The Gram-Stain Characteristics of the Bacterial Community as a Function of the Dynamics of Organic Debris in a Hypereutrophic Lake

강헌,Kang, Hun The Korean Society of Oceanography 1989 韓國海洋學會誌 Vol.24 No.3

This investigation was performed in eutrophic lake within the framework of a series of studies to evaluate the significance of gram reaction for both bacterioplankton and attached bacteria in the dynamics of organic materials at various aquatic ecosystems. In Lake Kasumigaura as a representative of the highly eutrophic freshwater environments, the gram-stain characteristics of the bacterial community changed with the influx of pulses of phytoplankton, as those in the meso trophic environments. The predominency of the gram-negative forms in the bacterial community was about 57% for bacterioplankton and about 53% for attached bacteria. The statistical analysis of the difference of these two distributions showed that these communites were different. Both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria attached to particles were shown to effect the formation and degradation of particulate organic matter. Gram-negative bacteria plankton participate exclusively in the dynamics of dissolved organic matter.

중영양형 습지의 박테리아 군집에 대한 그램염색 특성과 비제한요소의 영향

강헌 ( Hun Kang ) 한국하천호수학회 1989 생태와 환경 Vol.22 No.4

This investigation was performed in mesotrophic bog within the framework of a series of studies to evaluate with significance of gram-reaction for both bacterioplankton and attached bacteria in the dynamics of organic materials at various aquatic ecosystems. The gram-stain characteristics of the bacterial community in Matsumi-ike Bog, located in the watershed of Lake kasumigaura in Japan, seem to change with the influx of pulses of organic material. Both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria attached to particles were shown to affect the formation and degradation of particulate organic matter. Gram-negative bacterioplankton participated exclusively in the turnover of dissolved organic matter. The concentration of dissolved organic matter was found to be the limiting factor for the population growth rate of gram-negative bacterioplankton.

학술 논문 : 이산화탄소 포집, 수송 및 저장(CCS; Carbon Capture and Storage)의 전과정평가(LCA; Life Cycle Assessment) 및 전과정비용평가(LCC; Life Cycle Costing)에 대한 연구

강헌 ( Hun Kang ),박기학 ( Ki Hak Park ),황윤빈 ( Yun Bin Hwang ),김준범 ( Jun Beum Kim ) 한국전과정평가학회 2011 한국전과정평가학회지 Vol.12 No.1

이산화탄소 포집, 수송 및 저장(CCS)은 대량의 발생원으로부터 발생되는 이산화탄소를 포집 및 압축하고 적절한 지하장소에 주입하여 이를 격리시키는 기술이다. CCS는 온실가스 감축에 크게 기여할 수 있는 기술이며, 현재 세계적으로 많은 프로젝트들이 상용화되고 있다. 현재 우리나라에서는 CCS 포집단계를 중점적으로 연구되어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 포집, 수송, 저장단계에서의 전과정평가를 통해 CCS 인프라구축에 대한 환경영향을 분석하고, 연구결과를 사례에 적용하여 지구온난화 회피효과를 분석하였다. 본 연구에 적용된 기능단위는 CCS lton, 기준흐름은 CO2 lton으로 전과정 영향평가 결과 포집(2.99E-04Pt), 저장(7.80E-01Pt), 수송(l.59E+04Pt)의 환경영향이 분석되었다. 500MW 유연탄 화력발전소에서 CCS 도입을 통해 약 2.9백만톤 CO2-eq의 지구온난화 회피효과가 나타나는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 CCS 도입시 예상되는 비용은 10.45억 US$, 운영비는 년간 1.54~2.67억 US$로 추정하고 있으며, 이에 대한 LCC 분석 결과 20년간 총 비용의 현재가치는 42.36억 US$로 분석되었다. 향후 CCS 보급을 위해 각 단계(포집, 수송, 저장)별 환경영향의 정량화와 비용분석의 D/B가 지속적으로 구축되어져야 할 것이다. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a technique for trapping CO2 as it is emitted from large point sources, compressing it, and transporting it to a suitable storage site where it is injected into the ground. CCS system can attribute to the reduction of CO2 and currently many projects in the world are commercializing. In South Korea, many researches are concentrated upon the CO2 capture processes in CCS system. In this study, we evaluated environmental impact of CCS infrastructure system, which has CO2 capture, transportation and storage stage using life cycle assessment (LCA). Also we assessed the costs for each CCS stage operation with scenarios. As a result, the global warming impact in a system without CO2 capture process was 9.64E+04g CO2-eq and a system with CO2 capture process had 1.45E+05g CO2-eq. About 1,368 kJ/ton CO2 energy is required for CO2 capture and it could remove 90% of occurred total CO2 from electricity generation. The result of life cycle cost analysis shows that the cost of 500MW size electricity generation and CCS system is 1,045 million US dollar and the operation cost per year is 154~267 million US dollar. As a result of the life cycle costing, current value of 20 years total cost is 4,236 million US dollar. For the future dissemination of CCS system, the database of the quantified environmental impacts and cost analysis in each stage (capture, transport and storage) should be updated and constructed regularly.

