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김형석(Kim, Hyeong-seok) 한국양명학회 2016 陽明學 Vol.0 No.45
이 글의 목적은 노장사상이 현대 사회에 어떠한 의의를 가질 수 있는지, 어떠한 역할을 할 수 있는지 모색해보기 위한 작업의 일환으로, 한국 근현대를 살았던 함석헌의 사상에 대하여 특히 그의 노장관을 중심으로 고찰하는데 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 함석헌의 철학적 기반으로서 종교적 다원주의 및 씨알사상을 검토하였고, 이러한 철학적 기반 위에서 함석헌 노장이해의 특징을 ‘自治의 이념’ ‘비폭력 평화주의’ ‘씨알사상에 근거한 역사철학’이라는 세 측면으로 분석하였다. 선행연구를 통해 밝혀진 함석헌 노장관의 가장 큰 의의는 현실의 국가주의와 제국주의에 맞서며 비폭력평화주의를 주장하고 있다는 점이다. 본 고에서는 이러한 선행연구를 기반으로, 노장사상과 맞닿아 있으며 동시에 그의 씨알사상, 기독교사상과도 연결되어 있는 ‘하수구’라는 독특한 개념을 중심으로 함석헌이 제시하는 세계사적인 비젼의 내용과 의미를 고찰하였다. Ham Seok-heon (13 March 1901~4 February 1989) was a civil rights activist committed to human rights and non-violence during the period of Japanese colonial rule, Soviet military government, and Korean military dictatorship. His commitment to human rights, democracy, non-violence, and pacifism earned him the name, ‘the Gandhi of Korea,’ and the Religious Society of Friends (Quaker) nominated him for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 and 1985. Ham was also a Korean liberal thinker who tried to combine Christianity with various Eastern philosophical perspectives in order to find Korea’s spiritual identity and produce new values. He considered Japanese imperialism and Korean dictatorship as a product of modern totalitarianism, and he found and developed important ideas to overcome totalitarianism and keep pacifism among East Asian thoughts, especially in Taoism, although his ideological foundation was Christianity. This paper mainly analyzes this point with a focus on Ham’s idea of ‘Sewer’. In his view of Korean history, Ham uniquely interpreted the historical experiences and mission of Korean people, referring to Korea as the ‘Sewer’ of World History. The idea of ‘Sewer’ can be construed as a ‘Place’ in Ham’s thought and teleological view of history, in that it refers to a convergence of Korean past historical-cultural experiences and future ideals, and in a way, it means the ultimate goal, salvation of humanity, throughout history. To illuminate this idea, above all, I investigate Ham’s distinctive concept of Ssial (seed grains), which means ‘the people’ as the historical subject, who keep fundamental life in themselves like seed grains. Ham also matched it with some concepts of ‘weakness’ ‘humbleness’ ‘benevolence’ in Laozi. Ham believed only suffering people can sympathize with other people’s suffering, and that is why God gave the Korean people lots of adversities in their history, as a ‘Sewer’ of World History. Therefore, ‘weak’ and ‘humble’ Korean people, groaned under despotism and totalitarianism, could carry their cross, ‘love’ other people, and so achieve world peace in the truest sense. Ham was also an inspiration to many various anti-authoritarianism or pro-democracy movements in Korea, in terms of suggesting various approaches including ecology, syncretism, liberation theology, and so on.