학교보건의 새로운 패러다임: 건강증진학교

장창곡 ( Chang Gok Chang ) 대한보건협회 2014 대한보건연구 Vol.40 No.4

연구목적 : 본 연구는 건강증진학교를 통한 학교보건의 패러다임의 변화를 소개하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 문헌고찰을 통해 우리나라의 학교보건문제와 학교보건정책의 변화를 고찰하고, 우리나라의 건강증진학교 모형과 추진전략을 소개하였다. 연구결과 : 우리나라의 학교보건문제는 2000년 이후 학교안전문제, 환경성질환문제 및 정신질환문제로 변화하였으며, 이에따라 건강증진학교를 통한 역량강화를 증진시키는 학교보건정책으로 변화하였다. 우리나라 건강증진학교의 모형의 구성요소는 핵심요인, 기본요인, 전제요인 및 지속가능성 요인으로 구성되어 있으며, 건강증진학교의 추진전략은 보건교육을 통한 역량 강화를 중심으로 구성되어 있다. 결론 : 건강증진학교는 학교구성원의 민주적인 참여와 지역사회와의 연계를 통한 역량강화 중심으로 학교보건의 패러다임을 변화시키고 있다. Objective : This study aimed to introduce health promoting school which changed the paradigm of school health. Methods : Literatures were reviewed to identify the change of school health problems and policy, and the model and practice strategy for health promoting school in Korea. Results : Major health problems in school were safety, diseases related environment, and mental disease and school health policy were changed to improve empowerment through health promoting school to overcome those problems. Contents of the Korean model of health promoting school were categorized into core factor, basic factor, prerequisite factor, and sustainable factor and action strategy was focused on improving empowerment through health education. Conclusion : Health promoting school changes the paradigm of school health program aimed for empowerment through whole school approach and community link.

출산수준(出産水準)에 영향을 주는 개인특성변수(個人特性變數)의 내부구조(內部構造)에 관한 연구(硏究)

장창곡 ( Chang-gok Chang ),김응석 ( Eung-suk Kim ) 한국보건사회연구원 1987 保健社會硏究 Vol.7 No.2

This study investigates the possible internal relationship of the personal factors affecting the level of fertility among the women who use contraceptive for the purpose of infertility. This study analysed the 1985 Korean Fertility and Family Health Survey data by use of the log- linear model. The study result was as follows; In the urban area finally selected model contains a three―term, interaction hierarchical effect, education * number of children * marital age, including two two-term interaction hierarchical effects, income * education and income * number of children. In the rural area finally selected model was more simple than that of urban area, such as, the model contains three two-term interaction hierarchical effects, i. e.,income * education, education * number of children and education * marital age. In both areas the education gives a direct effect on the number of living children among the women who use contraceptive for the purpose of infertility. The result has the implication that the number of children among the contraceptive using family grows lower with the level of women`s education.

한국 남성 동성애자들의 성행태와 후천성면역결핍증에 대한 인식

기미경,박철민,장창곡,고운영,Kee, Mee-Kyung,Park, Chul-Min,Chang, Chang-Gok,Go, Un-Yeong 대한예방의학회 2004 예방의학회지 Vol.37 No.3

Objectives : To investigate the sexual behavioral characteristics and HIV/AIDS knowledge among men who have sex with men(MSM), one of the HIV high risk groups. Methods : A three month survey among individuals who were able to be contacted was carried out over the entire Republic of Korea, between May and August, 2001. 348 individuals completed a self-administered question-naire. The data collected included demographic informa-tion, sexual behavior and AIDS knowledge. Results : Eighty-seven and ninety-two per cent of the 348 MSM were aged 20-39 years and had never been married, respectively. Fifty-five per cent of participants reported at least one sexual contact with women, and a quarter of the MSM surveyed had engaged in high-risk sexual behavior (more than 6 partners) during the previous year. About twenty per cent of the MSM had anal sex as their favorite way of having sex, and seventy-four per cent did not use condoms regularly due to loss of enjoyment, and were more likely to be engaged in risky behaviors. Only ten per cent had a regular HIV test history, and most had obtained knowledge or information on HIV/AIDS through the mass media. Conclusions : A large proportion of the MSM in Korea still remain at an elevated risk for contracting HIV infection. Change in high-risk sexual behaviors will prevent the spread of HIV infection among the MSM population, which requires public health education for preventive interventions, and should be culturally and socially specific in order to be effective.