연구발표 진행표 : A 발표장 : 환경정책측면에 있어서 LCA 활용방안의 사례연구

강헌(Hun Kang),오일권(Oh Il Kweun) 한국전과정평가학회 1998 1998 년 정기총회 연구논문집 Vol.- No.-

연안해역에서 분변오염의 생화학적 지표(coprostanol)에 관한 연구

강헌(Kang Hun),여환구(Hwan-Goo Yeo) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2001 한국해양환경·에너지학회지 Vol.4 No.3

일본의 LCA (Life Cycle Approaches) 연구 현황

강헌(Hun Kang) 한국청정기술학회 1996 청정기술 Vol.2 No.1

허혈이 유발된 흰쥐 해마에서 Acetylcholine 유리에 미치는 Adenosine 수용체의 역할

최봉규,김도경,강헌,전재민,강연욱,Choi, Bong-Kyu,Kim, Do-Kyung,Kang, Hun,Jeon, Jae-Min,Kang, Yeon-Wook 대한약리학회 1996 대한약리학잡지 Vol.32 No.2

The effects of adenosine analogues on the electrically-evoked acetylcholine(ACh) release and the influence of ischemia on the effects were studied in the rat hippocampus. Slices from the rat hippocampus were equilibrated with $0.1{\mu}M$ $[^3H]-choline$ and the release of the labelled product, $[^3H]-ACh$, was evoked by electrical stimulation(3 Hz, 2 ms, 5 $VCm^{-1}$ and rectangular pulses for 2 min), and the influence of various agents on the evoked tritiumoutflow was investigated. Ischemia(10 min with 95% $N_2$ + 5% $CO_2$) increased both the basal and evoked ACh release. These increases were abolished by glucose addition into the superfused medium, and they significantly inhibited either by 0.1 & $0.3{\mu}M$ TTX pretreatment or by removing $Ca^{++}$ in the medium. MK-801($1{\sim}10{\mu}M$), a specific NMDA receptor antagonist, and glibenclamide $(1{\mu}M)$, a $K^+-channel$ inhibitor, did not alter the evoked ACh release and nor did they affect the ischemia-induced increases In ACh release. However, polymyxin B(0.03 mg), a specific protein kinase C inhibitor, significantly inhibited the effects of ischemia on the evoked ACh release. Adenosine and $N^6-cyclopentyladenosine$ decreased the ACh release in a dose dependent manner in ischemic condition, though the magnitude of inhibition was far less than those in normal(normoxic) condition. However, the treatment with $5{\mu}M$ DPCPX, a potent $A_1-adenosine$ receptor antagonist, potentiated the ischemia-effect. These results indicate that the evoked-ACh release is potentiated by ischemia, and this process being most probably mediated by protein kinase C, and that the decreased effect of ACh release mediated by $A_1-adenosine$ receptor is significantly inhibited in ischemic state.

