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Characteristics and composition of atmospheric aerosols in Phimai, central Thailand during BASE-ASIA
Li, C.,Tsay, S.C.,Hsu, N.C.,Kim, J.Y.,Howell, S.G.,Huebert, B.J.,Ji, Q.,Jeong, M.J.,Wang, S.H.,Hansell, R.A.,Bell, S.W. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier [distribution] 2013 Atmospheric environment Vol.78 No.-
Comprehensive measurements of atmospheric aerosols were made in Phimai, central Thailand (15.183<SUP>o</SUP>N, 102.565<SUP>o</SUP>E, elevation: 206 m) during the BASE-ASIA field experiment from late February to early May in 2006. The observed aerosol loading was sizable for this rural site (mean aerosol scattering: 108 +/- 64 Mm<SUP>-1</SUP>; absorption: 15 +/- 8 Mm<SUP>-1</SUP>; PM<SUB>10</SUB> concentration: 33 +/- 17 μg m<SUP>-3</SUP>), and dominated by submicron particles. Major aerosol compounds included carbonaceous (OC: 9.5 +/- 3.6 μg m<SUP>-3</SUP>; EC: 2.0 +/- 2.3 μg m<SUP>-3</SUP>) and secondary species (SO<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>2-</SUP>: 6.4 +/- 3.7 μg m<SUP>-3</SUP>, NH<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>+</SUP>: 2.2 +/- 1.3 μg m<SUP>-3</SUP>). While the site was seldom under the direct influence of large forest fires to its north, agricultural fires were ubiquitous during the experiment, as suggested by the substantial concentration of K<SUP>+</SUP> (0.56 +/- 0.33 μg m<SUP>-3</SUP>). Besides biomass burning, aerosols in Phimai during the experiment were also strongly influenced by industrial and vehicular emissions from the Bangkok metropolitan region and long-range transport from southern China. High humidity played an important role in determining the aerosol composition and properties in the region. Sulfate was primarily formed via aqueous phase reactions, and hygroscopic growth could enhance the aerosol light scattering by up to 60%, at the typical morning RH level of 85%. The aerosol single scattering albedo demonstrated distinct diurnal variation, ranging from 0.86 +/- 0.04 in the evening to 0.92 +/- 0.02 in the morning. This experiment marks the first time such comprehensive characterization of aerosols was made for rural central Thailand. Our results indicate that aerosol pollution has developed into a regional problem for northern Indochina, and may become more severe as the region's population and economy continue to grow.
AN APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIOAL JURIDICTION TO DEAL WITH ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Howell,John M. The Institute for Far Eastern Studies Kyungnam Uni 1981 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.5 No.2
The 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment demonstrated that the global environment is of intenational concern and called for the development of international standards to deal with environmental problems. During the following years the international community has made some progress in developing substantive international rules to deal with the more pressing issues of international concern, but it has done little to provide compulsory international machinery to settle disputes regarding the application of these rules. Disputes over the application of rules ae certain to arise as the problems of the environment become more vital to the survival of nations.
SIMULATED IMPACTS TO NON-MAGNETIC CATACLYSMIC VARIABLE DISKS
MONTGOMERY, M.M.,HOWELL, N.,SCHWARZ, C. The Korean Astronomical Society 2015 天文學論叢 Vol.30 No.2
Dust has recently been found to be prevalent in compact binaries such as non-magnetic Cataclysmic Variable systems. As a possible source of this dust is from solid bodies, we explore impacts to non-magnetic Cataclysmic Variable disks. We use three-dimensional Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic simulations to search for impact signatures. From injections of whole bodies to these disks, we find pulse shapes in simulated bolometric light curves that resemble impact flashes in the light curves of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 event. As a result, we tentatively identify these light curve shapes as signatures of impacts.