계획행동이론을 적용한 미용교육 참여행동 요인 분석

한선옥(Sun-Ok Han),장창곡(Chang-Gok Chang) 한국인체미용예술학회 2019 한국인체미용예술학회지 Vol.20 No.2

With the increase in life expectancy and leisure time, there has been a rising interest in the need for lifelong education for middle and older-aged adults and their participation factors. There have been many studies on the need for beauty education and factors affecting people’s participation in lifelong education. However, studies analyzing such factors influencing learners’ participation and explaining how they are related to each other are few. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate the factors affecting middle and older-aged learners’ beauty education participation behavior at a lifelong education institute by applying the need for beauty education and theory of planned behavior. For this, a questionnaire survey was conducted among middle and older-aged cosmetology learners at lifelong education institutes in Gyeonggi-do. The results found the following: Learners’ attitude, subjective norms and behavioral control revealed a positive correlation with their intention to participate in beauty education. Even though the need for beauty education as a part of lifelong education was mostly high, there was no statistically significant difference by general characteristics. An increase in the need for beauty education showed a positive effect on learners’ intent to participate. The above results confirmed that a need for beauty education and theory of planned behavior affect learners’ behavior and intention to participate in education as predisposing factors.

미용사의 소진이 고객지향성과 조직유효성에 미치는 영향

박경숙(Park, Kyoung Suk),장창곡(Chang, Chang Gok) 한국디자인문화학회 2017 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.23 No.2

