상수도수 불소화 사업에 관한 조사 연구

한봉석,최유진 ( Bong Suk Han,Eu Gene Choi ) 대한예방치과·구강보건학회 1985 大韓口腔保健學會誌 Vol.9 No.1

1950년대 말 농촌지도의 한 사례 ―지역사회개발사업 현지 지도원의 활동을 중심으로―

한봉석 ( Han Bong Seok ) 역사문제연구소 2008 역사문제연구 Vol.12 No.1

The Community Development Program was a project designed to develop agricultural areas and to enhance the situation inside the agricultural society. It continued for four years during the late 1950s. The program was initiated with tasks commenced in `pilot` villages. In formal terms the program was led and supervised by NACOM, the central committee created through talks arranged between the V.S. and Korean governments, yet the real entity that oversaw the proceeding of the program were the U.S. relief institutes. So, quite naturally the U.S. policy regarding the Korean situation was well reflected in the program. And because of such nature, the program continued with two objectives: providing guidance to agricultural regions, and stabilizing the economy of the agricultural communities. The first objective was again intending to achieve two sub-objectives. First, the task of guiding the agricultural regions which had proceeded in quite a dispersed fashion since the liberation in 1945 had to be rearranged and redeployed in a unified fashion. And second, because V.S. was consistently interested in spreading the values of the so-called `democracy`, such V.S. interest had to be reflected in the program. In the meantime, the changing nature of the foreign reliefs that continued in the late 1950s forced the program to address the issue of stabilizing the agricultural communities with limited resources. But, the truth was that the original intentions behind supporting the cause of stabilization only expected and achieved limited enhancement in the regions` income structure, and therefore failed to incur a more wide-scale reform throughout the system and the region. This program had two meanings. First, the program shows us the general trend of the 1950s featured in the area of guiding agricultural regions, in a rather concentrated fashion. Second, it shows us the cultural factors that influenced the agricultural regions in the late 1950s, and also what kind of changes those regions actually went through at the time. In the late 1950s, new spaces with modernized meanings, and media and technologies, that were all introduced from the outside and brought to the residents of the agricultural villages, considerably affected the pilot villages. Especially the boys and girls in those villages received those cultural qualities, and the nuances that accompanied such new cultural aspects as well. In the process, `democracy` was also passed on and presented to them as well. Surely such phenomena was not an ordinary one considering the situation of other agricultural villages, yet the changes that the pilot villages went through serve as literally a litmus test paper that shows us what kind of cultural changes could have happened when a specifically designated place received support and guidance from the government, and what kind of possibilities could have come out from that experience. But this program was not designed to overcome all the structural difficulties and problems that were troubling the agricultural villages in the 1950s, and it was not equipped with methods that would enable the program to embark upon such fundamental task. The program itself was not based upon a long-term support plan created by the government. On the other hand, It mainly depended upon the power of individuals who had considerable amount of leadership on their own. So, the outcome of the pilot villages did not have the chance or momentum to actually spread to other regions in Korea. Examination of this program would enable us to have better understanding of the reality and hopes that the peasants were facing and having during the 1950s, and also the lack of proper agricultural policy on the government`s part.

