Optimal Contracts of Public-Private Partnerships with Demand Risk

강대창 ( Dae Chang Kang ) 한국국제경제학회 2008 한국국제경제학회 동계학술대회 Vol.2008 No.-

장애인 고용 정책의 헌법 경제학적 접근

강대창(Dae-Chang Kang) 경성대학교 사회과학연구소 2003 社會科學硏究 Vol.19 No.2

이 논문은 장애인 고용 정책의 문제점을 적시하고 헌법적 재편을 시도하였다. 헌법 경제학적 관점에서 도출된 내용은 다음과 같다. 먼저, 지금까지의 장애인 고용은 당사자간의 자발적인 합의보다는 주로 보호주의 하에 규제에 의존하는 의무 고용 할당 제도가 시행되었다. 둘째, 장애인 고용 정책은 정치인들의 정치적 근시안적 시계에 따라 결정되고 집행되어 왔다. 셋째, 정부의 능력자만으로 정책의 신뢰성 상실과 제도 실패를 초래하였다. 정부 행동의 문제점을 고려해 보면, 장애인들의 고용 수준과 임금은 정부의 강제력보다는 시장력에 따라 결정되어야 한다. On this thesis the author explicated what flaws there are in the existing employment policies for the disabled, and what constitutional rearrangements would be possible. From the perspective of constitutional economics, following diagnoses have been drawn. First, until now, the employment of disabled persons has been made mainly by the obligatory employment system base on regulation under protectionism, not by voluntary agreements of the parties concerned. Second, the employment policies for the disabled have been decided and executed according to the political myopia of politicians. Third, the existing policies have the characteristic of self-conceit in governmental capacities. Considering the above problems of government action, we can easily see that the employment level and wages of the disabled persons must be decided by the forces of market, not by governmental coercion.

한국의 공공자본 생산성

강대창 ( Dae Chang Kang ) 한국재정학회(구 한국재정공공경제학회) 2006 재정논집 Vol.21 No.1

이 논문은 공공자본의 성격을 명확하게 반영하고 거시경제변수의 시간추세를 적절하게 통제하여 한국의 공공자본이 민간생산성에 어느 정도 영향을 미치는가를 실증분석하였다. 성장회계방법을 사용하여 분석한 결과, 한국의 공공자본은 민간생산성에 상당한 정도의 양(positive)의 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 생산함수접근법과 오차수정모형을 사용하여 추정한 경우에는 공공자본과 생산성 간의 적절한 관계를 찾아내지 못하였다. 성장회계방법에 따라 추정한 공공자본의 총요소생산 탄력성을 사용하여 공공자본의 적정 비율을 계산한 결과, 한국 공공자본의 규모는 적정 수준보다 작은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 사회간접자본에 대한 재정의 투자 비율을 줄이는 정부의 정책을 재고할 필요가 있다는 점을 시사한다. This paper analyzes how much public capital affects the private productivity by considering the characteristics of public capital appropriately and by controlling for the time trend of the macroeconomic variables. According to the estimates by the growth accounting method, it is shown that public capital has a substantial positive effect on the private productivity in Korea. Estimation by neither the production function approach nor the error correction model does provides an appropriate relationship between public capital and the productivity. The calculation of the optimal public capital ratio using the productivity elasticities of public capital estimated by the growth accounting method shows that the amount of public capital stock is less than the amount of the optimal public capital stock in Korea. This implies that it is necessary to reconsider the recently adopted policy reducing the public capital investment be reconsidered.