양적 포화상태인 미용시장에서 지나친 외부마케팅의 의존보다는 미용사가 고객과의 접점에서 겪는 소진현상을 진단하여 고객지향성과 조직유효성의 인과관계를 파악함으로써 효율적인 인적자원 관리 도모가 필요한 시점이다. 그에 따라 본 연구는 미용사를 대상 으로 소진이 고객지향성과 조직유효성에 미치는 영향을 분석함으로써 미용사의 고객지향성 및 조직유효성 극대화를 위한 소진 완화 방안 모색이 목적이다. 문헌 자료를 고찰하여 이론적 배경과 변수 간 영향관계를 살펴보았고 그것을 근거로 연구문제를 설정하였다. 자료의 수집은 서울시에 근무하는 미용사를 대상으로 선행연구에서 문항을 추출하여 인구통계학적 특성, 소진, 고객지향성, 조직유효성으로 설문지를 구성하였고, 예비조사를 거쳐 설문문항을 수정⋅보완한 뒤 본 조사를 실시하였다. 수거된 설문지 중 누락된 부분과 불성실하게 응답은 설문지를 제외한 355부가 최종 분석자료로 사용되었으며 SPSS 21.0 통계프로그램으로 빈도분석, 신뢰도분석, 요인분석, 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 미용사의 비인격화에 관하여 분기별 미용실 내부 물건들을 재배치하여 일상에 대한 환기를 시키고, 퇴근 전 고객이 없을 시 10-20분정도 하루 동안 겪은 힘들었던 일들에 대하여 이야기를 나누며 서로를 격려하는 시간을 마련한다면, 스트레스를 업무 연장선으로 가져가지 않는 등 비인격화 예방에 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다. 둘째, 미용사의 정서적 고갈에 관하여 직원별로 업무 중 특정 시간을 각기 달리 배정하여 해당 시간에 업무 외적으로 취미 및 운동, 일상의 정리 등 신체⋅정신적 휴식을 취할 시간을 마련한다면, 업무로 인한 정서적 고갈 완화에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 셋째, 미용사의 성취감 저하 현상에 관하여 2인 1조 혹은 3인 1조와 같은 그룹을 구성하여 발생된 사건의 원인이 조직 시스템으로 인한 필연적인 것이었음에 대해 서로에게 인지시킨다면 자괴감과 직업적 회의감에 빠지는 경우를 예방할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구는 서울 지역 미용사를 대상으로 하였기에 차후 연구에서는 표본 수집 범위를 확대하여 연구 결과의 일반화가 이루어지기를 기대한다. 또한 미용사는 감정노동이 심한 직업군이므로 감정노동과 본 연구의 종속변수들 간의 인과관계 검증도 의미 있는 결과가 도출될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. It’s time to need working for efficient human resource management by understanding causal relationship between customer Effectiveness and organizational effectiveness by diagnosing burnout that hairdresser experiences at the moment of truth, rather than depending on excessive external marketing in the quantitatively saturated hairdressing market. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to seek a scheme of mitigating burnout for maximizing the hairdressers’ customer Effectiveness and organizational effectiveness by analyzing an effect that burnout has on customer Effectiveness and organizational effectiveness for hairdressers. Theoretical background and cause-effect relationship between variables was examined by literature review. And, based on those, research questions were established. With regard to data collection, hairdressers working in Seoul city were participants. And items were extracted from precedent studies. And questionnaire was composed of demographic characteristics, burnout, customer Effectiveness and organizational effectiveness. And questionnaire items were revised⋅improved through pilot survey, and then the main survey was performed. 355 questionnaires except questionnaires to which there was a missing or insincere response were used for final analysis data among the collected questionnaires. And frequency analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis and regression analysis was carried out by using SPSS 21.0 statistics program. The results of study are as follows. First, with regard to impersonalization of hairdressers, it is thought to be helpful in preventing impersonalization such as not bringing stress to the extension of work, if everyday life is refreshed by quarterly rearranging stuff inside the beauty salon, and if hairdressers make time to encourage each other with talking about things experienced daily for 10-20 minutes when there is no client before leaving work. Second, with regard to hairdressers’ emotional exhaustion, it is thought possible to contribute to mitigating emotional exhaustion due to work if they make time to have physical⋅mental rest such as hobby, sports and everyday arrangement except work in the corresponding hours after assigning a particular hour to each employee differently in business hour. Third, it is thought possible to prevent a case of falling into sense of shame and skepticism about their job if they make each other perceive that the cause of matter is inevitable due to organization system after organizing a group of 2 people or 3 people regarding the phenomenon of decrease in hairdressers’ sense of achievement. As this study targeted beauticians in Seoul region, the future researches are expected to generalize the study results by extending the range of sampling. Also, as beauticians have a high level of emotional labor, the verification of causal relations between emotional labor and dependent variables of this study could draw significant results.

한국 노인의 건강관련 삶의 질 및 정신건강과 자살생각과의 연관성

이현경 ( Hyun Kyung Lee ),장창곡 ( Chang Gok Chang ) 대한보건협회 2012 대한보건연구 Vol.38 No.1

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the effects of The Effects of Health-related Quality of Life and Mental Health on Suicidal ideation among Korean Elderly. For this purpose, this study was conducted to examine the relation of health-related quality of life, mental health and SES(socioeconomic status) on suicidal ideation among Korean elderly. Methods : 1,728 individuals participated in the Korea National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2009. Collected data were analyzed by frequency, X2 test, and logistic regression. Results : First, income, education level, marital status, job status, depressive mood, stress and health status were significantly associated with suicidal ideation. Second, especially if they feel depressive mood and stress, the risk of suicidal ideation increase more 6 times than normal condition. Conclusion : The findings have reinforced the need for reducing a suicidal ideation in Korean Elderly with a more practical focus on depressive mood and stress.