장면 정권의 “혼란”에 대한 미국의 책임 -유솜과 제1대 유솜처장 레이몬드 모이어의 역할을 중심으로-

한봉석 ( Han Bong Seok ) 연세사학연구회( 구 연세대학교 사학연구회 ) 2021 學林 Vol.47 No.-

1960년대 초 장면정권은 주로 ‘혼란상’으로 기억된다. 하지만 역사적으로 ‘혼란’은 만들어진 것이다. 장면 정권의 혼란상을 평가하는데 있어 두 가지 요소를 살펴봐야 한다. 첫째는 1950년대 말 명칭을 변경한 usom의 역할, 두 번째는 제1대 유솜처장 레이몬드 모이어(Raymond Moyer)의 역할이다. 먼저 1950년대 말 유솜은 새롭게 출범한 것이 아니다. 유솜은 기존 미국 대한원조의 기술협조의 흐름위에 위치한다. 즉 전기 주한경제조정관실이 곧 유솜으로 명칭 변경을 한 것이 우선시되어야 한다. 다만 미국은 이를 통해 한국에서 원조의 ‘정상화’, 곧 country team 체제를 복원할 수 있었다. 그러나 미국 대한원조의 실행 구조, 경제정책 수립에 있어서 유솜의 역할에 주의할 필요가 있다. 따라서 팔리 보고서는 유솜을 공격했다기 보다, 1950년대 미국 대한원조를 공격한 것이다. 그리고 이를 익히 알고 있던 워싱턴의 관리들이 이를 새로운 원조정책 수립을 위해 활용했다. 이것은 만들어진 혼란이다. 둘째, 레이몬드 모이어가 혼란을 조장한 측면이 있다. 레이몬드 모이어는 20세기 초 아시아에 정착한 이래, 오랫동안 미국 동아시아 정책 사업에 참여한 아시아통이었다. 다만 그는 아시아 중에서 대만에 큰 관심을 보였을 뿐, 한국에 대해서는 별 관심이 없었다. 그는 한국에 개발이 아닌 구호가 여전히 필요하다고 보았다. 하지만 그의 이런 시각과 자세는 딜론 각서 하에 신음하던 한국정부에 내부적 불안요소가 되었다. 결론적으로 1960년대 초 장면정권을 상징하는 혼란에서 미국 요소를 잘 분해해서 이해할 필요가 있다. 그 중 첫 번째 요소는 만들어진 것이며, 두 번째 요소는 실제하는 것이었다. 그러나 미국이 한국을 불안하게 봤던 그 시선은 곧 한국정부의 존립에 불안한 요소가 되었다 할 것이다. 미국 대한원조에서 미국인에 주목할 이유가 여기 있다 할 것이다. In the early 1960s, the Jang Myeon regime was characterized by confusion. However, it is important to examine the two factors that led to this regime’s chaos: the role of USOM, which changed its name in the late 1950s, and Raymond Moyer, the first chief of USOM. USOM was not founded in the late 1950s. The Office of the Economic Coordinator changed its name to the United States Operations Mission to the Republic of Korea and so became USOM. However, the US was able to normalize aid to South Korea. However, it is necessary to examine the role that USOM played in the implementation of US aid and economic policies. The Farley report did not attack USOM specifically but rather US aid to South Korea in the 1950s generally. US government officials used the attack to create new aid policies. This move created confusion. Moyer himself also created confusion. Moyer had been a long-time East Asian policymaker in the United States since he had lived in Asia in the early 20th century. However, his specific interest was in Taiwan and not in South Korea. He believed that South Korea still needed, not development. However, his perspectives and attitudes became a source of anxiety for the South Korean government which was concerned by the Dillon memorandum. It is necessary to identify and understand the two major US contributions to the chaos of the regime in the early 1960s. The first element was created while the second was a real person. However, the US view of South Korea as unstable soon contributed to the South Korean government’s instability. This is the reason why the US aid to South Korea.

쎄타핀치장치의 crowbar실험에 관한 연구

한봉석(Han Bongseok),장용무(Chang Yongmoo),정운관(Chung Woonkwan),강형부(Kang Hyungboo) 대한전기학회 1987 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.1987 No.11