공공서비스의 민간 위탁 성과에 영향을 미치는 요인

송근원,강대창,허남식 한국행정연구원 2003 韓國行政硏究 Vol.12 No.3

이 연구에서는 민간 위탁에 관한 이론적 배경과 경험적 사례를 통해서 공공서비스의 민간 위탁 성과에 영향을 미치는 여덟 개 요인들을 추출하여 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수가 무엇인가를 밝혀내고 이를 바탕으로 어떠한 여건 하에서 어느 요인들이 민간위탁의 성과에 유의한 영향을 미치는가를 알아보기 위해 군집분석 결과 제공된 자료들을 가지고 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 민간 위탁의 성공에 영향을 미치고 있는 유의한 요인들로는 전체적으로 볼 때 저항성, 측정가능성, 비용효율성, 서비스 중단시 파급효과라는 네 가지 조건들임을 찾아냈으며, 이 가운데 가장 많은 영향을 미치는 요인은 비용효율성이고, 그 다음이 저항성, 측정가능성, 서비스 중단시 파급효과의 순서이다. 한편, 이들 요인 이외의 경쟁성, 전문 기술적 복잡성, 기관장의 추진 의지, 행정지원체계의 적절성 요건 등은 공공서비스의 유형에 따라 민간 위탁 성과에 영향을 미치고 있음을 밝혀냈다. 이러한 분석 결과를 논의하면서 제시한 행정적 시사점을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 민간 위탁 여건의 정확한 파악 없이 같은 종류의 공공서비스라는 이유로 민간 위탁을 무리하게 추진하는 것은 현실적합성이 결여될 수 있다. 따라서, 민간 위탁 여건에 따른 공공서비스의 분류 유형에 따라 민간 위탁의 성과에 영향을 미치는 요인들이 달라지는 까닭에 민간 위탁 이전에 여기에서 제시한 여덟 가지 민간 위탁 조건들을 점검함으로써 어느 유형에 속하는지를 판단하고 난 후 민간 위탁 여부를 결정할 것을 제안한다. 둘째, 기술적 전문성이 요청되는 공공서비스의 경우, 민간부문에 위탁하는 것이 좀더 적은 비용으로 양질의 공공서비스를 공급할 수 있다는 것을 시사한다. 셋째, 경쟁성이 낮다고 판단되는 공공서비스의 경우 민간 위탁을 통해 비용 절감을 추구하기 위해서는 적절한 성과 평가지표의 개발이 선행되어야 할 것을 주장한다. 넷째, 서비스 공급 중단으로 인한 사회적 파급효과가 큰 공공서비스의 경우, 신뢰할 만한 책임감 있는 수탁자를 경쟁적으로 선정한 후 적절히 지도, 감독하는 일이 매우 중요하다. 왜냐하면, 서비스 공급이 중단되는 경우, 서비스 공급을 다시 시작하려면 많은 시간과 노력 비용이 소요되고 여론이 악화되기 때문이다. 이 이외에도 위탁 조건 중 저항성은 민간 위탁의 성과에 가장 부정적인 영향을 미치는 요인으로 밝혀졌다. 따라서 조직내외의 저항성이 강하게 나타나는 공공서비스는 민간 위탁에 신중을 기할 필요가 있다. 곧 민간위탁을 무리하게 추진하기보다는 저항을 완화, 극복할 수 있는 제도적 방안을 마련한 후, 경험적 학습화를 거쳐 점진적으로 민간에 넘겨주는 방안을 적용해야 한다. constituents. Ultimately, the vision of Young Weol Gun was established as 'Pro-Environmental and Cultural Tourist and Relaxation City. The OECD countries have been practicing a series of government reform programs in order to cope with the pressures of the environmental change. These programs are basically aimed at enhancing public sector productivity and customer satisfaction through the adoption of result-oriented management system. The development of accounting system is an indispensable step toward a successful result-oriented management in government. Especially the cash-based governmental accounting system makes it hardly provide accurate information on the status and soundness of governmental financial management. Thus, many OECD countries are transforming the accounting system from cash accounting to accrual accounting. This study explores the causes, consequences, performance, and limitations of Australian governmental accounting system reform for the successful adoption of the new accounting system in Korea. This study shows the successful Australian experience with its decentralization and strengthened accountability of the public bureaucracy, and the new system provides valuable information for better management decisions. Continuous efforts based on active participation of private and public sector, an official's will and capability to apply new information can play an important role in the system. But to reform the governmental accounting system successfully, it needs to clarify the limitation of financial information that new system products. And finally, under this circumstances, this study implies that supplemental measures like budget system reform and performance management system of measuring policy effects should be accompanied. This paper investigates the factors which have influenced on the local public services contracting-out outcomes. This study aims to provide the theoretical grounds of the factors improving local public services. Based not only on the theoretical backgrounds and empirical case study, but also on the interviewing results with public servants who deal with contracting-out, eight criteria are selected. With this conditions cluster analysis is done for the public services and the groups newly classified are discussed in terms of their characteristics. The variables influencing these newly classified five groups of the services are examined by multiple regression analysis. The research findings suggest as follows: The success in contracting-out is highly dependent on the higher cost-efficiency, on the lower resistance, on the higher measurability of outcomes, and on the higher spill-over effect in discontinued services when the services are stopped to be supplied with. Alongside introducing "research councils" in public R&D governance system, the Korean government has carried out the evaluation of member research institutes under research councils every year since 2000. However, the current evaluation system strongly needs to be improved, mainly due to both some deficits of system itself and unfavourable effects arose from the actual implementation process. Therefore, this paper aims to suggest some policy implications for the development of the Korean institute evaluation system, taking the Institute Assesment Exercise (IAE) of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) in the UK as a bench-marking model. As a result, the IAE practice of the BBSRC will be a good reference when three Korean research councils in S&T sector intend to develop their current institute evaluation system. In particular, the UK case will provide useful policy implications for the improvement of some limitations of the Korean system, including the focus of managerial performance, one year interval between evaluation exercises, lower expertise in both evaluation manpower and evaluation unit, the adoption of ranking system among the institutes and budget adjustment-focused utilisation, which have been regarded as main problems in the Korean case.

