중국특색사회주의 종교이론의 고찰

강경구(Kang Kyong Koo)(姜鯨求),김경아(Kim Kyung A)(金敬娥) 대한중국학회 2017 중국학 Vol.61 No.-

중국특색사회주의 종교이론은 중국식 종교이론의 결정판으로서 중국의 종교에 대한 정치적 이론과 실천의 총합이다. 그것은 현재와 미래에 있어서 중국의 종교와 문화가 어떤 모습을 지니게 될지를 가늠하는 기준이 된다. 본고는 이러한 중국적 종교이론의 형성과정과 핵심내용 및 비판적 논의에 대해 고찰하고 있다. 내용은 다음과 같다. 먼저 중국특색사회주의 종교이론의 형성에 대한 역사적 고찰을 행하였다. 다음으로 그 내용적 특징에 대한 고찰을 통해 그것이 상호 이질적인 요소들, 즉 마르크스주의 종교관과 중국종교의 현실, 종교의 원리와 중국의 역사문화적 토양, 나아가 보장과 통제, 자유와 구속이 결합하고 있음을 밝혔다. 다음으로 중국특색사회주의 종교이론에 대한 비판적 논의들을 살펴보았다. 이와 관련하여 법률적 미비성 비판, 종교법 제정의 필요성 주장, 수정본 종교사무조례 비판, 정상적 종교행위를 종교극단주의로 해석하는 정부시선의 부당성에 대한 항의, 정상적 종교활동에 대한 비법적 강제조치에 대한 비판, 종교사무국의 부처이기주의의 위험성에 대한 지적, 종교 세속화 요구의 부당성 비판, 교육현장에서 행해지는 이중삼중의 종교탄압 등에 대해 살펴보았다. The theory of religion of socialism with Chinese characteristics can be seen as the ultimate work of the Chinese-type religious theory. This theory unites the historical experience on the religion management of the country therefore is the criterion for figuring out the current and the future of the China’s religion. The contemplation on this topic is as follows. Firstly, the formation of the theory of religion of socialism with Chinese characteristics has been examined in an historical perspective. This theory is in line with the political selection of the communist party for settlement of the urgent problems, by which the Chinese society is facing. In turn, the features of the contents have been contemplated. As a result, the feature has been found to be the combination of heterogenous elements. That is to say, the theory of religion of socialism with Chinese characteristics are featured with combinations of the realities of the Marxism and Chinese religions, principles of religion, historical and cultural foundations of China, assurance and control. Further, the critical discussions on the religion of socialism with Chinese characteristics have been examined. For this, the discourse on the legal incompleteness has been figured out. Then, the argument that the revised version of Regulation on Religious Affairs, which is the legislative expression of this has the unconstitutional power, has been examined. In addition, the criticisms on the conspiracy of the communist government for reinforcement of leadership as well as the department selfishness have been mentioned. Further, there are strong criticisms on the enforcement of the independence policy, which is for complete blockage of the external influences on religion. Moreover, there are criticisms on the clauses for requesting execution of the core value of the socialism. This means that religions must not be forced for secularization. Furthermore, there are many criticisms on the dual and triple restrictions on the religious activities in the field of education. The reason is that such action violates the freedom for religion a lot as well as the education act. Through this contemplation, we can figure out the fact that the Chinese political parties and the government are operating the national Church for the goal of the country, which is the rich China. That is to say, even the non-secular competence of the religion must be integrated into such national Church.

Guinea Pig Maximization Test 를 이용한 0.3% DA-5018 cream 의 접촉성 엘러지에 대한 연구

강경구(Kyung Koo Kang),김동환(Dong Hwan Kim),백남기(Nam Gi Baik),김원배(Won Bae Kim),양중익(Junn Ick Yang) 한국응용약물학회 1996 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.4 No.4