1970년대 주한 케아(C .A .R .E .)의 ‘종합급식계몽교육사업’ 연구 - 저개발국 여성의 몸에 기입된 냉전과 젠더, 그리고 과학

韓奉錫(HAN Bong-seok) 한국근현대사학회 2021 한국 근현대사 연구 Vol.99 No.-

The ‘Integrated Meal and Education Program’ was that to solve two main problems - educating how to birth control, and supporting meal to the children in undernutrition – of ROK in 1970s. The WFP, and Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, and the C.A.R.E.-Korea had started this program. This program represents cold war policy, racism, and gender discriminations. First, The program based on the nutrition science. The nutrition study had helped the US could release their responsibility from the development of the third world. Academic findings that children s malnutrition is related to the underdevelopment of the country helped this process. Then, hunger and malnutrition prevalent in underdeveloped countries were not due to the Cold War, but to their lack of capacity. As a result, nutrition, although unintended, included the remnants of racism in its gaze. More importantly, The Korean program shows that women from underdeveloped countries were used as a particularly leading tool in this program. In conclusions, the program was successful in the meals of daycare center children. This is the humanitarian aspect of this project. However, the various factors reflected in the project are the disadvantages of this project. In particular, there is more room for criticism that prejudice against underdeveloped countries, the Cold War, and science used women as tools. 1960년대 미국은 저개발국 개발을 표방하였으나, 점차 이전시기와 같은 규모의 원조를 지속하는데 부담을 느끼고 있었다. 그 결과 1960~ 70년대 이후개발, 인도주의, 분배 등의 목표가 미국 대외원조에 등장하였다. 이 과정에서과학, 개발, 젠더가 냉전정책의 변화를 합리화하는데 동원되었다. 1970년대 주한 케아가 세계식량계획, 한국보건사회부와 함께 진행했던 ‘종합급식계몽교육사업’은 그 대표적 사례 중 하나라고 할 수 있다. 주한 케아는 1969년 미 국제개발처의 ‘기아와의 전쟁국’ 장려금 사업을 바탕으로 1973년 종합급식계몽교육사업을 시작하였다. 1978년 중반 주한 케아의역할은 한국 단체로 이전되었다. 이 사업은 형식상 한국 어린이들에 대한 급식사업을 지원했지만, 실질적으로는 모성에 대한 영양 및 산아제한 교육을 목표로했다. 이 과정에서 저개발국 개발의 실패를 당사자에게 전가하고자 하는 미국의외교적 논리, 저개발국 당사자에게 죄책감을 소환하는 데 영양학이 동원되었다. 여기에는 인종주의적 편견도 함께 동원되었다. 저개발국 여성, 즉 한국 여성들은 이 사업의 핵심적 수원자이자 행위자였다. 그러나 냉전에 반영된 ‘젠더차별’ 은 냉전의 논리를 수원국의 언어로 번역하고, 그 최종 책임을 미국이 아닌 수원국, 나아가 수행자인 여성으로 돌리는 데 큰 역할을 하였다. 결과적으로 1970년대 주한 케아의 사업은 인도주의라는 냉전전략변경과 문화변용의 과정을 함께보여주는 사례라 할 것이다.

1950년대 미국의 대한원조에서 저개발국 ‘개발(development)’의 의미

한봉석(Han, Bong-Seok) 한국사연구회 2018 한국사연구 Vol.- No.181

We need to re-thinking ‘development’ in the context of US Aid to the Korea during 1950’s. There are three reason why we should do that; Recovering Technical Cooperation in Mutual Defense Security Law, To understand What EBASCO did with Korean Government, The role of the ‘Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, Inc.’. First, We need to analyze the US’s MSA Law during 1950’s free from old review. Most of people used to quote of the Hong seog yoo’s view without such a concept which care technical cooperation. Actually the Technical Cooperation was a key logic doing US AID under less countries such as South Korea. Nevertheless, ‘Engineering Contract’ have not focused on so far. Then, if we want to understand what the ‘development’ means, we need to check out three historical subjects; US Government, ROK Government, and The ‘Engineering Firm’ such as EBASCO, or Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, Inc. The Failure of EBASCO Contract between ROK and EBASCO shows what happen actually. EBASCO didn’t care about the vision of ROK. Finally, Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, Inc. had success to contract ‘engineering service contract’ with ROK. SH&G had to do three main tasks for contract; writing a seasonal reports, making ‘task order’, and making ‘work order’. But There were a lot of variable to complies missions. For example, SH&G couldn’t catch up the dead line occasionally. It wasn’t expected part by ROK. So it caused the crack on the development plan of ROK. In conclusion, it is not a simple question what the real meaning of ‘development’ in the context of US AID during 1950’s. Especially the technical cooperation under MSA Law did important thing such as ‘Engineering Contract’. But, That is why we need to focus on what the engineering firm did actually.