이산화탄소 포집 수송 저장 누출의 전과정평가 연구

박기학 ( Park Ki Hak ),강헌 ( Kang Hun ),윤성택 ( Yun Seong Taek ) 한국전과정평가학회 2016 한국전과정평가학회지 Vol.17 No.2

This study was set the scenario that carbon dioxide of 3 million ton per year emitted by coal-fired power plant was captured and compressed to a level of 95%, and stored underground. The composition of the impurities(5%) in the capture materials was assumed including the general air pollutant, such as CH₄, N₂O, NOx and Hg, etc, emitted by coal-fired power plant. Features of this study is not the purity of carbon dioxide, examinate the magnitude of the environment impact on the 1∼5% of impurities. In particular, the environmental impact of these impurities that appear high is examined. Through the CCS, net avoidance effect of global warming was 3.88E+09 kg CO₂-eq/kg. Weighting result due to leakage in the case of 1% leakage was 3.03E+05 Pt in the water system and 5.77E+03 Pt in the soil system. And Weighting result due to leakage in the case of 5% of leakage was 2.88E+04 Pt in the water system and 1.51E+06 Pt in the soil system. The cause of the environmental impact of the soil system is higher than the water system appeared by mercury(Hg) and weighting factor of mercury was larger caused in the soil system. According to the weighting results of the environmental impact, excepting mercury, 5% of leakage was 5.42E+03 Pt in the soil system. In this case, the avoidance effect was 3.38E+05 Pt. That is, excluding mercury, it was analyzed that CCS can reduce the environmental load. In the future, there is a need to further study the presence or absence of including an environmental impact assessment quantification of impurities and collecting materials for safe CCS. Also, it must quantify the environment effect of lower pH due to carbon dioxide and be a lot of research on the prediction of changes in the ecosystem.

전과정을 고려한 CCS의 안전관리 방안 연구

황윤빈 ( Yun Bin Hwang ),강헌 ( Hun Kang ),박기학 ( Ki Hak Park ) 한국전과정평가학회 2014 한국전과정평가학회지 Vol.15 No.1

본 연구에서는 이산화탄소를 직접 감축할 수 있는 이산화탄소 포집 및 저장 (CCS; Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage) 기술의 국내 도입에 앞서 법·제도 측면에서의 쟁점사항을 선정하고 분석하였다. CCS는 크게 포집, 수송, 저장 분야의 단계로 구분되며 각각의 단계별로 다양한 쟁점사항이 존재한다. 포집분야에서는 이산화탄소 스트림의 농도가 가장 중요할 것으로 판단되며, 해외에서는 국가별로 차이는 있지만 환경적인 측면을 고려하여 95-98% 이상의 이산화탄소를 포함한 스트림을 이산화탄소 스트림으로 규정하고 있다. 수송분야에서는 고압가스 운송에 대한 모니터링, 저장단계에서는 저장부지 주입에서 폐쇄까지 기준이 중요한 사항으로 나타났다 본 연구에서 제시한 쟁점사항을 기본으로 성공적인 CCS 기술 도입을 위해서는 우리나라의 환경법과 기타 법령의 개정 또는 새로운 CCS만의 특별법이 제정되어야 한다 또한 CCS의 포집, 수송, 저장에 이르는 전 과정 측면에서의 안전관리도 필요할 것으로 사료된다. Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is a technique for trapping C02 as it is emitted from large point sources, compressing it. and transporting it to a suitable storage site where it is injected into the ground. CCS is composed of three steps of capture, transport and storage. Currently, in Korea, a number of studies have been conducted in each ministry for the demonstration of 2020. In this study based on the research that is used to prepare the legal system and guidelines for the development and commercialization of CCS technology in developed countries, especially performed with reference to the CCS regulatory framework presented from lEA. The capture phase was proposed for the basis of the carbon dioxide stream, the transport phase was presented for monitoring of high-pressure gas transport and storage step was proposed criteria of from site injections to closure. Also, the basic issues that were proposed in this study, it will conduct that safety management spanning the entire process of the capture, transport and storage of CCS through the studies of the various legal systems as well as the revision of environmental laws of Korea and other laws.