건강신념모델에 기초한 성인여성의 모발염색 행위에 관한 연구

최지원 ( Ji-won Choi ),장창곡 ( Chang-gok Chang ) 한국미용학회 2018 한국미용학회지 Vol.24 No.2

As society advances and develops, people show a keen interest in their appearance. In fact, appearance is a critical element that makes a person’s personality stand out and makes him/her more confident in interpersonal relationships. In particular, hair style plays a key role in determining a person’s impression and appearance. Hair dyeing is an important element in hairstyling. It has become more diverse as self-presentation and social activities become more important. In terms of a treatment that sends the chemical ingredient of a hair dye, there are beauty salon hair dyeing and self-hair dyeing. With people’s high interest in appearance, a variety of hair dyes have been released and distributed through diverse channels. This expansion of distribution channels and changes in media environments have accelerated unproven hair dyeing practices and caused some problems such as health hazards and side effects. The awareness of the fact that hair dyeing is harmful to human health strengthens the ‘health belief’. In contrast, appearance care through hair dyeing and desire to express personality can violate this health belief. Therefore, there has been a need for a method that can retain the health belief about hair dyeing and, at the same time, satisfy the desire for hair dyeing by minimizing damage from the hazards of hair dyes. This study determined factors affecting the possibility of health behavior in hair dyeing through a hair dyeing survey and analysis based on such perception. According to the study results, the causality that determines the selection of self-hair dyeing or beauty salon hair dyeing within the level of the awareness of health belief can be derived. If interest in benefits, perceived barriers and health increases, there is a greater possibility of selecting beauty salon hair dyeing, which is deemed to be safer. As stated above, this study analyzed correlations between hair dyeing and health belief. It is significant in that it is a case of HBM measurement on hair dyeing. In other words, this study provides the ground for consumers to select and judge safe hair dyeing practices.

20∼50대 여성의 자가 모발염색 행위에 관한 연구

최지원(Ji won Choe),장창곡(Chang Gok Chang) 한국인체미용예술학회 2017 한국인체미용예술학회지 Vol.18 No.3

The hair dye market has recently expanded as the elderly population and hair coloring frequency among young people has increased. With the increase in the diversity of user convenience-emphasized hair dyes and the spread of the imperfect information of the styling-oriented mass media, home hair dyeing has become more common. This study investigated current home hair dyeing patterns and influence factors among adult women in their 20-50s in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Gangwon, who had prior experience in dyeing their hair at home. Based on the preliminary survey, the questionnaires were revised and supplemented, and a questionnaire survey was conducted using a random sample selection method. A total of 286 copies of the questionnaires were analyzed by frequency analysis and Kai test using the SPSS 22.0 statistical program. The results of the analysis of the relationship between factors and behavioral characteristics and the recognition of harmfulness of self-hair dying. The results found the following: The main reason for home hair dyeing was the ‘low cost’. When asked what aspect they first considered in choosing a hair coloring product, ‘color’ had most responses. The most widely used hair dyes were those for gray hair. When asked where they usually got their hair dye, ‘mart’ had the most responses. When asked how often they color their hair on their own, ‘monthly/bimonthly’ was the highest response. In terms of hair coloring time, 30-40 minutes’ was the majority. In terms of what they depended on to collect information regarding hair dyes and home hair coloring method, ‘mass media’ had the most responses. When it comes to the characteristics of home self-hair dyeing by general aspect, a significant difference was found in age and education. As age increased, self-hair dyeing frequency was higher. As the level of education was lower, in addition, home hair dyeing frequency increased. In terms of awareness of the hazards of self-hair dyeing, most respondents lacked understanding. In particular, most respondents had not performed an allergy test. It was found that 33.2% suffered from some kind of side effect after self-hair dyeing. These study results can be used as basic data for preventing uninformed self-hair dyeing and promoting marketing to prepare for customer defection.

중년 여성의 탈모관련 요인 분석

박주연 ( Ju Yeun Park ),장창곡 ( Chang Gok Chang ) 한국미용학회 2013 한국미용학회지 Vol.19 No.6

According to the national health insurance statistics, number of women with alopecia in their 50s have been increasing steadily since2000, but there were few studies on the cause of alopecia among women. The purpose of this study was to find out the status and factors affecting to alopecia among women in middle age. Cross-sectional study design was adopted in which women(n=401) in 40s and 50s in Seoul and Kyeonggi province who visit beauty salon were enrolled. Data were collected from August 6th 2012 to August 31th 2012 by questionnaire survey. Tensility, elongation, and thickness of hair were measured using Universal Testing Machines(TO 101) and Round test RA-1600. Prevalence of alopecia was 32.4% and significant factors accelerating alopecia among women and ORs(95% CI) of those factors were 2.334(1.194~4.560) for thyroid disease, 3.153(1.137~8.742) for diabetes, 2.110(1.016~4.382) for diastolic blood pressure,4.853(2.941~8.007) for family history, and 2.939(1.644~5.256) for stress. But OR(95% CI) for shampoo was .462(.274~.794). Hair from women with alopecia were thinner(t=6.247, p<.001) but had more tensility(t=2.173, p<.05) than that from women without alopecia. In conclusion, one third of women were suffering from alopecia and accelerating factors were thyroid disease, diabetes, family history and stress, but shampoo was a preventive factor against alopecia. And hair from alopecia were thinner and stronger than that of withou talopecia.

