after sufficient inoculation by 25% for successful bed cultivation of L. edodes.

모래밭 버섯 포자접종량과 (胞子接種量) 시비량에 (施肥量) 따른 소나무 화분파종묘의 (花盆播種苗) 생장촉진효과

구창덕,이원규,이천용,박승걸 ( Chang Duck Koo,Won Kyu Lee,Chun Yong Lee,Seung Kull Park ) 한국산림과학회 1986 한국산림과학회지 Vol.72 No.1

The effect of different inoculation amounts of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) spores and fertilizers on the growth of Pinus densiflora seedlings grown in fumigated or nonfumigated soils were tested in the: polyethylene pots. To infest the pot soil with Pt spores, the mixture of the spores with sterilized nursery soil was used after seeding. Eighteen months after inoculation, mycorrhizal formation was 42-70% in fumigated plus Korean-Pt inoculated pots, 60-70% in fumigated plus U.S.-Pt inoculated pots, and less than 1% in non-fumigated, Korean Pt inoculated pots. Growth enhancement effect of Pt spore inoculation was shown on only fumigated soil and the inoculation increased the seedlings height (8-38%), stem diameter (9-40%)and dry weight (6-73%). Especially 0.4g per pot application rate increased the height (30-31%), stem diameter (.23-28%) and dry weight (56-69%), while the 0.2g U.S. Pt spore per pot rate increased 26-38, 17-20 and 58-60%, for height, stem diameter, and dry weight respectively. At 1X fertilizer application rate (urea 2g, fused superphoshate 4g, and potassium chloride lg per pot), the 0.4g per pot rate resulted in more dry weight by 18% than that at 1; 2X rate. The result indicated that there is a need for further research on inoculating nonfumigated soil with Pt and that appropriate application rates of fertilizers and Pt spores are 1X and 0.2-0.4g per pot on fumigated soil, respectively.

송이 외생균근(外生菌根)의 형태적 특징

구창덕 ( Chang Duck Koo ) 한국산림과학회 2005 한국산림과학회지 Vol.94 No.1

Tricholorrut rruxtsutake ectomycorrhizas are unique in their morphology: not bifurcated broom shaped roots with not easily wettable brilliant and profuse white hyphae. To understand these characteristics the ectomycorrhizas were investigated with electron microscopy. T. ,natsutake cctomycorrhiza have thin mantle and typical Hartig net development in the epidermis and cortex, but no fungal mantle on the root apex. There were no penetrating hyphae inside of the cells of either epidermis, cortex or stele. Inside of the walls of epidermis and cortex cells are lined with ca. 2 ㎛ hemispherical amyloplasts. The brilliant hyphal surface was covered with various fine amorphous granules. The hyphal cell wail was thin membrane less than 0.3 ㎛ thick. There is no clamp connection on the hyphae. This thin membraneous cell wall with high elasticity can be related to survival strategy of the species without plasmolysis under frequent soil water stress environment. And the coarse hyphal surface with some water repellency can control sudden inrush of water of the hyphae with an extremely low osmotic potential. It is concluded that no mantle on the tip can induce mycorrhizas not bifurcated and that finely coarse surface of T. matsurake hyphae can make the hyphae brilliantly white but less wetted.

균근균의 (菌根菌) 인공접종에 의한 소나무류의 생장촉진

구창덕,이경준,임경빈 ( Chang Duck Koo,Kyung Joon Lee,Kyong Bin Yim ) 한국산림과학회 1982 한국산림과학회지 Vol.55 No.1

Two ectomycorrhizal fungi, Pisolithus tinctorius and Thelephora terrestris, were introduced form U.S.A. and inoculated to five pine species in Korea to evaluate the reported growth stimulation of host plants after inoculation. These fungi were grown as mycelial inoculum in large quantity and ioculated to the fumigated nursery soil just before seed sowing. At the end of the first growing season. Pisolithus stimulated the height growth of Pinus densiflora. P. thunbergii. P. rigida, and P. rigida x teada by55, 36, 69, and 37%, respectively, compared with control seedlings with no fumigation and no inoculation. When the growth stimulation was expressed with dry weight, Pisolithus increased dry weight of P. densiflora and P. rigida x taeda by 143% and 128%, respectively,over control seedling. Thelephora failed to stimulate growth of inoculated plants. Pinus koraiensis did not respond to the inoculation during the first growing season. It is concluded that artificial inoculation of nursery pine trees with selected mycorrhizal fungi should be seriously considered to improve the quality of planting stocks and to stimulate early plant growth. The potential for use of Pisolithus in reforestation on adverse sited is also discussed