냉전 초 미국의 포인트 포 사업과 ‘낮은 수준의 근대화(Low Modernization)’ ― 1950년대 이란(Iran)의 사례를 중심으로 ―

한봉석 ( Han Bong-seok ) 수선사학회 2018 史林 Vol.0 No.63

The Point Ⅳ Program in Iran shows a typical type of the ‘Technical Cooperation’ of the U.S. foreign aid. In other words, Technical Cooperation means ‘low modernization’ in a context of the U.S foreign aid. It has three components; land grant college, U.N. and the Charity Foundation, and Agricultural Programs. First of all, The land grant college was originated from Project of the Department of Agriculture. The < Morrill Land Grant College Act > had proclaimed in 1862. This law had supported each state to establish the college by free. Then the < Hatch Law,1887 >, < Smith-Lever Act,1914 > made public. It made improvement in Agricultural area. And these college provide agricultural extension program to the people. In 1950’s early, Utah state Agricultural College, Brigham Young University, University of Utah, Syracuse University, University of Southern California joined the Point Ⅳ Program in Iran. They made a elemental education for the Iran child. That was a first clue of low modernization. Then, U.N. also joined the Point Ⅳ Program in Iran. For exemple, we can see the UNEPTA (United Nations Expanded Program of Technical Assistance). U.N. had a their own technical cooperation projects. The ECOSOC(Economic and Social Council), Technical Assistance Committee, Technical Assistance Board (TAB) had a power to rule of such projects. The most popular case in Iran project were establishing milk pasteurization plant, vocational training by UNESCO. This was a second part of ‘low modernization’ Finally, the last part of ‘low modernization’ were a Agricultural part of Iran. The U.S. had accused the Agricultural problems in Iran as three parts such as agriculture, land distribution, agrarian development. For instance, the rural community development has such three parts of them. In fact, Agrarian Development Program which Shah had strongly supported had failed because of the traditional landowners felt uncomfortable and religious leader neither did. Nevertheless, this was a last component of low modernization. In conclusion. ‘Low Modernization’ had three components; land grant college, U.N. and Charity Foundation, Agricultural Programs. Unfortunately, It had failed. But the Form of the low modernization had passed to the East Asia by Technical Cooperation of Point Ⅳ Program.

미군노획문서로 읽는 해방 이후 북한 여성 수행성의 조건들과 ‘봉건성’

한봉석(HAN Bong-seok) 한국근현대사학회 2021 한국 근현대사 연구 Vol.97 No.-

해방 이후 한국전쟁 이전까지 북한의 여성해방의 조건, 즉 여성 수행성의 조건들을 지역 신문들을 통해 살펴보고자 하였다. 특히 그동안 활용되지 못했던 미군노획문서 중 신문자료인 ≪강원로동신문≫, ≪강원인민보≫, ≪개성신문≫을 주로 활용하였다. 본고에서는 해방 직후 북한 여성 수행성의 조건으로서 중앙 및 지역에서 여성 수행성의 호명 내용을, 그리고 지역 단위에서 봉건성이 해석되는 내용을 파악함으로써, 해방 직후 북한 사회 여성해방의 가능성과 한계를 논의하고자 하였다. 강원도의 사례로 볼 때, 한국전쟁 이전까지 북한지역 여성들에 대한 호명은 ‘해방된 조선녀성’이었다. 다만 도 인민위원회에서는 좀더 젠더적 측면을 강조하였고, 중앙당으로 올라갈수록 여성보다는 사회주의 인민이 강조되었다. 북한의 여성 해방에서 특히 주목할 것은 봉건성 분석과 해체 과정이었다. 초기 북한은 여성을 억압하는 봉건성을 조선시대, 그리고 일제 식민지 시대의 억압으로 이중적으로 규정하였다. 하지만 축첩의 사례에서 알 수 있듯이, 양자의 관계가 엄밀하지는 않았다. 이러한 불투명한 봉건성에 대한 분석은 현실에서 여성해방의 조건을 어렵게 하였다. 실제로 봉건성 타파의 대상이 되어야 할 남성들의 태도는 설득과 타협의 대상이었지, 타도의 대상이 되지는 못했다. 이 점은 북한의 여성 수행성 조건에서 불리한 부분이었다. 반면 남녀평등에 대한 법의 선제적 통과는 큰 의미가 있었다. 북한은 불철저한 봉건성 분석에도 불구하고, 중요 법령을 통과시킴으로써, 여성해방의 중요한 토대를 형성하였다. 특히 성매매에 대한 낙인을 제거하는 데 있어 남녀평등에 대한 법령의 통과, 지역에서의 대응은 훌륭했다고 할 수 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 불철저한 봉건성에 대한 분석은 결국 한국전쟁을 맞이해서 여성 해방의 외연을 좁히는 결과로 귀결되고 말았다. 이로 인해 북한 여성 수행성의 기본 조건은 매우 협소해졌다. 이로인해 중요한 법적 선제를 통해 이루어지던 여성해방의 성취들이 후퇴하고, 불철저한 봉건성 분석으로 인해 미뤄졌던 사회적 인식들이 결합하면서, 결과적으로 북한의 여성해방에 제한을 가하게 되었다고 할 것이다. From liberation to the Korean War, conditions for women’s liberation and conditions for women’s performance in North Korea were reviewed in local newspapers. This can be confirmed through the passage of regional titles, the process of dismantling the feudal system, and the passage of the Gender Equality Act. First of all, in Gangwon-do Province, the name of the woman was “Liberated Joseon Lady Castle” in North Korea before the Korean War. However, the provincial People’s Committee emphasized the aspect of gender-centeredness, and as the party rose to the central party, socialists were emphasized more than women. The second thing to pay particular attention to during North Korea’s liberation of women was the analysis of feudalism and dismantling process. Women who defected to North Korea in the early days of feudal Japanese colonial oppression, twice as many as those of the Joseon Dynasty. However, as the album suggests, the relationship between the two was not tight. This analysis of opaque feudalism has realistically made women’s liberation conditions difficult. In fact, the attitude of men who should be overthrown by feudalism was subject to persuasion and compromise, but not subversion. This was unfavorable for women’s performances in North Korea. Finally, the preemptive passage of the Gender Equality Act meant a lot. Despite a thorough analysis of feudalism, North Korea passed important laws, forming an important foundation for women’s liberation. In particular, the passage of gender equality laws and local responses have been excellent in clearing the stigma of prostitution. In conclusion, the foreign relationship of women’s liberation was greatly reduced during the Korean War. In addition to the war, incomplete feudal analysis and poor response helped reduce the conditions for women’s liberation.