체질량지수와 유방암발생의 관련성

임선미 ( Sun Mi Lim ),허남욱 ( Nam Wook Hur ),김현창 ( Hyun Chang Kim ),강대용 ( Dae Ryong Kang ),서일 ( Il Suh ) 한국보건정보통계학회 (구 한국보건통계학회) 2011 보건정보통계학회지 Vol.36 No.1

Objectives: This study investigated the association between body mass index (BMI) (and its change) and risk of breast cancer in Korea women by age. Methods: Participants were 64,149 women aged 35~59 years at the baseline (1990~1992) of the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation study. They were stratified as 44,923 women aged 37~47 years and 19,226 women aged 48~61 years by age at year 1992. BMI change was defined as BMI at 1994 minus baseline BMI. Baseline BMI was categorized quartile and first quartile used as reference group for the analysis. BMI change was categorized quartile and second quartile used as reference group for the analysis. Hazard ratio (HR) calculated using Cox`s proportional hazard model. Results: Baseline BMI and breast cancer risk were not associated in women aged < 48 (HR = 0.83, p for trend = 0.182 for Q4 vs Q1), but associated in women aged ≥ 48 (HR = 2.08, p for trend = 0.002 for Q4 vs Q1). However, BMI change was not associated with breast cancer risk in either age group. Conclusions: These results suggest that obesity may be a risk factor breast cancer in premenopausal women but not in post menopausal women.

위탁 여건에 따른 공공 서비스의 유형

송근원(Song Keun-Won),강대창(Kang Dae-Chang) 서울행정학회 2002 한국사회와 행정연구 Vol.12 No.4

Local public services consigned to private sector are classified in this paper into five categories: environmental services, transportation-related services, social welfare and medical care-related services, cultural services, and managerial services according to their contents. Based not only on the theoretical backgrounds, but also on the interviewing results from officials who deal with contracting-out the services, eight criteria are selected such as competition among trustees, resistance, measurability of the outcomes, professional technology, efficiency, administrative capability to deal with the services, side-effects when the services are stopped to be supplied. With these conditions cluster analysis is done for the services and the groups newly classified are discussed in terms of their characteristics. The newly classified groups of the services and the content-based services are examined by employing the inter-group average analysis and variation analysis. As a result, we find that both two groups are not congruent with each other. This fact suggests that the same services in content, which are consigned to private agency by local governments, are under the different contracting-out conditions. The argument to contract-out the services to private sector only because the services belong to the same contents cannot be asserted anymore. This paper suggests the empirical-based classification frame of the public services as a criterion to be used when consigning them to private agency.