The aim of this study was to assess the allergenic potential of 0.3% DA-5018 cream, a non-narcotic analgesic agent, using a guinea pig maximization test. Five male and female guinea pigs in the experimental group were sensitized in two steps. First, 0.3% DA-5018 cream was injected intradermally, and 7 days later, the material was applied topically. After another 2 weeks test material was applied, the skin response was evaluated by visual observation. Five male and female guinea pigs served as cream base group, negative(untreated) group or positive (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, DNCB) group, respectively. 0.3% DA-5018 cream provoked slight erythema in 1 out of 5 cases in male and female guinea pigs sensitized with 0.3% DA5018 cream or cream base. The animals challenged with cream base also showed slight erythema in 1/5 female guinea pig sensitized with 0.3% DA-5018 cream or 2/5 male guinea pigs sensitized with cream base, respectively. Histologically, however, no indication of skin sensitization was observed in all of these cases. The positive control group was sensitized with 0.1% DNCB suspended in olive oil and challenged with 0.01% and 0.1 % DNCB ointment, all the animal showed remarkable skin reactions and obvious skin sensitization reactions in a dose dependent manner. From the challenge test it was evident that 0.3% DA-5018 cream did not elicit positive skin reaction interpreted as delayed hypersensitivity reactions, compared with cream base or untreated control group. These findings indicate that allergenic side effects by 0.3% DA-5018 cream is not likely in the clinical use.

천연형 인성장호르몬 DA-3002 의 항원성

강경구(Kyung Koo Kang),백남기(Nam Gi Baik),김원배(Won Bae Kim),양중익(Jung Ick Yang) 한국응용약물학회 1995 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.3 No.4

DA-3002 is a genuine human growth hormone produced by Dong-A Pharm. Co. Ltd. research laboratory using recombinant DNA technic. In this study, antigenic potential of DA-3002 was examined by active systemic anaphyaxis(ASA) in guinea pigs, mouse-rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis(PCA) and passive hemagglutination(PHA) test as a part of safety research. DA-3002 induced anaphylactic shock in ASA test using guinea pigs immunized with DA-3002 alone or DA-3002 incoporated into Freund`s complete adjuvant(FCA) when challenged with 10 times higher dose of anticipated clinical dose of DA-3002, In the mouse-rat PCA and PHA test, DA-3002 also showed positive results. DA-3002, therfore, was considered to produce IgE, IgG and/or IgM in mice. The results of this study were similar to those of the other human growth hormones and these positive results were thought to be caused due to the fact that both DA-3002 and the other human growth hormones were heterogenous proteins to guinea pigs and mice. Considering the fact that DA-3002 is a genuine human growth hormone of which structure is identical with indigenous human growth hormone, DA-3002 is thought not to cause immunological problems in clinical use.

천연형 인성장호르몬 DA-3002 의 변이원성 연구

강경구(Kyung Koo Kang),김옥진(Ok Jin Kim),신동환(Dong Hwan Shin),백남기(Nam Gi Baik),안병옥(Byoung Ok Ahn),김원배(Won Bae Kim),양중익(Junn Ick Yang) 한국응용약물학회 1995 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.3 No.4

DA-3002, an authentic recombinant human growth hormane(rhGH), was examined for mutagenicity in the reverse mutation test on bacteria, in the chromosomal aberration test on cultured mammalian cells and in the micronucleous test on mice. The reverse mutation test was performed by a plate incorporation method with or without a metabolic activation system(S9 Mix) using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, TA1535, TA98 and TA1537. DA-3002 did not significantly increase revertant colonies in any of the test strains under any conditions at dose levels ranging from 0.0125 to 0.4 IU/plate, compared with the vehicle control. In the chromosomal aberration test using cultured Chinese hamster lung(CHL) cells, DA-3002 did not increase the number of aberrant cells in the presence or absence of S9 mix at concentrations of 0.0125 IU/ml to 0.4 IU/ml, compared with the vehicle control. In the micronucleus test, male ICR mice were given DA-3002 intraperitoneally at a dose level of 20, 40 and 80 IU/kg. The incidence of bone marrow micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the DA-3002 treated mice did not differ from that of the vehicle control. These results indicate that DA-3002 doesn`t have mutagenic potential under the present test conditions.