在日韓國人의 生活文化의 異質化와 適應過程에 關한 保健學的 硏究

金正根(Jong-Kun Kim),張昌谷(Chang-Gok Chang),林達旿(Dar-Oh Lim),金武采(Mu-Chae Kim),李州烈(Ju-Yul Lee) 한국인구학회 1992 한국인구학 Vol.15 No.2

After world war Ⅱ Japanese life expectancy has been improved remarkably, and reached the highest level in the world around late 1970's. The life expectancy of Korean has also shown tremendous improvement in recent years with about 20 year's gap from the Japanese. The reason of rapid improvement of life expectancy can be explained by changes in the structure of cause of death due to health system, living standard, social welfare, health behavior of individuals and so on. Korean in Japan is placed under different situations from both Korean in Korea and Japanese in these regards, and expected to show different picture of cause of death pattern. The objective of this study is the comparision of changing patterns of cause of death of three population groups, Korean in Japan, Korean in Korea and Japanese, and to investigate the reasons which effect to the structural difference of mortality cause with special emphasis on health ecological aspects. One of the major limitations of the Korean causes of death statistics is the under-registration which ranges about 10% of the total events, and inaccuracy of the exact cause of death. Some 20% of registered deaths were unable to classify by ICD. However, it is concluded that the Korean data are evaluated as sufficient to stand for over-viewing of trends of cause of death pattern. The evaluation is done by comparing data from registration and field survey over the same population sample. Population data of Korean in Japan differ between two sources of data; census and foreigner's registration. Correction is done by life table method under the assumption that age-specific mortality pattern would accord with that of the Japanese. The crude death rate was lowest among Korean in Japan, 5.7 deaths per 1,000 population in 1965. The crude death rates of Korean in Japan and Japanese are increasing recently influenced by age structure while Korean in Korea still shows decreasing tendency. The adjusted death rate is lowest among Japnaese, followed by Korean in Japan, and Korean in Korea. The leading causes of death of Korean in Korea until 1960's was infectious diseases including pneumonia and tuberculosis. The causes of death structure changed gradually to accidents, neoplasm, hypertensive disease, cerebro-vascular disease in order. The main difference in cause of death between Korean and Japanese is high rate of liver diseases and diabetes for both Korean in Japan and Korea. A special feature of cause of death among Korean in Korea is remakably high rate of hypertensive disease, which is assumed to be caused by physicians tendency in choosing diagnostic categories. The low ischemic heart disease and high vasculo-cerebral disease are the distinctive characteristic of the three population groups compared to western countries. Specific causes of death were selected for detailed sex, age and ethnic group comparisons based on their high death rates. Cancer is the cause of death which showed most drama tical increase in all three population groups. In Korea 20.1% of all death were caused by cancer in 1990 compared with 10.5% in 1981. Cancer of the liver is the leading cause of cancer death among Korean in Japan for both sexes, followed by cancer of the lung and cancer of the stomach, while that of Korean in Korea is cancer of the stomach, followed by cancer of the liver and cancer of the lung for male. Causes of infant mortality were examined among the three population groups since 1980 on yearly bases. For both Japanese and Korean in Japan, leading cause of death ranks as conditions originating in the perinatal period, congenital anomalies, accidents and other violent causes. Trends since 1980 for these two population groups in the leading cause of infant mortality showed no changes. On the contrary, significant changes in leading cause of death structure in Korea were observed : The ranking of leading cause of death in 1981 were congenital asnomali