표고 톱밥재배사의 온(溫)-습도(濕度) 변화(變化) 동태(動態)

구창덕 ( Chang Duck Koo ),김재수 ( Ja Su Kim ),이화용 ( Hwa Yong Lee ),유성열 ( Sung Ryul You ),유창현 ( Chang Hyun You ) 한국산림과학회 2009 한국산림과학회지 Vol.98 No.6

표고버섯의 지면 톱밥균상재배에 의한 재배과정과 수확

구창덕 ( Chang Duck Koo ),이화용 ( Hwa Yong Lee ),이희수 ( Hee Su Lee ),박용우 ( Yong Woo Park ),김재수 ( Je Su Kim ) 한국산림과학회 2015 한국산림과학회지 Vol.104 No.3

The process of cultivation and production of oak mushroom (Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler) on sawdust surface beds were investigated. Sawdust surface bed cultivation is the method by which oak mushrooms are cultured and produced on sterilized sawdust surface bed without using bags. The bed was made by inoculating with 3 to 1 ratio of bed sawdust to oak mushroom mycelial inoculum. The sawdust bed medium with 65% water content was pasteurized at 65℃, inoculated with sawdust spawn and spread on the surface on vinyl film in cultivation shed. During 78 days of cultivation period, water content in the medium varied from 61 to 72%, its pH decreased from 5.6 to 3.9~4.6 and ergosterol concentration increased to 0.33~0.59 μg/g. CO2 concentration in the medium rapidly increased to 8.06% in two weeks. In seven weeks the medium surface started browning and CO2 concentration increased to about 5.63%. Until 11th week the CO2 concentration was maintained at 6~7%. After removing the plastic cover on the bed for ventilation in 12 weeks, CO2 within the bed reduced dramatically to 1.5%. In the cultivation shed the internal temperature was 7.1~29℃ and humidity was 27.3 to 100%, while bed temperature ranged 11.6~30℃. Oak mushroom fruiting started from late July, in 120 days after bed establishment in late March and continued for approximately 100 days until early December with eight cycles of irrigation treatment. The mushroom yield of the eight cycles were 288~352 kg during the 1st (7/29~8/4) to 3rd cycle (9/3~9/7), 800 kg at the 4th cycle (9/19~9/24), 1,296~1,853 kg during 5th (10/3~10/ 8) to 7th cycle (4.11~11/9) and 990 kg at 8th cycle (11/23~12/7). Total production was approximately 7.4 tons from 33.0 tons of oak sawdust medium, thus harvest efficiency of the mushroom production was approximately 22.4%.

소나무재선충 접종목의 수분포텐셜 변화

이화용 ( Hwa Yong Lee ),구창덕 ( Chang Duck Koo ),성주한 ( Joo Han Sung ),신준환 ( Joon Hwan Shin ),유종현 ( Jong Hyun Yoo ) 한국산림과학회 2010 한국산림과학회지 Vol.99 No.3