DA-5018 cream 의 랫드에 대한 경피투여 아급성독성시험

강경구(Kyung Koo Kang),조현(Hyeon Cho),김동환(Dong Hwan Kim),백남기(Nam Gi Baik),김원배(Won Bae Kim) 한국응용약물학회 1998 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.6 No.1

A 13-week dermal toxicity test was conducted to assess the toxicity of DA-5018, a capsaicin derivative. Three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats (10-15 males and 10-15 females) were treated with DA-5018 cream daily by dermal application at cancentrations of 0.1%, 0.3% or 0.9% as 500 mg/kg for 13 weeks. One further group of rats (15 males and 15 females) received cream base at 500 mg/kg/day and acted as controls. One male receiving 0.3% DA-5018 cream died during the treatment period. But the animal did not show any signs of treatment-related toxicity until death. There were no local skin reaction of application site and systemic reaction to the treatment of DA-5018 creams in all experimental groups throughout treatment and recovery period. Weight gain and food consumption in animals that received DA-5018 creams appeared to be comparable to that of the controls. Laboratory analyses (hematology, urinalysis and opthalmoscopic examination) did not revealed pathological values. In biochemical investigations, an increase of glucose level associated with increased food consumption and some other significant changes were noted in the animals of both sexes received DA-5018 creams. But these changes were not considered to be of toxicological importance. Postmortem examination did not show macroscopic or histological alterations attributable to the DA-5018 treatments. Based on these results, NOAEL(no-observable-adverse-effect level) of DA-5018 cream is estimated to be over 500 mg/kg/day as 0.9% cream.

새로운 재조합 인 과립구 콜로니 자극인자 DA-3030 의 변이원성연구

강경구(Kyung Koo Kang),최성학(Seong Hak Choi),김옥진(Ok Jin Kim),안병옥(Byoung Ok Ahn),백남기(Nam Gi Baik),김계원(Gye Won Kim),김원배(Won Bae Kim),양중익(Jung Ick Yang) 한국응용약물학회 1994 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.2 No.3

The mutagenicity of DA-3030(rhG-CSF)was studied by reverse mutation test, chromosome aberration test and micronucleus test. The reverse mutatuon test in bacteria was performed using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, TA98, TA1535 and TA1537 with rhG-CSF in any of the concentrations(150, 75, 37.5, 18.75, 9.375 and 4,6875 ㎍/plate), no increase in the number of revertant colonies in each strain was observed, irrespective of treatment with the metabolic activation system(S-9 mix) The chromosome aberration test was carried out using CHL cells, cell line from Chinese hamster lung . With 4 doses(75, 37.5, 18.75 and 9.375 ㎍/㎖) of rhG-/CSF the cells were treated for 24 or 48 hours in the direct method or for 6 hours followed by 18 hour-expression time in the metabolic activation method. Results of the study showed, by the direct method or metabolic activation method, no trend toward increase in the number of aberrant metaphase. The micronucleus test was carried out using ICR mice at the age of 8 weeks. Three doses(862.5, 1725 and 3450 ㎍/㎏) of DA-3030 were admintstered intraperitoneally with single shot and bone marrow cells were sampled at 24 hours after administration. Neither the number of polychromatic erythrocytes with micronuclei nor the ratio of normochromatic erythrocytes to polychromatic erythrocytes increased singinficantly in each dose, compared with a vehicle control. These results indicate that rhG-CSF has not mutagenic potential under the conditions.

비 마약성 진통제 DA-5018 의 변이원성 연구

강경구(Kyung Koo Kang),백남기(Nam Gi Baik),김원배(Won Bae Kim),양중익(Junn Ick Yang) 한국응용약물학회 1996 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.4 No.3

DA-5018, a non-narcotic analgesic agent, was examined for mutagenicity in the reverse mutation test on bacteria, chromosomal aberration test on cultured mammalian cells and micronucleus test on mice. The reverse mutation test was performed by a plate incorporation method with or without a metabolic activation system(S9 mix) using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, TA1535, TA98 and TA1537. DA-5018 did not significantly increase revenant colonies in any of the test strains under any conditions at concentrations ranging from 0.0049 to 1.25 ㎎/plate, compared with the vehicle control. In the chromosomal aberration test using cultured Chinese Hamster Lung(CHL) cells, DA-5018 did not increase the number of aberrant cells in the presence or absence of S9 mix at concentrations of 0.016 mM/plate to 0.25 mM/plate, compared with the vehicle control. In the micronucleus test, male ICR mice were given DA-5018 intraperitoneally at a dose level of 0.55, 1.10 and 2.20 ㎎/kg. The incidence of bone marrow micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the DA-5018 treated mice was not significantly different from that of the vehicle control. These results indicate that DA-5018 does not have mutagenic potential under the present test conditions.