Kinematically Aligned Total Knee Arthroplasty with Patient-Specific Instrument
김광균,Stephen M. Howell,원예연 연세대학교의과대학 2020 Yonsei medical journal Vol.61 No.3
Kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a new alignment technique. Kinematic alignment corrects arthritic deformityto the patient’s constitutional alignment in order to position the femoral and tibial components, as well as to restore theknee’s natural tibial-femoral articular surface, alignment, and natural laxity. Kinematic knee motion moves around a single flexion-extension axis of the distal femur, passing through the center of cylindrically shaped posterior femoral condyles. Since it canbe difficult to locate cylindrical axis with conventional instrument, patient-specific instrument (PSI) is used to align the kinematicaxes. PSI was recently introduced as a new technology with the goal of improving the accuracy of operative technique, avoidingpractical issues related to the complexity of navigation and robotic system, such as the costs and higher number of personnel required. There are several limitations to implement the kinematically aligned TKA with the implant for mechanical alignment. Therefore, it is important to design an implant with the optimal shape for restoring natural knee kinematics that might improvepatient-reported satisfaction and function.
Stock Market Development and Economic Growth: The Causal Linkage
Guglielmo Maria Caporale,Peter G, A Howells,Alaa M. Soliman 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2004 Journal of Economic Development Vol.29 No.1
This paper addresses the question: does stock market development cause growth? It examines the causal linkage between stock market development, financial development and economic growth. The argument is that any inference that financial liberalisation causes savings or investment or growth, or that financial intermediation causes growth, drawn from bivariate causality tests may be invalid, as invalid causality inferences can result from omitting an important variable. The empirical part of this study exploits techniques recently developed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995) to test for causality in VARs, and emphasises the possibility of omitted variable bias. The evidence obtained from a sample of seven countries suggests that a well-developed stock market can foster economic growth in the long run. It also provides support to theories according to which well-functioning stock markets can promote economic development by fuelling the engine of growth through faster capital accumulation, and by tuning it through better resource allocation.
Sang Koo Hwang(黃尙九),Jae Ha Hwang(黃載河),Dong Hak Kim(金東鶴)M.F. Howells 대한자원환경지질학회 1991 자원환경지질 Vol.24 No.4
濟州道 西部 海岸地帶에는 여러개의 凝灰丘와 凝灰環이 分布한다. 이들은 landform, bedform, 粒度와 分級 등에 의하면 마그마에 外部물이 流入되므로서 써쩨이언분출을 할때 發生하는 基底써지와 혹은 슬러리로부터 퇴적된 産物이며, 周圍의 臺地狀 玄武岩을 기준하여 先後期의 2개의 群으로 나뉘어진다. 唐山峰, 簞山, 山房山과 和順의 것들은 이들의 distal limb이 臺地狀 玄武岩에 덮혀 있어 先期임이 명확하며, 반면 水月峰과 松岳山 凝灰環은 玄武岩臺地 위에서 이의 distal limb이 수 km 뻗쳐 있어 後期임이 명확하다. 또한 凝灰丘 및 凝灰環은 그 內部에 海樓貝을 함유하며, 그 周圍에 再移動 凝灰岩, 牽引海濱堆積層과 新陽里層이 퇴적되어 있고 沿岸丘가 형성되어 있는 등의 證拳들에 의하면 海水가 써쩨이언분출에 直間接으로 流入되었음을 시사한다. There are several tuff cones and tuff rings, now only apparent on the western shoreline in Cheju Island. The observation of their landform, bedform, particle size and sorting reveals that these deposits are mainly emplaced by base surges and/or slurries originating from Surtseyan eruption which is attributed to explosive hydrovolcanism influenced by interaction of magma with external water. These are subdivided into two groups based on the plateau basalt. It is recognized that the distal limb of early tuff cones and ring at Dangsanbong, Dansan, Sanbangsan and Hwasun (lower group) are overlain by plateau basalt, on which later tuff rigns at Suwolbong and Songaksan(upper group) further extend the distal limb from each vent. The tuff cones and tuff rings are closely associated with the evidences which shelly fragments are comprised within them, and reworked tuffs, raised beach deposits, Sinyangri formation and littoral cones are deposited around them. The evidences suggest that the Surtseyan eruption resulted from direct or indirect interaction of magma with sea water.