송이생산을 지속가능하게 하기 위한 소나무림내 식생정리 작업의 경제성 분석

구창덕,( Chang Duck Koo,E . M . Bilek ) 한국산림과학회 1998 한국산림과학회지 Vol.87 No.4

An economic study of vegetation control to increase production of Songyi (Korean name far pine mushroom, matsutake, Tracholoma matsutake (S. Ito & Imai) Sing.) in red pine (Panes densiflora) stands in Korea was undertaken. In Korea, Songyi grows only in red pine stands. Harvest of this mushroom provides a significant income source to rural people in Korea yielding exports of US$20 million to US$80 million per year. However, hypogeous Songyi colonies and the mushroom production are declining, partly because shade tolerant species are succeeding the shade intolerant red pine. Past research says that it is possible to deep Songyi production increasing by controlling under-story vegetation. But few people are wilting to invest in the necessary control. Our analysis found that the economics of vegetation control appear to be quite favorable, showing an internal rate of return (IRR) of 20.7 percent in 15 years. However, positive returns do not occur for at least eight years and even then, the returns may not appear to the landowner to be a result of vegetation control efforts omly because the mushroom production has been greatly variable depending on weather conditions. In a sensitivity analysis, it was found that the number of circular mushroom colonies was critically important for the cash flow. Results of this analysis are also sensitive to assumptions about annual growth length(0.16m radial growth=1.0m/circular length growth) of Songyi colony. However, the primary goal of vegetation control should be to keep the young colonies growing. Further research in the behavior of hypogeous Songyi colonies after vegetation control would help to improve our confidence in the results.

아버스큘 균근균 접종이 균종과 토양상태에 따라 물푸레나무 묘목의 생장에 미치는 영향

구창덕 ( Chang Duck Koo ) 한국산림과학회 1997 한국산림과학회지 Vol.86 No.4

I examined arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungus inoculation effects on the seedling growth of Korean ash tree(Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance), which distributes in fertile mesic soils, under a seven-day watering cycle of water stress and compost-added fertile conditions. Three Korea-native AM fungi were inoculated : an unidentified Glomus species, Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall and Scutellospora heterogama(Nicol. & Gerd) Walker & Sanders from disturbed forest soils. The effect of AM fungus inoculation on the seedling varied depending upon fungal species and soil conditions. AM formation was 27 to 65% by the Glomus without forming spores, 47 to 74% with about 10 spores per 20g soil by G. margarita and about 65% with 35 spores by S. heterogama. The soil conditions did not affect either AM or spore formation. The Glomus inoculation increased shoot N and P concentrations, but did not affect seedling growth. G. margarita increased shoot N and P, irrespective of soil conditions, in general, but S. heterogama increased N under water stress and Pin the control soil only. These two fungi significantly increased seedling growth in both control and water stress soils. Compost addition increased the growth of non-mycorrhizal seedlings and offset AM fungus inoculation effects. The relative field mycorrhizal dependency(RFMD) of the seedlings was significant only in control and water stress soils by over 40% in G. margarita or S. heterogama AM plants. Under water stress RFMD was the most evident in S. heterngama AM plants. 1 conclude that some AM fungi such as G, margarita and S. heterogama can broaden the niche of Korean ash seedlings to a water stress or nutrient poor site but less likely to more fertile sites.

광도와 Frankia 질소고정균 및 Alpova diplophloeus 외생균근균의 (外生菌根菌) 접종이 루브라 오리나무 묘목내 (苗木內) 삼자공생관계 발달에 미치는 영향

구창덕(Chang Duck Koo),Randy Molina(Randy Molina),Steven Miller(Steven Miller) 한국산림과학회 1995 한국산림과학회지 Vol.84 No.3

To investigate the effect of low light intensities and the inoculation of Frankia and/or Alpova diplophloeus on the symbioses development and their host growth, red alder(Alnus rubra Bong.) seedlings were grown in an air - filtered walk - in growth chamber with either N₂ - fixing Frankia inoculation or N - fertilization and live or dead spore inoculation of the ectomycorrhizal fungus: A. diplophloeus(Zeller & Dodge) Trappe & Smith. When they were 20 weeks old, the seedlings were grown under three levels of light intensities of 680, 320 and 220μ㏖/㎡/s PPFD(photosynthetic photon flux density) for three weeks. PPFD of 220 significantly decreased the development of A. aiplophloeus mycorrhizae and nodules, the rates of N₂ - fixation and CO₂ exchange, and the growth of tile seedlings. PPFD 320 significantly decreased the CO₂ exchange rate only. Frankia inoculation significantly increased mycorrhiza formation and seedling growth. Alpoaa inoculation significantly increased seedling growth but not nodule development and N₂- fixation. None of the symbionts affected CO₂ exchange rates. Frankia was more critical for seedling growth and mycorrhizal development than the mycorrhizal fungus for seedling growth and nodule development.