국내 기업의 해외직접투자와 기업 경영

전봉걸 ( Bong Geul Chun ),강대창 ( Dae Chang Kang ) 慶熙大學校 社會科學硏究院 2010 社會科學硏究 Vol.36 No.3

최근 세계 경제의 글로벌화에 따라 경쟁력 강화를 위한 국내기업의 해외직접투자가 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 해외에 활발하게 직접투자를 하고 있는 국내 기업의 자료를 활용하여 해외직접투자가 국내 기업의 경영행태에 어떤 영향을 주는지 분석하였다. 해외직접투자한 국내 기업에 대한 정보가 매우 제약된 상황에서 본 연구는 2003년 해외투자 한 제조업체를 찾아 이를 한국신용정보(주)의 KIS-Value 자료와 연계하여 재무정보를 확보하였다. 먼저 통상최소자승법(OLS)을 활용하여 분석한 결과 해외직접투자를 실시한 기업의 경우 해외투자를 하지 않는 기업에 비해 연구개발활동 수준이 낮은 반면 노동자 1인당 매출액은 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 해외직접투자가 경영활동에 미치는 영향을 보다 엄밀하게 추정하기 위하여 Difference-in-Difference 분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과 해외직접투자는 국내투자를 유의하게 상승시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 Desai et al. (2005a, 2005b)와 유사하게 국내 기업의 해외직접투자가 국내에서의 투자와 상당한 보완관계가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. As the globalization is deepening, recently Korean firms have increased outward foreign direct investment (FDI) to enhance their competitiveness at home as well as abroad. This paper empirically investigates the effects of outward FDI on Korean firms' activities at home. In two features, this study is distinguished from previous studies in Korea. First, it is unique in that it tries a firm-level data analysis of the FDI effect, since the examination of the FDI effect at the firm level has been seldom in Korea. Second, it examines the effect of outward FDI, while most studies focus on the effect of inward FDI on the firms' activities at home. Information for the Korean firms which performed outward FDI is very limited, and the data are not available directly. Thus, we contrived a firm-level data set by connecting KIS-Value data to the financial data of the manufacturing firms which had outward FDI in 2003. To examine the effects of outward FDI, the paper uses the Difference-in-Difference (DID) model as well as the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model. It is well known that the DID model is useful to analyze the effects of key factors when there is a cross-sectional specific effect, since this method eliminates the common environment effect of the firms. Thus, we take the result by the DID model more significantly and the result by the OLS model as a reference. As the proxies for firms' activities, it takes R&D level, sales level, and domestic investment level. The OLS analysis shows that outward FDI has a significantly negative effect on R&D activities, a significantly positive effect on sales, and an insignificant negative effect on domestic investment. On the other hand, the DID model shows that outward FDI has all the positive effects on R&D activities, sales, and domestic investment, but a significant effect only on domestic investment. From the results of the DID model, we can infer the complementary relationship between the outward FDI and domestic investments in Korea.

지역 보건서비스의 산출에 영향을 미치는 요인

송근원 ( Keun Won Song ),강대창 ( Dae Chang Kang ) 한국보건행정학회 2003 보건행정학회지 Vol.13 No.1

This study focuses on the determinants of the community health service utilization. Theories suggest seven models for community health service utilization, which are divided largely into two groups such as Health Service Supply Model and Health Service Demand Model: Supply Model includes Medical Implements Model, Personnel and Budget Model, Management System Model, Staffs` Behavior Model, Service Quality Model; Demand Model includes Area Model and Clients` Characteristics Model. This paper tests how the above models influence on the community health service utilization. After interviewing some administrative staffs of the Community Health Service Center at Pusan, questionnaires were made and mailed to the staffs of 198 Korean Community Health Service Center as a universe, among which from 98 centers we got response. Analyzing the data from the questionnaires, we found “the number of personnels in the health service center” and “demands for medical service” as important variables to affect the utilization of the community health service center. These two variables are typical factors representing Supply Model and Demand Model each. However, the variables selected from Management System Model, Administrative Behavior Model, Service Quality Model and Area Model are not significant in a statistical sense. The paper suggests that to recruit the personnels, especially nurses, and to make out the demands of the clients for health service be the precedent conditions to increase the utilization of the Community Health Service Centers in Korea.