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상수처리시 Fe (3) 응집제를 이용한 응집동력학에 관한 연구 : 수온과 황산이온의 영향
강임석(Lim Seok Kang),(John L . Cleasby) 한국수처리학회 1995 한국수처리학회지 Vol.3 No.2
The effects of low water temperature and sulfate ion on flocculation kinetics were examined using ferric nitrate as a coagulant to coagulate kaolin clay in water under tightly controlled treatment conditions. Both the particle size distribution data obtained from Automatic Image Analysis system and the on-line measurement of the degree of turbidity fluctuation in a flowing suspension by Photometric Dispersion Analyzer were used to measure flocculation kinetics. Results show that cold water temperature had a pronounced detrimental effect on flocculation kinetics. For improving flocculation kinetics at low temperature, maintaining constant pOH to adjust water chemistry for temperature changes was found to be partially effective, but only in the more acidic pH range studied (≤pH 6.8). However, the improved performance did not reach the performance at room temperature. In addition, sulfate ion added to kaolin suspension played an important role in the flocculation process, not only improving flocculation kinetics at more acidic pH levels but also changing surface charge of particles.
회분식 생물반응기를 이용한 BDOC<sub>rapid</sub>와 BDOC<sub>slow</sub> 결정
손희종,노재순,강임석,Son, Hee-Jong,Roh, Jae-Soon,Kang, Lim-Seok 한국물환경학회 2004 한국물환경학회지 Vol.20 No.4
In this study, biodegradable organic matter was divided into a rapidly biodegradable fraction($BDOC_{rapid}$) and a slowly biodegradable fraction($BDOC_{slow}$) for various waters with different types of DOC. These fractions($BDOC_{rapid}$ and $BDOC_{slow}$) were defined by using a shaking incubation method modified from Carlson's method. Also, in this study, optimum incubation time and accuracy were investigated to determine $BDOC_{rapid}$ and $BDOC_{slow}$. When suspended bacteria obtained from raw water and BAC effluent, or attached bacteria from BAC was respectively used as an inoculum, the difference in total BDOC($BDOC_{total}$) was minimal. Therefore, total BDOC was determined in 7~8 days by the shaking method, which is comparable with Servais's method by which BDOC was determined in 28 days. In addition, the difference of BDOC between these two methods was within 7%. Although $BDOC_{rapid}$ and $BDOC_{slow}$ were effectively determined by a method defined by Klevens, the difference in optimal incubation time was significant for different water samples. However, when using the shaking method, optimal incubation time for $BDOC_{rapid}$ was found to be 3 days, therefore, the $BDOC_{rapid}$ was defined as the difference between $DOC_0$ and $DOC_{3days}$, and $BDOC_{slow}$ was defined as the difference between $BDOC_{total}$ and $BDOC_{rapid}$. As a conclusion, for determining the fraction of BDOC using the shaking method, the concentrations of an inoculurns and optimal incubation times used in this study were very effective.
정수처리 응집효율 개선을 위한 Al(3)염과 Fe(3)염 응집제의 비교
한승우(Seung Woo Han),강임석(Lim Seok Kang) 大韓環境工學會 2015 대한환경공학회지 Vol.37 No.6