생태독성을 고려한 CCS 전과정 영향평가 방법론 개발 연구

박기학 ( Ki Hak Park ),강헌 ( Hun Kang ) 한국전과정평가학회 2014 한국전과정평가학회지 Vol.15 No.1

이산화탄소 포집 및 저장 (CCS)은 대량의 발생원으로부터 배출되는 이산화탄소를 포집 및 수송하여 적절한 지하장소에 저장하는 기술로써 온실가스 강축방안으로 크게 주목을 받고 있다. 세계적으로 2050년까지 2005년 수준으로 온실가스 배출을 감축하는 목표를 달성하는데 있어 CCS 가 전체 온실가스 감축량의 19%에 기여할 것으로 전망하고 있다. 또한 국내에서도 2030년까지 국가 온실가스 배출양의 10%에 해당되는 CO2 32백만 톤을 CCS 기술로 감축할 계획을 제시하고 있다. 그러나 CCS 는 온실가스를 저감하기 위해 기술적 노력과 연구를 하고 있으나, 생태계 및 환경에 대한 평가와 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 지중 및 해양에 저장되는 Co2는 온실가스 저감에 크게 기여하나 Co2 누출로 인한 지중 및 해양 생태계영향과 변화는 또 다른 문제를 발생시킬 수 있으며 그 영향을 아무도 예측할 수 없는 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 Co2가 지구온난화의 물질이 아닌 생태계에 독성인자로 작용 될 수 있는 측면을 고려하여 CCS에 적용될 수 있는 전과정평가 방법을 제시하였다. Co2 가 생태계에 독성으로 작용될 수 있는 양과 농도를 규명하여 생태독성 특성화인자인 1,4-dichlorobeenzene(DCB) eq로 전환함으로써 전과정평가 기법을 CCS에 효과적으로 적용 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서 제시한 CCS의 전과정평가 방법을 활용하여 지구온난화 및 생태계의 영향 측면을 모두 고려한 환경영향평가 해석이 가능하며 안전한 CCS 기술발전에 크게 기여할 것으로 기대된다. Carbon capture and storage(CCS) is a technique that aims to capture carbon dioxide(C02)from emissions and store it somewhere, thus it attracts public attention as a reduction method of the greenhouse gases(GHGs). To achieve GHGs reduction goal complying with 2005 level by 2050, internationally it is forecasted that CCS will reduce 19%of total greenhouse gas. Also, South Korea has a plan to reduce 32 million tons of C02 emission, which is 10%of total national GHGs,by using CCS techniques by 2030. There many technical efforts and researches for CCS system for GHGs reduction, however, there has been little study on ecological and environmental impact assessment and research for CCS system. The CO2 storage at underground and deep saline aquifer can contribute for GHGs emission reduction, however, the C02 leak from storage can affect ecological system and this cause other serious problems. Also we cannot expect its impacts. Therefore, in this study, we suggested a life cycle impact assessment method, which can be applied to the CCS system, as not a global warming emission but an ecotoxicity factor for C02 emission. When C02 emission is considering as an ecotoxicity emission, first we can identify the quantity and concentration of CO2, and then it can be translated to l,4-dichlorobenzene(DCB) equivalent value, which is ecotoxicity characterization factor. This life cycle impact assessment method can be applied to CCS system effectively. By using this suggested life cycle impact assessment method in this study, we can interpret in terms of global warming and ecotoxicity aspects and it will contribute for safe CCS technology development.