냉전 시기 인도주의 구호와 ‘손상’된 주체의 탄생 - 외국 민간 원조단체의 활동과 ‘자조(self-help)’ 개념의 전유

한봉석(Han Bong Seok) 역사비평사 2023 역사비평 Vol.- No.142

1950년대 미국 대한 기술원조의 역사적 한 맥락

한봉석(Han, Bong-seok) 한국인물사연구회 2015 한국인물사연구 Vol.23 No.-

William E. Warne, the Former OEC Korea Coordinator, born in Indiana Seafield of the U.S. in 1905. It might be not so familiar for someone who doesn"t interest in the Korean Modern Economy. but if you want to know the real situation during 1950"s Korea, You suppose to be aware of him. He was not a single men who had just visited the Korea, but a symbol of the U.S. foreign aid during 1950"s.; Especially, technical assistance, self-help, humanitarianism. We can see the details as follows. First, William E. warne was familiar with the concept what the technical assistance was. Technical assistance has been misunderstood in modern Korean scholar fields. Sometimes it had considered as "technical part". But it contains everything which can support the Capitalism focusing on the U.S. World market. This terms had originated since Point Four Program in 1949. William E. Warne was a "Dreamer" of the Project in Truman Regime. Then, "Self-Help" concept has been a hot issue in the study of the U.S. Foreign Aid in R.O.K. But we can see the history of the term, Self-Help, where it came from. It had originated from the project of the U.S. in Latin America during WW2. The U.S. Government didn"t want to aid big money to underdeveloped countries unlike Marshall Plan in West Europe. So they had made the concept like "Self-Help". William E. Warne used to comment this concept during his job at underdeveloped countries. Finally, We can understand why so many U.S. Government Officials had such a wired job out of the U.S. Point Four Program, William E. Warn had joined, had such concepts like humanitarianism. It might be not the perfect explanation, but it suggests some clue. We can see the detail by trace William E. Warne"s Life. In conclusion, William E. Warne was the secondly coordinator of the O.E.C. during late 1950"s in R.O.K. He had passed by the road which contains U.S. Foreign Aid to underdeveloped countries. We can get the scene what and why the U.S. officials did work in underdeveloped countries by tracing his past. That"s why we focus on the life of William E. warne. So we can see what the aid was and why did the officials of the U.S. Came to the R.O.K.