낙동강 하류부의 상수원수를 대상으로 Al(III)염과 Fe(III)염계 응집제를 이용한 응집제의 특성 실험 결과, alum과 FeCl₃의 경우는 모노머성 화학종이 각각 98%와 93.3%로 응집제내에 함유된 주된 가수분해종은 모노머성 화학종임을 알 수 있었다. 염기를 첨가하여 제조한 염기 첨가비 r=1.2인 PACl의 경우 폴리머성 Al(III)종은 31.2%이었으며, r=2.2인 PACl의 경우 함유된 폴리머성 Al(III)종은 85.0%로 r 값이 증가함에 따라 더 많은 폴리머성 Al(III)종이 함유되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 응집제별 응집실험 결과, 원수의 탁도가 높고 낮음에 관계없이 응집제별 탁도 및 유기물 제거정도는 FeCl₃ > PACl (r=2.2) > PACl(r=1.2) > alum의 순으로 나타났다. Al(III)계 응집제 보다 FeCl₃의 경우 응집효율이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 Al(III)계응집제의 경우 염기도가 높은 응집제의 경우 polymeric Al(III)종을 많이 함유함에 따라 응집효율이 향상됨에 따라 염기도가 높은 응집제일수록 응집효율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 실험에 적용된 응집 pH 범위(pH 4.0~9.5)에서 모든 응집제의 최적 응집 pH는 약 7.0으로 나타났다. 특히 고염기도 PACl (r=2.2)과 FeCl₃의 경우 pH 7.0 이상에서도 높은 탁도 응집효율을 유지하였다. 따라서 pH가 높은 상수원수의 경우 탁도 제거에서는 고염기도 PACl이나 FeCl₃ 응집제가 더 적합한 것으로 판단된다. The experimental results of the characteristics of aluminum based and ferric based coagulants for the Nakdong River water showed that the main hydrolysis species contained in alum and FeCl₃ are monomeric species of 98% and 93.3%, respectively. The PACl of r=1.2 produced by the addition of base contained 31.2% of polymeric Al species and the PACl of r=2.2 contained 85.0% of polymeric Al species, as showing more polymeric Al species with increasing r value. Coagulation tests using Al(III) and Fe(III) salts coagulants for the Nakdong River water showed that the coagulation effectiveness of turbidity and organic matter was high in the order of FeCl₃ > PACl (r=2.2) > PACl (r=1.2) > alum. FeCl₃ has showed better flocculation efficiency than Al(III) salts coagulants. In addition, in case of Al(III) coagulants, the Al(III) coagulants of higher basicity, which contained more polymeric Al species, resulted in better coagulation efficiency for both turbidity and organic matter removed. The optimum pH range for all of the coagulants investigated was around pH 7.0 under the experimental pH range of 4.0~9.5. Especially, the highest basicity PACl (r=2.2) and FeCl₃ were considered as more appropriate coagulants for the removal of turbidity in the case of raw water exhibiting higher pH.
수처리용 Fe(III)계 응집제의 특성 및 응집특성 비교
한승우(Seung Woo Han),강임석(Lim Seok Kang) 大韓環境工學會 2016 대한환경공학회지 Vol.38 No.4
수처리용 응집제로서 미리 가수분해시켜 고분자성 Fe(III)의 이용과 제조에 대한 연구에서, Ferron 분석법을 통해 Fe(III) 응집제내에 함유된 가수분해종을 정량화하고 그 차이를 살펴보았다. 제조된 PICl (polymeric iron chloride) 중에서 r=1.5의 경우에서 가장 많은 20%의 고분자성 Fe(III)종을 함유하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 응집 실험은 r 값에 따라 제조된 응집제를 이용하여 응집제 주입량과 응집 pH의 조건을 달리하여 수행하였다. FeCl₃ (r=0.0)와 PICl (r=0.5, 1.0, 1.5)를 이용한 응집 특성 비교에서, PICl (r=0.5, 1.0, 1.5)에서 FeCl₃ (r=0.0) 보다 유기물 제거에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 응집 pH에 따른 응집 실험에서도 PICl의 경우에서 pH에 대한 영향이 적게 나타났으며, 폭 넓은 응집 pH(pH 4-9)에서 탁도와 유기물 제거효율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. This research explored the feasibility of preparing and utilizing preformed polymeric solution of Fe(III) as coagulants for water treatment. The differentiation and quantification of hydrolytic Fe(III) species in coagulant was done by utilizing spectro-photometric method based on the interaction of Fe(III) with Ferron as a complexing agent. The properties of the synthesized polymeric iron chloride (PICl) showed that the quantity of polymeric Fe(III) produced at r=1.5 was 20% of the total iron in solution, as showing maximum contents. Coagulation experiments were conducted under the condition of various coagulant doses and pH for each coagulant prepared. From the comparison of the characterization of coagulation for FeCl₃ (r=0.0) and PICl (r=0.5, 1.0, 1.5) coagulants, PICl (r=0.5, 1.0, 1.5) coagulants was found to be more effective than other coagulant for the removal of organic matters. The experimental results for the coagulation tests at various pH ranges showed that the PICl was least affected by the coagulation pH and PICl was very effective for the removal of turbidity and organic materials over wide pH range (pH 4-9) tested.