비 마약성 진통제 DA-5018 의 신체의존성

강경구(Kyung Koo Kang),김동환(Dong Hwan Kim),백남기(Nam Gi Baik),김원배(Won Bae Kim),양중익(Junn Ick Yang) 한국응용약물학회 1996 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.4 No.3

The physical dependence potency of DA-5018, a non-narcotic analgesic agent, was tested in mice dosed with 0.5 and 4 ㎎/㎏/day for 2 months and daily increasing doses of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ㎎/㎏ over 10 days. Physical dependence was assessed taking natural withdrawal induced morphine-type abstinence (jumping, falling, biting or backward locomotion, rearing etc.) as well as barbiturates-type abstinence (body weight reduction, convulsion, ataxia etc.) into consideration. The results were compared with those after the same daily increasing doses of morphine. DA-5018 did not show evidence of physical dependence liability or abuse potential as measured by morphine-type or barbiturate-type abstinence signs following daily increasing or 2-month repeated administration. On the other hand, daily increasing doses of morphine produced physical dependence and the dependent state disappeared about 6 hours after the start of withdrawal signs. In the single dose suppression test, a single dose of morphine completely suppressed natural withdrawal signs that appeared in morphine-dependent animals. Therefore, these results indicate that DA-5018 does not have abuse potential and physical dependence liability.

천연형 사람 적혈구 조혈인자의 항원성시험

강경구(Kyung Koo Kang),조현(Hyeon Cho),백남기(Nam Gi Baik),김원배(Won Bae Kim) 한국응용약물학회 1998 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.6 No.1

Antigenic potential of a recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) produced by Dong-A Pharm. Co. Ltd. was examined by active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) test in guinea pigs, mouse-rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction and passive hemagglutination (PHA) test. In ASA test, rhEPO induced the signs of restlessness, rubbing or licking nose, sneezing and coughing in the animals immunized with rhEPO 1000 IU/kg alone or rhEPO 1000 IU/kg incorporated into Freund`s complete adjuvant. In the mouse-rat PCA test, only one of six sera from the animals immunized with rhEPO 1000 IU/kg incorporated into Alum showed positive result. In the PHA test, rhEPO revealed negative results in all of the rhEPO-immunized groups. From these results, rhEPO was considered to produce IgE in guinea pigs and mice, but not IgG and/or IgM in mice. The results of this study were similar to those of the other recombinant human erythropoietin and these positive results were thought to be caused due to the fact that rhEPO were heterogeneous proteins to guinea pigs and mice. Considering the fact that rhEPO has an identical structure with indigenous human erythropoietin, rhEPO is not thought to cause immunological problems in clinical use.

천연형 인 적혈구 조혈인자의 변이원성시험

강경구 ( Kyung Koo Kang ),조현 ( Hyeon Cho ),김동환 ( Dong hwan Kim ),백남기 ( Nam Gi Baik ),김원배 ( Won Bae Kim ) 한국응용약물학회 1998 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.6 No.1

Mutagenicity of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) was examined in the reverse mutation test on bacteria, in the chromosomal aberration test on cultured mammalian cells and in the micronucleus test on mice. The reverse mutation test was performed by a plate incorporation method with or wothout a metabolic activation system (S9 Mix) using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, TA1535, TA98 and TA 1537. The rhEPO did not significantly increase revenant colonies in any of the test strains under any conditions at dose levels ranging from 1000 IU/ml to 62.5 IU/plate, compared with the vehicle control. In the chromosomal aberration test using cultured Chinese Hamster Lung (CHL) cells, the number of aberrant cells was not increased in the presence or absence of S9 Mix at concentrations of 1000 IU/ml to 250 IU/ml, compared with the vehicle control. In the micronucleus test, male ICR mice were given rhEPO intraperitoneally at a dose level of 25000, 12500 and 6250 IU/kg. The incidence of bone marrow micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was not different from that of the vehicle control. From these results, rhEPO is considered to be non-mutagenic under the present test conditions.